師永濤
在唐人的筆下,江南的意象不斷被呈現(xiàn)與贊美,使江南變?yōu)橐环N文化的象征,成為唐人心中的桃花源。
南北朝時期,中國歷史上出現(xiàn)了歷時270多年的“南北戰(zhàn)爭”。在南北朝兩百多年的動亂后,隋朝統(tǒng)一了南北,在隋朝38年的國祚中,又有一半時間是在征伐和內(nèi)亂。我們常說,唐代是中國融合的時代,這不僅僅是多民族間的融合,還包括南北方漢族之間的融合。畢竟,近300年的刀光劍影、恩怨情仇之后,盡管國家統(tǒng)一了,人們之間的諒解卻仍需要經(jīng)歷時間的打磨。
到了唐代中期,南北經(jīng)過近百年的休養(yǎng)生息,終于有了和平的盛世。于是唐代旅行蔚然成風(fēng),唐人的腳步遍布帝國的東西南北。唐代人旅行有兩個熱門的區(qū)域:一個是“功名只向馬上取”的西域,另一個便是江南。
那么為什么唐人熱衷南下呢?
唐人眼中的南方
南北朝時期,以長江為界,中國南北方的文化各有鮮明的特色,也是從此時開始,有了南方北方文化的論爭。《世說新語》就有記載——東晉名士褚季野語孫安國云:“北人學(xué)問,淵綜廣博?!睂O答曰:“南人學(xué)問,清通簡要?!庇谑?,沿著隋人剛開通的運河南下,去北人近300年都沒有近距離接觸的南方,便成了一種時尚。
唐人眼中的南方,和我們今天北方人認知的南方幾乎是一樣的。貞觀元年,唐政府通過“山河形便”也就是以自然的山脈、河流走向為分界依據(jù),把全國分為十道:關(guān)內(nèi)道、河南道、河?xùn)|道、河北道、山南道、隴右道、淮南道、江南道、劍南道、嶺南道。“道”這個概念和法國的行政區(qū)劃很相似,法國起初把80多個省份按歷史、地理淵源劃分為十幾個“大區(qū)”,只不過唐代的“道”有行政區(qū)劃的意義,但不行使行政功能,屬于中央派員巡視的監(jiān)察區(qū)。
唐代的北方是由以關(guān)中為核心的關(guān)內(nèi)道、隴山以西的隴右道、黃河與太行山之間的河?xùn)|道和太行山以東以黃河為界的河南道、河北道組成。南方則由除了河南道之外的五個名字中帶“南”的道組成,恰好就是秦嶺、淮河一線的南方,這和今天我們對于中國南北的劃分是一致的。
唐代的江南是一個很大的范圍,包含了今天中國的中南和江南兩部分,我們今天的江南概念則更多是指江浙。在唐代,江浙一般被稱為吳越,后期才逐漸用江南指代。有意思的是,今天我們看中央電視臺天氣預(yù)報,經(jīng)常會聽到“江南中南部”、“江南大部”這樣的說法,這個江南地區(qū),指的就是唐代江南道的范圍,包括湖南和湖北的長江南部、江西、安徽的皖南、江蘇的蘇南、浙江北部,都在江南的范圍之內(nèi)。
唐代宗大歷四年(公元769年)的春天,詩人杜甫在潭州(今天的長沙),和流落長沙的著名音樂家李龜年重逢,他回憶起在岐王和崔九的府第頻繁相見和聽歌的情景,感慨萬千,于是寫下了《江南逢李龜年》:“岐王宅里尋常見,崔九堂前幾度聞。正是江南好風(fēng)景,落花時節(jié)又逢君?!倍鸥υ娭械慕现傅木褪呛稀?/p>
唐人心中的桃花源
當(dāng)時唐帝國的政治中心在以長安、洛陽為主的黃河流域,江南是六朝故地,六朝時期赫赫有名的詩人謝靈運、陶淵明、鮑照、謝朓(tiǎo)、陰鏗、何遜、庾信等詩人的生活和創(chuàng)作活動都主要在江南一帶。這些詩人的作品對唐代的詩歌創(chuàng)作曾產(chǎn)生過很大影響,他們作品中寫到的江南旖旎秀美的山水和各種動人的故事,對有唐一代的詩人們有著極大的吸引力。要知道《隋書·經(jīng)籍志》所著錄的南北朝文學(xué)家,北朝作家僅16位,而南朝作家入錄者達306位,江南文采之盛可見一斑。而大運河的開通,讓北方關(guān)中和關(guān)東的門閥子弟、士子有了南下一覽南朝瑰麗風(fēng)景的機會。
唐人南下最主要是去吳越之地,也就是今天的浙江、江蘇。有唐一代,幾乎所有知名的詩人都有沿著運河自北而下漫游吳越的經(jīng)歷。
王勃25歲時,(唐高宗上元二年,即公元675年)從洛陽出發(fā)沿運河南下,漫游江南,一度南到交趾(又名“交阯”,中國古代地名,位于今越南北部紅河流域);杜甫20歲(公元731年)漫游吳越;在此之前的唐玄宗開元十七年(公元729年),41歲的孟浩然離開長安,輾轉(zhuǎn)于襄陽、洛陽,夏季游吳越;開元十三年(725年),李白出蜀,“仗劍去國,辭親遠游”第一次漫游吳越,此后公元739年,38歲時又南下金陵、揚州,過了17年,55歲的李白第三次東游吳越。
大量文人士子在沿著運河向南漫游的過程中,為唐詩提供了“江行詩”這一種重要的詩歌內(nèi)容,而且常年的遠游,讓“漂泊”這個意向和精神成了唐詩中和“送別”并行的文學(xué)母題。
之所以是北人南下來游歷,而不是南人北上,很大一部分原因是唐代的士子大多是關(guān)東及關(guān)隴士族。一個例子可以說明,據(jù)《新唐書·宰相世系表》統(tǒng)計,若以秦嶺、淮河一線為界,以唐玄宗時期的南北15道為準(zhǔn)(開元年間在貞觀10道的基礎(chǔ)上增加為15道),則此線以北的北方七道共出宰相308人,占宰相總數(shù)的85.1%,而以南的南方八道總共才有54位宰相,僅占總數(shù)的14.9%。可見,南、北方的差異是非常懸殊的,北方占絕對優(yōu)勢,南方宰相數(shù)的總和尚不及河北一道之?dāng)?shù)。
檢索《全唐詩》數(shù)據(jù)庫,題目包含“江南”的唐詩共244首,以《憶江南》直接為題的唐詩有25首。在唐人的筆下,江南的意象不斷被呈現(xiàn)與贊美,使江南成為一種文化的象征,成為唐人心中的桃花源。
杜牧說:“何事明朝獨惆悵,杏花時節(jié)在江南?!卑拙右椎摹稇浗稀啡妆环Q為“江南三疊”,成為后世對江南最經(jīng)典的印象。就連著名的邊塞詩人岑參也說:“枕上片時春夢中,行盡江南數(shù)千里?!碧圃娭薪系拿篮茫瑢笫喇a(chǎn)生了極大的影響,臺灣詩人余光中有一首著名的詩《春天,遂想起》,首句是這樣的:“春天,遂想起/江南/唐詩里的江南?!?/p>
Jiangnan: A Must-See Wonderland in Tang Dynasty
By Shi Yongtao
The Tang Dynasty (618-907) ended a 300-year tumult in which short-lived dynasties rose and fell. The new dynastys prosperity and peace made it possible for people to travel across the country freely. In the Tang, travelers moved largely in two directions. For some, the west border was their destination where they braved challenges and hardships in a bid to cut a brilliant figure in military campaigns. In the opposite direction, poets traveled southward to visit Jiangnan, a general name for the region south of the Yangtze River.
Jiangnan in the history changed its geographic definition several times. Even today, where Jiangnan is still blurs. For many people of today, Jiangnan refers only to a region that includes the south of Jiangsu and north of Zhejiang and Shanghai in between. But for the weather forecasters at CCTV, Chinas largest television network, Jiangnan is much broader. Jiangnan in CCTV weather forecasts includes a wide area extending to Hunan, Anhui and Jiangxi along the Yangtze River in present-day central and eastern China. It coincides with the Jiangnan in the Tang, as testified by numerous poems written in the dynasty.
Poets of the Tang were fascinated by Jiangnan largely because the poets of the six dynasties from the third century to the sixth century in the south wrote nature poems. These poems are unusual in the history of Chinese poetry. They were nature poems, unseen and unheard of before and they portrayed a gorgeous beauty of nature unseen and unheard of before. In the three hundred years before the Tang, the best known poets largely lived in the south. A book written in the Sui Dynasty (581-617) records a list of literary masters: 16 from the north and 306 from the south. The Sui Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty shifted the political and economic and cultural center back to the north, but the poems written by the poets in the south remained fascinating.
Their poems impacted the Tang poets. They wished to take a look at the natural and cultural wonders of the south and traveled southward largely by the Grand Canal which in the Tang Dynasty connected Luoyang in present-day Henan Province and Hangzhou in Zhejiang. Almost all the important poets of the Tang visited Jiangnan, that is, the Jiangnan of today. For example, Wang Bo started his south journey at age 25. Du Fu, one of the greatest poets of the Tang, traveled through Jiangnan at the age of 20. Meng Haoran visited Jiangnan at 41. Li Bai tripped through Jiangnan three times in his lifetime. Their visits to the south gave birth to poems that depict river journeys, goodbyes, and adventures. , put together in 1705 to 1706 by scholars of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), counts 244 poems about Jiangnan including 25 titled .
In the Tang Dynasty, the development of China was still uneven. The north was culturally dominant. In the 289 years of the Tang Dynasty, the north produced 308 prime ministers whereas the south contributed only 54. Most scholars in the north were highly curious about the poems written about Jiangnan by the poets in the 300 years prior to the Tang. These poems offered an insight into the scenic south that appeared celestially beautiful. So poets from the north came to visit the south and wrote poems that outshone those by their processors and have come down to us today. The poems about Jiangnan written in the Tang romanticized the region and combined to turn it into a legendary Shangri-La: peace, prosperity, home for heart and soul, spectacular and lyrical nature, rural beauty, springtime, Zen, wild dreams, boats, lotuses, wine, silk, flowers, mountains and rivers and ponds, the moon, beautiful women.
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