I強(qiáng)調(diào)句
1 It is (was) that(who, whom)
句型：It is (was) +被強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分+that(who, whom) +其它成分
I am right. 我是對(duì)的。
It is I who(that) am right.（強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)）
They will have a meeting tomorrow. 他們明天開會(huì)。
It is they who (that) will have a meeting tomorrow.（強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)）
就是他們明天要開會(huì)。
It is a meeting that they will have tomorrow. （強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)）
他們明天是要開個(gè)會(huì)（而不是干別的）。
It is tomorrow that they will have a meeting.（強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）
就在明天他們要開會(huì)。
1. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型應(yīng)注意事項(xiàng)
a. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句中通常強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)（包括介詞賓語(yǔ)）、狀語(yǔ)、短語(yǔ)和從句。 it本身沒(méi)有詞義。
b. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的連接詞一般只用who，whom（代人），that （可代物，也可代人），即使在強(qiáng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)也如此。
who，whom，that不可以省略
c. that或who，whom之后動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要與它前面被強(qiáng)調(diào)的名詞或代詞一致。（即人稱和數(shù)要與原句中的一致）
d. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的時(shí)態(tài)只有兩種，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)。原句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，過(guò)去完成時(shí)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)，用It was’其余的時(shí)態(tài)用It is。
It was the way he asked that really upset me.
就是他問(wèn)的方式真的使我生氣了。
Was it during the Second World War that he died?（強(qiáng)調(diào)短語(yǔ)）
他就是在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)之中死的嗎？
When was it that the Long March started?
是什么時(shí)候開始長(zhǎng)征的？（強(qiáng)調(diào)句子）
2. 強(qiáng)調(diào) it 和先行詞 it 的判別
可用恢復(fù)原句來(lái)判別，即是把It is(was) that取消，如果剩下的仍能組成一個(gè)完整的句子，這就是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，否則就不是。
It is there that accidents often happen.
去掉It is that
There accidents often happen.
那兒經(jīng)常發(fā)生事故。 是一個(gè)完整的句子，由此可判斷該例是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，它強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)there。
It is clear that not all boys like football.
很明顯不是所有的男孩都喜歡踢足球。
去掉It is that
Clear not all boys like football.
不是一個(gè)完整的句子，因此這不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，而是由it作先行詞引導(dǎo)的一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句。
2 not until 句型的強(qiáng)調(diào)句
句型：It is (was) not until +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that+其它成分
He didn't go to bed until (till) ten o'clock.
直到十點(diǎn)，他才睡覺(jué)。
It was not until ten o'clock that he went to bed. （強(qiáng)調(diào)句）
Regular radio broadcasts didn't begin till (untill) 1920.
直到1920年，收音機(jī)才開始普遍使用。 （在1920年以前收音機(jī)沒(méi)開始使用。）
It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcasts began.（強(qiáng)調(diào)句）
I didn't realize she was a famous film star till (until) she took off her dark glasses.
注意：
此句型只用until，不用till但如果不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，till，untill可通用。（參見(jiàn)左邊3個(gè)例句）
直到這位大明星把她的墨鏡摘下來(lái)，我才認(rèn)出她來(lái)。
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.（強(qiáng)調(diào)句）
注意：
因?yàn)榫湫椭?/span>It(was) is not 已經(jīng)是否定句了，that后面的從句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。
1. 此句型還可用倒裝句來(lái)表示
原句：
Li Ming didn't watch TV till(until) he finished his homework.
李明做完作業(yè)后才看電視。
強(qiáng)調(diào)句：
It was not until Li Ming finished his homework that he watched TV.
倒裝句：
=Not until he finished his homework did Li Ming watch TV.
=Only when he finished his homework did Li Ming watch TV.
原句：
The bus will not go until (till) all the people get on it.
直到所有的人都上了車，車才開走。
強(qiáng)調(diào)句：
It is not until all the people get on it that the bus will go.
倒裝句：
Not until all the people get on it will the bus go.
Only when all the people get on it will the bus go.
3 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的強(qiáng)調(diào)
It is (was) that 結(jié)構(gòu)不能強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)，如果需要強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，用
助動(dòng)詞do或did。
Do sit down.
務(wù)必請(qǐng)坐。
He did write to you last week.
上周他確實(shí)給你寫了信。
Do be careful when you cross the street.
過(guò)馬路時(shí)，務(wù)必（千萬(wàn)）要小心啊！
I did go to see you when you were in Shanghai.
你在上海時(shí)，我確實(shí)去看過(guò)你。
注意：
此種強(qiáng)調(diào)只用do和did，沒(méi)有別的形式。
過(guò)去時(shí)用did，后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用原形。
II 語(yǔ)序
1 定語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)序
在英語(yǔ)中一般常見(jiàn)的句子語(yǔ)序?yàn)橹髡Z(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)，此語(yǔ)序與漢語(yǔ)基本相同，但定語(yǔ)在句中的位置中文和英文略有差異，說(shuō)明如下：
1. 當(dāng)定語(yǔ)是單詞或動(dòng)名詞時(shí)
在英語(yǔ)中多將定語(yǔ)放在被修飾詞的前面，與漢語(yǔ)相同。
He is a naughty boy.（形容詞）
他是個(gè)淘氣的小孩。
2. 當(dāng)定語(yǔ)是短語(yǔ)（介詞短語(yǔ)、分詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)時(shí)）或定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)放在所修飾詞的后面。
She had a basket full of apples.（短語(yǔ)）
她有一個(gè)藍(lán)子，里面裝滿了蘋果。
The boy who is sleeping is my brother.（定語(yǔ)從句）
正在睡覺(jué)的小孩是我弟弟。
The students in the room are from Asia.（介詞短語(yǔ)）
這間房子里的學(xué)生們來(lái)自亞洲。
3. 當(dāng)定語(yǔ)是副詞或某些過(guò)去分詞時(shí) 放在所修飾詞的后面。
The women here are for you.（副詞）
這兒的婦女都支持你。
I like the books written by him.（過(guò)去分詞）
我喜歡他寫的書。
2 狀語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)序
狀語(yǔ)：地點(diǎn)→時(shí)間
在句子中如果同時(shí)有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，先地點(diǎn)后時(shí)間，和漢語(yǔ)序不同，漢語(yǔ)是先時(shí)間后地點(diǎn)。
My mother has lunch at the factory at noon.
我媽媽中午在工廠里吃飯。
III 倒裝
主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的順序分為兩種:
1．自然語(yǔ)序：主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)
2．倒裝語(yǔ)序：謂語(yǔ)+主語(yǔ)
倒裝語(yǔ)序又分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝兩種。
部分倒裝：謂語(yǔ)中的一部分（如助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞 be放在主語(yǔ)前面，其余部分仍在主語(yǔ)后面。例：
①Only in this way can we work out the physics problem. （態(tài)動(dòng)詞）
只有用這種方法，我們才能解出這道物理題來(lái)。
②Never had he had any experience like that. （助動(dòng)詞）
他從來(lái)沒(méi)經(jīng)歷過(guò)這樣的事。
③Not only is he a singer,but (also) he is a dancer.
他不僅是一位歌唱家，而且還是位舞蹈家。
全部倒裝：句子中沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞 be 時(shí)，要所
語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)的前面。例：
①Here comes the bus. 汽車來(lái)了。
②Up went the arrow into the sky.
颼的一下子箭射上了天。
③The door opened and in came a group of soldiers.
門一開，一群士兵闖了進(jìn)來(lái)。
注意：這時(shí)如果主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞，則主謂不倒裝。
Here he comes. 他來(lái)了。
Away they went. 一下子他們就走了。
Here you are. 給你。
Here we are. 我們到了。
英語(yǔ)中，從形式上分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝，我們?yōu)榱吮阌诶斫猓€可以把它分為語(yǔ)法性倒裝，這是由于語(yǔ)法上的需要而必須倒裝的句子，還有一種是修飾性的倒裝，顧名思義，這些句子如果不是特意加以強(qiáng)調(diào)，可以不必倒裝。
1 語(yǔ)法性的倒裝
1．各種問(wèn)句需要倒裝
Are you against the plan?
你反對(duì)這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃嗎？
What do you like best?
你最喜歡什么？
2．there be 句型中，主謂必須倒裝
在此句型中，主語(yǔ)總是在謂語(yǔ)之后，無(wú)論是在陳述句中還是疑句中。
There were no schools or hospital there before.
以前那里既沒(méi)有學(xué)校，也沒(méi)有醫(yī)院。
Is there any ink in the bottle?
瓶子里有墨水嗎？
3．引起直接引語(yǔ)的句子，它的主、謂語(yǔ)常倒裝
但當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是代詞或謂語(yǔ)含有助動(dòng)詞時(shí)，一般不倒裝。
另外，如果謂語(yǔ)比主語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)，或是它后面有賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般也不倒裝。
“Will you please carry it for me? ”said the old man.
“勞駕，幫我搬一下好嗎？”老人說(shuō)。
“Please do me a favour,” he said.
“請(qǐng)幫助我。”他說(shuō)。（主語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí)常不倒裝）
“He is a liar. You can't trust him,” Tom said to me in a
whisper.
“他愛(ài)說(shuō)謊，你別相信他。”湯姆小聲告訴我。
“I am hungry,” she had said.
“我餓了。”她說(shuō)。（有助動(dòng)詞had，所以不倒裝。）
4．在省略 if 的虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句中
（虛擬條件句中的省略與倒裝）
當(dāng)if在were，should和had這些詞前面被省略時(shí)，要倒裝。
Were you a fish, the cat would eat you.
=If you were a fish, the cat would eat you.
假如你是魚，貓會(huì)吃你。
Should it rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home.
=If it should rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home.
如果明天下雨，我將留在家里。
Had you my troubles, you would despair.
=If you had my troubles, you would despair.
如果你遭遇到我的困難，你會(huì)絕望的。
5．nor,neither, so 用于句首時(shí)主謂語(yǔ)需倒裝
當(dāng)一個(gè)句子用 so, nor,nerther 開始，說(shuō)明前面一句話中謂語(yǔ)表示的情況也適用于另外一個(gè)或一些人或物時(shí)，句子要倒裝。
注意：
倒裝句中的助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞be等要和前面一句話中的一致，詳見(jiàn)左例。
I have had my breakfast.
我吃早餐了。
So have I.
我也吃了。
so：用于肯定句，表示“也”。
nor和neither：用于否定句，表示“也不；也沒(méi)有”。
Li Ming can speak three languages.
李明會(huì)三種語(yǔ)言。
So can I.
我也會(huì)（三種）。
Will you go home this weekend?
這個(gè)周末你回家嗎？
No, and neither will Li Ming.
不回，李明也不回。
After that we never saw her again, nor did we hear fromher.
從那以后，我們就再?zèng)]有看到她，也沒(méi)收到她的信。
6．as 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中
分別敘述如下：
a．ajd+as+主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞be
Young as he is , he knows a lot of things.
= Although (Though) he is young, he knows a lot of things.
= He is young but he knows a lot of things.
雖然他年齡不大，可知道的事情很多。
Hard as steel is, it will bend or break under the action of a strong force.
鋼雖很硬，但在強(qiáng)力作用下也會(huì)彎曲或斷裂。
b．n（不帶冠詞）+as+主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞be
注意：
在此句型中，句首的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前面不用冠詞。
King as he is, he is unhappy.
= Although (Though) he is a king, he is unhappy.
= He is a king, but he is unhappy.
雖然他是個(gè)國(guó)王，可是他并不快樂(lè)。
Scientist as she is, she wants to learn more.
= Although she is a scientist, she wants to learn more.
雖然她已經(jīng)是位科學(xué)家了，她還是想繼續(xù)學(xué)更多東西。
c．a(chǎn)dv+as+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞
Much as I lisk it, I won't buy it.
= Although (Though) I like it, I won't buy it.
= I like it, I won't buy it.
雖然我很喜歡它，但我還是不買它。
Fast as you run, you can't catch up with him.
盡管你跑得很快，你也趕不上他。
d．V+as+主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞
Try as she does, she will never pass it.
= Although she tries, she will never pass it. = She tries but she will never pass it.
無(wú)論她怎樣努力，她也不會(huì)通過(guò)的。
Search as they would. they could find no sign of the boy.
無(wú)論他們?cè)趺磳ふ遥参茨馨l(fā)現(xiàn)那個(gè)男孩的蹤影。
2 修辭性的倒裝
除了語(yǔ)法性倒裝之外，有些倒裝是由于修辭的原因而采用的，叫做修辭性倒裝。
1．否定詞放在字首的倒裝
常見(jiàn)放在句首的否定詞
little 幾乎沒(méi)有；一點(diǎn)也不
說(shuō)明
little 置于 know, think, imagine, guess, dream, expect,
reactive等有關(guān)思考、意識(shí)的動(dòng)詞前面時(shí)，little=not at all，譯為一點(diǎn)也不。
Barely does he have enough money to live on. = He barely has enough money to live on.
他幾乎沒(méi)有足夠的錢為生。
By no means is translation easy. = Translation is by no means easy.
翻譯絕不是一件簡(jiǎn)單的事。
Little did I think that I would lose the game. = I didn't think at all that I would lost the game.
我根本沒(méi)想到我會(huì)輸?shù)暨@場(chǎng)比賽。
在上面表格所列的否定詞中，有幾個(gè)詞是強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的緊密相接，特別依序說(shuō)明如下：
a．hardly…when… 一…就…
Hardly did he see me when he ran away. = As soon as he saw me, he ran away.
b．scarcely…when… 一…就…
Scarcely had the baby cried when the nurse rushed to carry him.
= The nurse rushed to carry him as soon as the baby cried.
嬰兒一哭保姆就趕快去抱他。
c．no sooner…than… 一…就…
No sooner had they reached home than it rained. = It rained as soon as they reached home.
他們一到家就下起雨來(lái)了。
d．not only…but also… 不但…而且…
注意：
①．not only…but also…如果連接兩個(gè)句子，則第一個(gè)句子倒裝，第二個(gè)句子不倒裝，見(jiàn)左例。
②．Not only…but also…如果強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語(yǔ)，句子則不倒裝。
Not only I (is invited) but also my younger sister is invited.
不但我而且我妹妹也被邀請(qǐng)了。
Not only did I make promise, but I also kept it. = I not only made a promise, but (also) I also kept it.
我不但許下諾言，我也（遵守）實(shí)現(xiàn)了諾言。
Not only is he a scientist, but also he is a painter.
He is not only a scientist, but also (he is) a painter.
他不僅是位科學(xué)家，而且還是位畫家。
2．副詞（短語(yǔ)）的倒裝
用here, then, now, thus, such, there, so, only then, nolonger等副詞為首的句子中，要倒裝表示特別強(qiáng)調(diào)的語(yǔ)氣。
Then came the time we had been looking forward to.
=The time we had been looking forward to came then.
我們一直盼望的時(shí)刻終于來(lái)到了。
Summer begins in June. Then come July and August.
= Summer begins in June. July and August come then.
夏天自六月開始，然后就是七月和八月。
Here are some ideas which will help you to overcome the difficulties.
以下是一些想法，它們可以幫助你們克服一些困難。比較
He was very angry. Not a word did he say.
他非常生氣，一句話也沒(méi)說(shuō)。 （強(qiáng)調(diào)一句話也沒(méi)說(shuō)。）
He was very angry. He didn't say a word.（語(yǔ)氣平淡）
比較
Never again shall I be late for school.
我上學(xué)再也不遲到了。
I shall never be late for school.
3．Only+副詞放在句首時(shí)，要倒裝
比較
Only then did I realize I made such a big mistake.
只是在那時(shí)，我才認(rèn)識(shí)到我犯了一個(gè)多么大的錯(cuò)誤。
I realized I made such a big mistake only then.
Only in this way can you work it out. = You can work it out only in this way.
只有用這種方法你才能算出這道題來(lái)。
Only when one loses health does one know its value.
只有當(dāng)人們身體不好時(shí)才認(rèn)識(shí)到身體（好的重要性）的價(jià)值。
Only when he got home did he know what happened to his father.
= When he got home he knew what happened to his father.
當(dāng)他到了家之后，他才知道父親發(fā)生了什么事。
注意：
① only放在句首時(shí)，如果強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一個(gè)詞或一個(gè)短語(yǔ)（即only引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句）則需要倒裝。如果only后強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一個(gè)句子（即整個(gè)句子是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句），那么從句不倒裝，主句倒裝。見(jiàn)左二例。
② only如果強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語(yǔ)時(shí)，也不倒裝。
Only his mother was invited.
只有她媽媽被邀請(qǐng)了。
4．頻度副詞在句首時(shí)須倒裝
頻度副詞always, often,once出現(xiàn)在句首時(shí)，句子要倒裝
Often did we warn them not to do so. = We often warned them not to do so.
我們?cè)啻尉嫠麄儾灰@樣做。
Always will we remember the importance of meeting.
= We will always remember the importance of the meeting.
我們將永遠(yuǎn)記住這次會(huì)議的重要性。
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