It構(gòu)成的句型小結(jié)
山東高唐一中 劉長友
一、 It作形式主語的句型
為使句子平衡，往往把it置于句首作形式主語，而把真正的主語（通常是不定式短語、動名詞短語或主語從句）移至句末。It 作形式主語的句型有：
㈠ it 代指不定式短語的句型
1. It takes + (sb.) + sometime / some money + to do sth.
做某事花去某人多長時間
Just a minute, it won't take me long to change.
等一下,我很快就可以換好衣服。
It takes five minutes to walk there.
走到那里需要5分鐘。
It took me three days to prepare for the examination.
我花了三天準備那次考試。
It takes a lot of money to buy a house like that.
買那樣一幢房子需要很多錢。
2. It takes + 名詞 + (for sb.) to do sth. 某人做某事需要… …
It took great imagination as well as patience for Annie to teach me to speak.
對安妮來說，教我說話需要極大的信心和想象力。
It takes time for them to prepare for the great changes that take place in space.
他們需要很多時間準備應(yīng)付太空中所發(fā)生的巨大變化。
3. It is + 形容詞 + (for / of sb.) to do sth. 某人做某事是… …的
常用于該句型的形容詞比較多。for sb. 的句型 常用于表示事物的特征特點，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better等。of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的) 等。
It was kind of you to help us.
謝謝你對我們的幫助。
It is getting harder every day for a lazy man to get a living.
懶漢謀生是越來越困難了。
What time would it be most convenient for me to call again?
什么時候我再給你打電話最合適？
It’s very good of you to have listened to me.
感謝你能聽我講。
It’s very thoughtful and kind of you to offer me this lovely holiday.
你能給我這么美好的假日，實在是想得太周到、友善了。
4. It is + 名詞 + to do sth. 做某事是… …的
常用于該句型的名詞有：manners, duty, fun, good, a great honour等。
As a student, it is bad manners to come late to class.
作為學(xué)生，上課遲到是沒有禮貌的。
It is our duty to pay taxes to our government.
向政府交稅是我們的義務(wù)。
5. It is + one’s turn + to do sth. 輪到某人做某事
It was my turn to clean the blackboard.
輪到我擦黑板了。
It is his turn to take the children to school.
今天該輪到他送孩子們上學(xué)了。
6. It is + up to sb. + to do sth. 做某事是某人的責(zé)任或義務(wù)
It’s up to us to give them all the help we can.
我們理應(yīng)竭盡所能地給予他們幫助。
It’s up to you to decide whether to go or not.
應(yīng)該由你決定是否去。
㈡ it 代指動名詞短語的句型
7. It is + 名詞 + doing sth. 做某事是… …
用于該句型的名詞有：no good, no use, hard work, a nuisance, a waste of time, a great honour等。
It’s no use talking to him about it.
和他談?wù)摯耸率菦]用的。
It’s no use/good (in) crying over spilt/spilled milk.
事已至此，后悔也無用。（牛奶已潑，哭也沒用。）
It is hard work keeping the grass green at this time of year.
這個季節(jié)還使草保持綠色真是不容易。
It was a nuisance having to wait for such a long time.
要等這樣久真煩人。
It’s a waste of time your talking to him.
你和他談話是浪費時間。
It has been a great honour your coming to visit me.
你的來訪是我很大的榮幸。
8. It is + 形容詞 + doing sth. 做某事真… …
用于該句型的形容詞有：pleasant, useless, senseless, worthwhile, dangerous等。
It was pleasant meeting you in London that day.
那天在倫敦見到你真高興。
It’s dangerous playing with fire.
玩火是危險的。
Is it worthwhile making such an experiment?
做這樣的實驗值得嗎？
㈢ it 代指名詞性從句的句型
9. It + be + 名詞 + that從句
用于該句型中的名詞有：a pity, a shame, a fact, an honour, a wonder, a good thing, good news, no wonder等。
慣用句型有：
It is common knowledge that… ……是常識
It is a surprise that… 令人驚奇的是……
It is a fact that… 事實是……
It is no wonder that … 難怪 … …
It is a pity that she has made such a mistake.
真遺憾，她犯了這樣一個錯誤。
It's a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。
It is a thousand pity/ thousand pities that he missed the chance.
他錯過了這次機會真是太可惜了。
It is no wonder that he has passed the examination.
難怪他考試及格了。
It is a shame that you have to leave so soon.
你必須這么早離開，真遺憾。
It was a stupid thing that he didn’t listen to his teacher.
他不聽老師的話，真蠢。
It is a great honour that he receive that prize.
他得到了那個獎?wù)媸菬o上的榮耀。
10. It + be + 形容詞 + that從句 … … 是 … …
用于該句型中的形容詞有：clear, obvious, true, certain, important, strange, natural, surprising, fortunate, good, wonderful, funny, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, quite clear, unusual等。
慣用句型有：
It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is important that… 重要的是……
It is obvious that… 很明顯……
It is important that we (should) learn English well.
我們學(xué)好英語是非常重要的。
It is necessary that the students (should) remember all the new words.
學(xué)生記住所有的新單詞是必要的。
11. It + be + -ed 分詞 + that從句 據(jù)… …是… …的
常見的過去分詞有：said, reported, learned, announced, known, decided, expected, believed, considered, declared, felt, hoped, seen, supposed, thought, understood等。
慣用句型有：
It is said that… 據(jù)說
It is reported that… 據(jù)報道
It is believed that… 大家相信
It is hoped that… 大家希望
It is well known that… 眾所周知
It is thought that… 大家認為
It is suggested that… 據(jù)建議
It has been decided that… 大家決定
It must be remembered that…務(wù)必記住的是
It is reported that another man-made satellite has been put into orbit.
據(jù)報道，又有一顆人造衛(wèi)星被送入軌道。
It is said that he has gone to the USA for further study.
據(jù)說他已去美國深造了。
It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.
眾所周知，光以直線運行。
It has been decided that we should design the machine ourselves.
已經(jīng)決定我們自己來設(shè)計這部機器。
12. It + 及物動詞 + 名詞 + 從句
It makes no difference to me whether it’s foggy or clear.
對我來說，天氣有霧或晴朗沒什么關(guān)系。
It doesn’t make any difference to me whether he goes or not.
不管他是否去對我都沒有什么影響。
It makes no matter whether you arrive first or last --- there’s enough food for everyone, whatever time they arrive.
大家早到晚到都無關(guān)緊要 --- 不管什么時候來，都有足夠的東西吃。
13. It + 不及物動詞 + that分句
常見的不及物動詞有：seem, happen, look, appear, come about, turn out, occur等。
慣用句型有：
It appears that… 似乎……
It (so) happens (that)… ?。敲矗┡銮?#8230;…
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
It seems that he is sick. (= He seems to be sick.)
看來他似乎有病。
It happened that he wasn’t there. (= He happened not to be there.)
碰巧他不在哪兒。
He would have been traveling on the train that crashed if it hadn’t so happened he’d been working late that night.
要不是那天晚上他正巧下班晚了，他就會乘坐那趟出事的列車了。
14. It doesn’t matter (to sb.) + 從句 （對）… …都無所謂
It doesn’t matter to me what he says.
對我來說，他說什么都無所謂。
It doesn’t seem to matter much whether he received the gift or not.
他是否接受這件禮物似乎都無所謂。
It doesn’t matter if we are late.
我們就是晚到一點也不要緊。
注意：It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句的謂語動詞要用should 加動詞原形， should 可省略。
其句型為：
(1)suggested
It is (2)important that…+ (should) do
(3) a pity
(1) suggested, ordered, proposed, required, demanded, requested, insisted + (should) do
(2) important, necessary, natural, strange + (should) do
(3) a pity, a shame, no wonder + (should) do
It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.
二、 It 作形式賓語的句型
㈠ it 代指不定式短語的句型
15. 主語 + find(make, feel) it + 形容詞 (+ for sb.) + to do sth.
I find it easy enough to get on with Tom.
我覺得與湯姆相處很容易。
I felt it necessary to speak about my shortcomings.
我感到有必要講一下我的不足之處。
16. 主語 + find(make, feel) it + 名詞 + to do sth.
He felt it his duty to mention the fact to Mr. Smith.
他覺得把事實告訴史密斯先生是他的職責(zé)。
People in the west make it a rule to buy Christmas presents for their relatives and friends.
西方人把為親友買圣誕禮物作為一種慣例。
㈡ it 代指動名詞短語的句型
17. 主語 + think + it + 名詞 + doing sth.
We thought it no use doing that.
我們認為做那件事是無用的。
You must find it exciting working here.
你一定會發(fā)現(xiàn)在此工作是很令人興奮的。
18. 主語 + think + it + 形容詞 + doing sth.
I think it very unwise going on as we are without definite agreement.
我認為像我們這樣沒有確定協(xié)議而進行是不明智的。
I don’t think it worthwhile taking such trouble.
我想不值得這么費事了。
㈢ it 代指名詞性從句的句型
19. 主語 + find(make, think) it + 名詞 + that從句
I used to feel it a terrible thing that my mother should have to do the housework endlessly.
我曾老覺得母親不得不無休止地做家務(wù)是一件可怕的事情。
I consider it a great shame that I didn’t pass the examination.
我認為我考試不及格是件非常羞恥的事。
20. 主語 + find(make, think) it + 形容詞 + that從句
I think it best that you should stay here.
我認為你最好呆在這里。
You may think it strange that anyone would live there.
你也許感到奇怪，居然有人愿意住在那兒。
21. 主語 + take it for granted + that從句
I take it for granted that you will be coming to the meeting.
我當(dāng)然認為你會來參加會議。
I took it for granted that you would stay with us.
我以為你當(dāng)然會留在我們這里。
22. I hate(like, enjoy, love) + it + when從句
我不喜歡/喜歡 … …
該句型中it用于hate, like, enjoy, love等動詞后，充當(dāng)形式賓語。
I hate it when people talk with their mouths full.
我很不喜歡人們吃著東西說話。
I like it in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.
我喜歡秋天清爽明朗的日子。
三、 It 用于強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)句型
23. It is/was + 被強調(diào)部分 + that…… 是… … 的
此結(jié)構(gòu)強調(diào)的成分僅限于主語，賓語和狀語。
It is from the sun that we get light and heat.
我們從太陽得到光和熱。
It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
是我父親昨天晚上在實驗室做的試驗。
It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.
那個實驗是我父親昨天晚上在實驗室做的。
It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab.
是昨天晚上我父親在實驗室做的那個實驗。
It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.
是在實驗室里我父親昨天晚上做的那個實驗。
It is the ability to do the job that matters not where you come from or what you are.
干工作的能力不在乎你來自何方還是干什么的。
It will not be you who(that) will have to take the blame for this.
不是你必須承擔(dān)這份責(zé)任。
It’s the servant who killed Mr. Smith.
是仆人殺害的史密斯先生。
It must be the servant who killed Mr. Smith.
一定是仆人殺害的史密斯先生。
It may have been at Christmas that John gave Mary a handbag.
或許是在圣誕節(jié)，約翰送手提包給瑪麗的。
What was it that made you so happy?
使你這么高興的到底是什么？
Whom was it that Mr. Smith saw in the college yesterday?
史密斯先生昨天在大學(xué)里見到的那個人到底是誰？
24. It is/was not until + 被強調(diào)部分 + that ……
直到… …才 … …
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.
直到她摘下墨鏡來我才意識到她是一位著名影星。
It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs.
直到我讀了你的信，我才了解到事情的真實情況。
It is not until I have seen it with my own eyes that I will believe it.
只有我親眼看到這件事，我才相信它。
25. It is/was … not … (被強調(diào)部分)+ that…是… …而不是… …
It is/was not …but …(被強調(diào)部分)+that…不是……而是……
It was last week not yesterday that she met your brother in New York.
她是在上周而不是在昨天，在紐約看見你弟弟的。
It was not last week but yesterday that she met your brother in New York.
她不是在上周而是在昨天，在紐約看見你弟弟的。
It was Mary’s bag not Jone’s that was lost at school yesterday evening.
昨晚是瑪麗的提包，不是瓊斯的提包，在學(xué)校丟了。
It was not Mary’s bag but Jone’s that was lost at school yesterday evening.
昨晚不是瑪麗的提包，而是瓊斯的提包，在學(xué)校丟了。
26. It is/was because … … + that … … 是因為… … 才… …
It was because he was ill that he had to see a doctor.
是因為病了，他才不得不去看醫(yī)生的。
He told me that it was because he was ill that they decided to return.
他告訴我正是因為他患病了他們才決定回來的。
It was because the weather was too bad that we failed to get in touch with them.
正是因為天氣太壞，我們才沒有和他們聯(lián)系上。
27. It is/was not because… … but because … … + that … …
不是因為 … … 而是因為 … … 才 … …
It is not because she is beautiful but because she has a talent for music that I recommend her.
我不是因為她美，而是因為她有音樂天才，才推薦她的。
It is not because of your efficiency but because of long absence that you get little money.
不是因為你做事效率低，而是因為你缺勤時間久，得到的錢才少的。
28. It is/was + (被強調(diào)部分) + (that) … …+ that … …
正是 … … 的這個 … … 才 … …
It is the fact that we have spent all our money that we must face.
正是我們已花光我們所有錢財?shù)倪@一事實，才是我們必須面對的。
It was that he was chosen that made us very happy.
正是他被選中這件事，才使我們非常高興的。
It is in the factory (that) we visited last week that his father works.
他父親工作的地方，正是上周我們參觀的那家工廠。
It is in the way (that) I like that she cooks chicken.
她正是以我喜歡的方式烹調(diào)雞肉的。
四、 It 用于特殊結(jié)構(gòu)句型
㈠常用固定句型
29. It is + time + for sb. to do sth 到……時間了; 該到……了
It is + time(about time, high time) + (that) sb. did sth.
時間已遲了; 早該……了
It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。
It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。
It is (high) time that 后面的從句謂語動詞要用過去式或用should加動詞原形，但should不可省略。
It is time that the children went to bed. (= It is high time that the children should go to bed.)
該到孩子們上床睡覺的時間了。
It’s about time you stopped smoking.
是你該戒煙的時候了。
Jack’s suit was old and it was high time we bought a new one.
杰克的衣服已經(jīng)穿舊，是該買一套新的時候了。
30. It is + the first / second time（表次數(shù)）+ that從句
這是第一次 /第二次… …
該結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
31. It is + 一段時間 + since從句
It has been + 一段時間 + since從句
自從… … 以來已經(jīng) … …
該句型中 " It is … since…"可代替"It has been … since …"，意思不變。
It is (= has been) five years since we last met.
自從我們上次見面以來已經(jīng)有五年了。
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
我成為研究生已有兩年了。
It seems a long time since we last met.
自從我們上次見面以來似乎過了很長時間。
It was years/ ages since I had seen her.
自從我上次見過她已經(jīng)多年/很久了。
It is just a week since we arrived here.
我們到這里剛一星期。
--- My uncle comes in from Iraq tonight.
--- How long has it been since you last saw him?
--- 我叔叔今晚從伊拉克回來了。
--- 你們分別后有多長時間了？
注意：since從句中用延續(xù)性動詞或狀態(tài)動詞的一般過去時，通常表示動作或狀態(tài)的完成或結(jié)束。
It is five years since he lived here.
他不住在這兒已五年了。
It is a long time since he smoked.
他戒煙已有好長時間了。
It is three years since he joined the army.
他參軍三年了。
It is three years since he was in the army.
他復(fù)員（離開軍隊）三年了。
32. It be + 一段時間+ before從句 好久… … 就 … …
該結(jié)構(gòu)中be可以換用其他半系動詞，也可以用將來時。
It was some time before he could speak.
過了好一會以后他才說出話來。
It was not long before I realized my mistake.
不久我就意識到了我的錯誤。
It seemed a long time before my turn came.
似乎過了好一會兒才輪到我。
It may be many years before we meet again.
我們可能要好多年以后才能見面。
It will be a long time before we finish this dictionary.
我們要用很長時間才能完成這本詞典。
It will be five years before we meet again.
要等5年我們才能在見面。
㈡固定習(xí)語句型
此類句型頗多，現(xiàn)就高中出現(xiàn)的列舉一二：
33. It / That (all) depends. 要看情況而定
--- Can you come to the party tonight?
--- It all depends when I finish my paper.
--- 你今晚能來參加晚會嗎？
--- 那要看我什么時候做完作業(yè)。
--- What will you do? --- I don’t know. It depends.
--- 你愿意干點什么？ --- 我不知道。要看情況。
34. It’s /That’s too bad + (that)從句.
太不幸了；太可惜了；真糟糕
It is too bad Jack doesn’t know German better.
真可惜杰克的德語沒有學(xué)得更好一些。
It was too bad David had a bad cold when the circus came to our town.
真不湊巧，當(dāng)馬戲團來到我們鎮(zhèn)上時戴維得了重感冒。
35. When / If it comes / came to the point, … ….
到了緊要關(guān)頭；到采取行動或作出決定的時候
When it came to the point, he refused to help.
到了緊要關(guān)頭時，他卻拒絕援助。
I’m sure when it comes to the point, Mary won’t marry him after all.
我敢肯定，到做決定時，瑪麗是根本不會嫁給他的。
參考書目：
1．秦秀白 《當(dāng)代英語習(xí)語大辭典》1999年1月版
2．趙振才 《英語常見問題解答大辭典》1998年8月版
3．王福禎 《英語句子詞典》2001年1月版
4．郭洛 《中學(xué)英語學(xué)用指南》1997年4月版
5．周國珍 《英漢祥注詞典》（袖珍版）1998年8月版
