高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)的訓(xùn)練方法
語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用是聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫(xiě)能力在交際中的運(yùn)用，用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行書(shū)面表達(dá)就是其中的一種交際能力。書(shū)面表達(dá)是全面考察考生英語(yǔ)水平的一種途徑，不但可以了解其接受技能（receptive skills），而且還可以考查其產(chǎn)出技能（productive skills），是對(duì)語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)法、詞匯、寫(xiě)作等能力進(jìn)行的綜合性考查。
事實(shí)證明，高考英語(yǔ)的書(shū)面表達(dá)題雖然只占25分，但通過(guò)實(shí)際的備考寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練卻能夠?qū)β?tīng)力部分的聽(tīng)取信息題，二卷的短文改錯(cuò)題產(chǎn)生很大的提高作用。因此，抓好書(shū)面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練，對(duì)于考生提高主觀(guān)題的得分顯得尤為重要。
怎樣才算是一篇好的書(shū)面表達(dá)呢？除了要點(diǎn)齊全、句子正確外，還有兩個(gè)非常關(guān)鍵之處。首先是行文連貫，運(yùn)用恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞使文章結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密并具有較強(qiáng)的邏輯性，文章讀起來(lái)通順流暢。其次，考生應(yīng)該從遣詞造句角度多下工夫。從詞語(yǔ)上，盡可能運(yùn)用已經(jīng)學(xué)過(guò)的而且比較熟悉的詞組、短語(yǔ)或成語(yǔ)，過(guò)度追求生僻或高難詞匯，反而會(huì)弄巧成拙；從句式上，在保證準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤的前提下，力求嘗試運(yùn)用多種句式。
一、 高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練基本模式
在平時(shí)的作文課上必須始終貫徹科任教師根據(jù)學(xué)生情況選擇的一套寫(xiě)作模式。一般必須具備以下步驟：
◆ 仔細(xì)審題。 如果是圖表類(lèi)或者是漫畫(huà)類(lèi)，看懂圖表與文字或每幅圖片之間的聯(lián)系至關(guān)重要。
◆ 寫(xiě)要點(diǎn)。根據(jù)中文提示的每個(gè)要點(diǎn)或每幅圖寫(xiě)出一至兩句話(huà)。因?yàn)槊磕旮呖紩?shū)面表達(dá)一般控制在10句話(huà)，100～120個(gè)詞左右。
◆ 連句成文。每句話(huà)寫(xiě)好后，用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞連接起來(lái)，使之上下連貫，呼應(yīng)，通順，簡(jiǎn)潔。
◆ 查錯(cuò)漏。完稿后，檢查一下有沒(méi)有句型、時(shí)態(tài)，語(yǔ)態(tài)，拼寫(xiě)等錯(cuò)誤并逐一加以改正。
◆ 卷面整潔。卷面整潔干凈甚至比流暢、簡(jiǎn)潔更重要。因?yàn)檎麧嵏蓛艚o閱卷人精神上帶來(lái)愉悅，相對(duì)而言，分?jǐn)?shù)自然要給得高一些。
二、 高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)高分策略
（一）使用適量的高級(jí)詞匯及短語(yǔ)
如果僅僅記住幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單基礎(chǔ)的詞匯,而且一味的重復(fù)低水平的英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn),還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有達(dá)到大學(xué)的入學(xué)要求。這就要求考生在平時(shí)的訓(xùn)練和考試當(dāng)中，有意識(shí)的強(qiáng)化“復(fù)雜，高級(jí)”這兩個(gè)概念，使自己的作文能力區(qū)別于普通學(xué)生的作文，使自己一下子就站在一個(gè)比別人高的位置上，充分顯示自己的實(shí)力。
平時(shí)教學(xué)過(guò)程中注意總結(jié)各種各樣的詞匯。以描述人物的詞匯為例：
1．表達(dá)人物愛(ài)憎感情的詞語(yǔ)
like， love， be interested in， be fond of， hate，dislike， be tired of， lose interest in，happy， excited， pleased， satisfied， angry， sad， worried， disappointed， terrified， mad， frightened， etc.
2．描述人物性格，外貌和身體狀況等的詞語(yǔ)
good-looking， funny-looking， strong-looking， ugly-looking， dirty-looking， ordinary-looking， blue-eyed， white-eyed， warm-hearted， light-hearted，kind-hearted， absent-minded， tall，short， beautiful， pretty， lovely， naughty， be blind / lame in， be in good or poor condition， healthy， fine， well， strong-tempered，
bad-tempered， near-sighted， far-sighted， foolish， stupid， silly， clever， smart， wise， bright， diligent，intelligent， lazy， hard working， etc.
3．介紹人物的影響及對(duì)人的評(píng)價(jià)的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)
he became famous for his new theory.
the people had come to love him as an inspiring leader.
we regard li fei as our model.
lei feng has been praised for his communist spirit.
people spoke highly of him and all respected him.
（二）句式多變，語(yǔ)法活用
句子是表達(dá)一個(gè)完整意思的最小當(dāng)位，所以造句能力在英文寫(xiě)作中是非常重要的。好的英語(yǔ)句子能夠生動(dòng)，形象，準(zhǔn)確的表達(dá)內(nèi)容。所以要想寫(xiě)出漂亮的書(shū)面表達(dá)，必須從寫(xiě)好句子開(kāi)始。熟記英語(yǔ)基本句型及練習(xí)造句是基礎(chǔ)。
練習(xí)寫(xiě)好句子的方法一：合并句子
適當(dāng)運(yùn)用過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)和關(guān)聯(lián)詞，變簡(jiǎn)單句為復(fù)合句，使句子更為流暢。
① the police searched everywhere. the missing boy could not be found. his dog could not be found.
although the police searched everywhere, neither the missing boy nor his dog could be found.
② chaplin directed a large number of films. most of them were silent.
chaplin directed a large number of films, most of which were silent.
③ titanic sailed for
titanic sailed for new york from southampton on april 10th, 1912, carrying 1316 passengers and a crew of 891. at that time, she was not only the largest ship that had ever been built but （also） was regarded as unsinkable.
寫(xiě)好句子的方法二：改寫(xiě)句子
1）mr. green is a tall man, who wears a pair of thick glasses. （改成介詞短語(yǔ)做伴隨狀語(yǔ)）
1）the book cost me 300 yuan.
mr.green is a tall man with a pair of thick glasses.
2）the ice on the lake is too thin for us to skate on. （使用so…that…結(jié)構(gòu)改寫(xiě)句子）
the ice on the lake is so thin that we can‘t skate on it.
練習(xí)方法三：一句多譯
兩天后他就要過(guò)生日了。
① his birthday is two days away.
② his birthday is in two days.
③ his birthday is in two days' time.
④ it will be two days before he celebrates his birthday.
這本書(shū)花了我300元。
i spent 300 yuan on the book.
i paid 300 yuan for the book.
the price of the book is 300 yuan.
it cost me 300 yuan to buy the book.
我碰巧遇見(jiàn)他的叔叔。
① i happened to meet his uncle.
② i chanced to see his uncle.
③ i met with his uncle.
④ i came across his uncle.
⑤ i ran across his uncle.
⑥ it （so） happened that i saw his uncle.
一到家，我就把所見(jiàn)到的一切都記了下來(lái)。
on/upon arriving home, i wrote down everything i had seen.
as soon as i arrived home, i wrote down everything i had seen.
the moment i arrived home, i wrote down everything i had seen.
the instant i arrived home, i wrote down everything i had seen.
no sooner had i arrived home than i wrote down everything i had seen.
昨天下午他才來(lái)。
he came here yesterday afternoon.
he didnt come here until yesterday afternoon.
not until yesterday afternoon did he come here.
it was yesterday afternoon that he arrived here.
it was not until yesterday afternoon that he came here.
練習(xí)方法四：留心漢英表達(dá)差異, 避免中式英語(yǔ)。
1）父母對(duì)我們期望很高。
our parents expect us high.
our parents expect much of us.
2） 高考
high exam
college entrance examination/test
3） 二班在籃球比賽中贏(yíng)了一班。
class 2 won class
class two beat/defeated class one in the basketball match.
4）體育用品齊全。
the pe tools are full.
all kinds of sports equipment are provided.
5） 他健壯如牛。
he is as strong as a cow.
he is strong like a horse （as strong as a horse）.
6）只有一間危房作教室。
there was only a danger room as the classroom.
the only dangerous room had to be used as a classroom.
（三）合理使用好的連接詞，聯(lián)句成篇。
滿(mǎn)分作文都有個(gè)共性就是有效地使用了語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，使全文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。文章的連貫性和緊湊感是很重要的。句子作為最小的表達(dá)意思的語(yǔ)言當(dāng)位如果只是被隨意的整合，是無(wú)法達(dá)到有效表達(dá)的目的。
常見(jiàn)的句子之間的連接手段有：
1）使用代詞指代上一句中的名詞
2）重復(fù)使用上一句中的詞
3）使用連接詞
4）使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)
為了讓學(xué)生更好地使用連接詞，應(yīng)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)常用的以及可以用得上的連接詞進(jìn)行歸納分類(lèi)。
表并列補(bǔ)充關(guān)系: what is more, besides, also, as well, moreover, furthermore, in addition
表轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比關(guān)系: but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, different from, in contrast to, despite, in spite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, not only...but also, here...there, years ago...today, this...that, the former...the latter, then...now, the first...whereas the second, once...now, on the one hand...on the other , some...others
表因果關(guān)系: since, as, because （of）, for, so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that
表?xiàng)l件關(guān)系: if, on the condition （that）, as long as, unless, or else
表時(shí)間關(guān)系: when, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on, eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning/year/century, after an interval, now, after, presently, later, afterward, somewhat later, finally, at last, all of a sudden
表特定的順序關(guān)系: above all, first of all, firstly, first, secondly, the , next, finally, inthe end, at last
表?yè)Q一種方式表達(dá): in other words, that is to say, to put it another way
表舉例說(shuō)明: for instance, for example, like, such as
表陳述事實(shí): in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth
表總結(jié): on the whole, in short, all in all, general, in a word, in conclusion, in closing, in summary
謀篇原則還要注意做到呈現(xiàn)優(yōu)秀習(xí)作啟迪全體學(xué)生。以筆者一位學(xué)生的高三月考作文為例：
feb. 20th, 2004
dear
im glad to hear from you. you said you were interested in chinese education. to meet your demands, i will tell you something about it.
in the past, under the pressure of exam-oriented education, we had to listen carefully and take notes in detail. we had so much homework to do that we had to work hard all day long. it sounded terrible.
but now, with the help of quality-oriented education, we have an appetite for study. first, when having classes, we are all active in thinking. sometimes, students can act as teachers. only in this way can we explore our talent and develop our abilities. after class, we take part in many kinds of activities such as singing, dancing, playing football or basketball. also we can attend english corner and study computers. in the evening, we read news on newspaper, do experiments and discuss our subjects.
it is quality-oriented education that changes our study life. what about yours?
all the best.
yours,
li hua
在考試的有限時(shí)間里，這篇文章能夠一氣呵成，語(yǔ)言生動(dòng)、流暢，行文連貫，層次清晰，熟練運(yùn)用了大量課本中的短語(yǔ)和句型，因而對(duì)于其他同學(xué)起到了良好的示范作用。
實(shí)踐證明，只要堅(jiān)持有序、系統(tǒng)的訓(xùn)練，學(xué)生必然能夠習(xí)得有效信息，真正懂得如何改善表達(dá)，寫(xiě)作能力得到提高，作文也就越寫(xiě)越有信心，越寫(xiě)越好。教師可以從學(xué)生的習(xí)作中體會(huì)一二，師生共享收獲的喜悅。
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