2017年5月,美國整形外科醫(yī)師協(xié)會《整形重建外科》將正式發(fā)表加拿大卡爾加里大學、湯姆貝克癌癥中心、艾伯塔省衛(wèi)生署癌癥策略臨床網(wǎng)絡、多倫多大學、美國希望之城國家醫(yī)學中心、紀念斯隆凱特琳癌癥中心、比利時根特大學、瑞典厄勒布魯大學起草的術后加速康復學會(ERAS)推薦意見:乳房重建最佳圍手術期處理共識評估。
由于術后加速康復可以通過引進循證措施實現(xiàn),故該評估旨在對乳房重建手術患者最佳圍手術期管理達成共識,并為圍手術期加速康復方案提供循證推薦意見。
本文對各個方案項目進行大樣本前瞻隊列研究、隨機對照研究、薈萃分析的系統(tǒng)評估。僅當缺乏較高級別證據(jù)時,才考慮小樣本前瞻隊列和回顧隊列研究??捎梦墨I由乳房重建手術國際專家組進行分級,并用于每個主題形成共識推薦意見。專家組進行共識討論后,再對各個推薦意見進行分級。這些推薦意見的制定獲得ERAS批準。
雖然某些推薦意見來自高質量的乳房重建患者隨機對照研究數(shù)據(jù),但是大多數(shù)推薦意見參考了相關人群的低水平研究、非乳房重建人群的高質量研究外推數(shù)據(jù)。
本文針對18個獨特的術后加速康復問題,制定了推薦意見并進行了討論。
關鍵推薦意見包括:圍手術期避免使用阿片類藥物、避免術前禁食、鼓勵早期進食、使用減輕術后惡心嘔吐和疼痛的麻醉技術、采取措施預防術中低溫、鼓勵術后早期活動。
根據(jù)各個主題的最佳可用證據(jù),本文提出乳房重建患者最佳圍手術期處理共識評估推薦意見如下:
入院前知情、教育和咨詢:患者應接受詳細的術前咨詢(證據(jù)級別:高,推薦強度:強)。
入院前優(yōu)化:對于每日吸煙者,術前戒煙一個月可以獲益(證據(jù)級別:中,推薦強度:強);對于肥胖患者,術前將體重減輕至體重指數(shù)≤30kg/m2可以獲益(證據(jù)級別:高,推薦強度:強);對于酗酒者,術前戒酒一個月可以獲益(證據(jù)級別:低,推薦強度:強);對于相應人群,應轉診至改變這些行為的??疲ɡ缃錈熼T診、肥胖門診、戒酒門診)。
穿支皮瓣計劃:如果需要術前穿支皮瓣血管定位,推薦CT造影(證據(jù)級別:高,推薦強度:強)
術前禁食:應避免術前禁食,應允許患者術前2小時飲水(證據(jù)級別:高,推薦強度:強)。
術前碳水化合物負荷:術前2小時應予患者麥芽糖糊精飲料(證據(jù)級別:低,推薦強度:強)。
靜脈血栓栓塞預防措施:應評定患者靜脈血栓栓塞風險。除非有禁忌證并權衡出血風險,高風險患者應接受低分子量肝素或普通肝素,直至可以下床或出院。應加入理療(證據(jù)級別:高,推薦強度:強)。
抗菌預防措施:應予氯己定皮膚制劑,并在皮膚切開1小時內給予針對常見皮膚微生物的靜脈抗生素(證據(jù)級別:高,推薦強度:強)。
術后惡心嘔吐預防措施:術前和術中應予藥物減輕術后惡心嘔吐(證據(jù)級別:高,推薦強度:強)。
術前和術中鎮(zhèn)痛:患者應接受多種模式鎮(zhèn)痛以減輕疼痛(證據(jù)級別:高,推薦強度:強)。
標準麻醉方案:推薦使用全靜脈麻醉(TIVA)進行全身麻醉(證據(jù)級別:高,推薦強度:強)。
預防術中低溫:術前和術中措施,例如充氣保溫系統(tǒng),防止體溫過低。需要進行溫度監(jiān)測,確保患者體溫維持高于36℃(證據(jù)級別:高,推薦強度:強)。
術前靜脈液體管理:應避免液體過多或不足,并維持水電解質平衡。目標導向療法是實現(xiàn)這些目標的有效方法。推薦使用平衡晶體溶液,而非鹽水。推薦使用升壓藥支持液體管理,并且不要對游離皮瓣產(chǎn)生不良影響(證據(jù)級別:高,推薦強度:強)。
術后止痛:應使用多種模式術后疼痛管理方案,避免使用阿片類藥物(證據(jù)級別:高,推薦強度:強)。
早期進食:應鼓勵患者盡快口服液體和食物,最好在術后24小時內(證據(jù)級別:高,推薦強度:強)。
術后皮瓣監(jiān)測:術后72小時內應經(jīng)常監(jiān)測皮瓣。臨床評估足以進行監(jiān)測,對于包埋皮瓣推薦使用植入式多普勒裝置(證據(jù)級別:高,推薦強度:強)。
術后傷口管理:對于切口閉合,推薦使用常規(guī)縫合線(證據(jù)級別:高,推薦強度:強)。皮膚壞死后的復雜傷口可用清創(chuàng)和傷口負壓療法(證據(jù)級別:中,推薦強度:強)進行治療。
早期活動:應鼓勵患者在術后24小時內開始活動(證據(jù)級別:高,推薦強度:強)。
出院后家庭支持和理療:出院后應開始進行早期理療、監(jiān)督鍛煉計劃以及其他支持治療措施(證據(jù)級別:高,推薦強度:強)。
對此,哈佛醫(yī)學院、貝斯以色列女執(zhí)事醫(yī)療中心整形外科專家 Samuel J. Lin 發(fā)表同期述評。
Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017 May;139(5):1056e-1071e.
Consensus Review of Optimal Perioperative Care in Breast Reconstruction: Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) Society Recommendations.
Temple-Oberle C, Shea-Budgell MA, Tan M, Semple JL, Schrag C, Barreto M, Blondeel P, Hamming J, Dayan J, Ljungqvist O; ERAS Society.
University of Calgary; Tom Baker Cancer Centre; Cancer Strategic Clinical Network, Alberta Health Services; City of Hope National Medical Center; University of Toronto; University Hospital of Ghent; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Faculty of Medicine and Health, Orebro University.
BACKGROUND: Enhanced recovery following surgery can be achieved through the introduction of evidence-based perioperative maneuvers. This review aims to present a consensus for optimal perioperative management of patients undergoing breast reconstructive surgery and to provide evidence-based recommendations for an enhanced perioperative protocol.
METHODS: A systematic review of meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and large prospective cohorts was conducted for each protocol element. Smaller prospective cohorts and retrospective cohorts were considered only when higher level evidence was unavailable. The available literature was graded by an international panel of experts in breast reconstructive surgery and used to form consensus recommendations for each topic. Each recommendation was graded following a consensus discussion among the expert panel. Development of these recommendations was endorsed by the Enhanced Recovery after Surgery Society.
RESULTS: High-quality randomized controlled trial data in patients undergoing breast reconstruction informed some of the recommendations; however, for most items, data from lower level studies in the population of interest were considered along with extrapolated data from high-quality studies in non-breast reconstruction populations. Recommendations were developed for a total of 18 unique enhanced recovery after surgery items and are discussed in the article. Key recommendations support use of opioid-sparing perioperative medications, minimal preoperative fasting and early feeding, use of anesthetic techniques that decrease postoperative nausea and vomiting and pain, use of measures to prevent intraoperative hypothermia, and support of early mobilization after surgery.
CONCLUSION: Based on the best available evidence for each topic, a consensus review of optimal perioperative care for patients undergoing breast reconstruction is presented.
CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, V.
PMID: 28445352
DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000003242
Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017 May;139(5):1072e-1073e.
Discussion: Consensus Review of Optimal Perioperative Care in Breast Reconstruction: Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) Society Recommendations.
Lin SJ.
Division of Plastic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School.
PMID: 28445353
DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000003292
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