該文檔內(nèi)容翻譯自英國社會人類學(xué)家協(xié)會（Association of Social Anthropologist of the UK）的倫理指南第一款，“與研究參與者的關(guān)系及對研究參與者的責(zé)任”（Relations With and Responsibilities Towards Research Participants）。文本內(nèi)容由DeepL進行翻譯，再由我對翻譯不準確或影響理解的部分進行修改。在文末可點擊“閱讀原文”查看倫理指南全文。
The close and often lengthy association of anthropologists with the people among whom they carry out research entails personal and moral relationships, trust and reciprocity between the researcher and research participants; it also entails a recognition of power differentials between them.
人類學(xué)家與他們進行研究涉及的人之間的密切和往往是長期的聯(lián)系，需要研究者和研究參與者之間個人的和道德的關(guān)系、信任和互惠；還需要承認他們之間的權(quán)力差異。
(1) Protecting research participants and honouring trust: Anthropologists should endeavour to protect the physical, social and psychological well-being of those whom they study and to respect their rights, interests, sensitivities and privacy:
(1) 保護研究參與者和尊重他們的信任。人類學(xué)家應(yīng)努力保護其研究對象的身體、社會和心理健康，尊重他們的權(quán)利、利益、敏感性和隱私。
(a) Most anthropologists would maintain that their paramount obligation is to their research participants and that when there is conflict, the interests and rights of those studied should come first;
(a) 大多數(shù)人類學(xué)家認為，他們的首要義務(wù)是對研究參與者的義務(wù)，當(dāng)發(fā)生沖突時，應(yīng)首先考慮被研究者的利益和權(quán)利；
(b) Under some research conditions, particularly those involving contract research, it may not be possible to fully guarantee research participants' interests. In such cases anthropologists would be well-advised to consider in advance whether they should pursue that particular piece of research.
(b) 在某些研究條件下，特別是涉及受托研究的條件下，可能無法充分保證研究參與者的利益。在這種情況下，人類學(xué)家最好事先考慮是否應(yīng)該進行這項特定的研究；
(2) Anticipating harms: Anthropologists should be sensitive to the possible consequences of their work and should endeavour to guard against predictably harmful effects. Consent from subjects does not absolve anthropologists from their obligation to protect research participants as far as possible against the potentially harmful effects of research:
(2) 預(yù)測危害。人類學(xué)家應(yīng)當(dāng)對其工作可能產(chǎn)生的后果保持敏感，并應(yīng)努力防范可預(yù)測的有害影響。實驗對象的同意并不免除人類學(xué)家盡可能保護研究參與者不受研究的潛在有害影響的義務(wù)。
(a) The researcher should try to minimise disturbances both to subjects themselves and to the subjects' relationships with their environment. Even though research participants may be immediately protected by the device of anonymity, the researcher should try to anticipate the long-term effects on individuals or groups as a result of the research;
(a) 研究人員應(yīng)盡量減少對當(dāng)事人本身和當(dāng)事人與其環(huán)境的關(guān)系的干擾。盡管研究參與者可能會立即受到匿名手段的保護，但研究人員應(yīng)努力預(yù)測研究對個人或群體的長期影響；
(b) Anthropologists may sometimes be better placed than (at the least, some of) their informants to anticipate the possible repercussions of their research both for the immediate participants and for other members of the research population or the wider society. In certain political contexts, some groups, for example, religious or ethnic minorities, may be particularly vulnerable and it may be necessary to withhold data from publication or even to refrain from studying them at all.
(b) 人類學(xué)家有時可能比(至少是部分)其信息提供者更有條件預(yù)測其研究對直接參與者和研究人口的其他成員或更廣泛的社會可能產(chǎn)生的影響。在某些政治背景下，某些群體，例如宗教或族裔少數(shù)群體，可能特別容易受到傷害，可能有必要不公布數(shù)據(jù)，甚至根本不對其進行研究。
(3) Avoiding undue intrusion: Anthropologists should be aware of the intrusive potential of some of their enquiries and methods:
(3) 避免不適當(dāng)?shù)那謹_。人類學(xué)家應(yīng)意識到他們的一些調(diào)查和方法可能會造成侵擾。
(a) Like other social researchers, they have no special entitlement to study all phenomena; and the advancement of knowledge and the pursuit of information are not in themselves sufficient justifications for overriding the values and ignoring the interests of those studied;
與其他社會研究人員一樣，他們沒有研究所有現(xiàn)象的特殊權(quán)利；知識的進步和對信息的追求本身并不足以成為凌駕于價值之上、無視被研究者利益的理由；
(b) They should be aware that for research participants becoming the subject of anthropological description and interpretations can be a welcome experience, but it can also be a disturbing one. In many of the social scientific enquiries that have caused controversy this has not arisen because participants have suffered directly or indirectly any actual harm. Rather, the concern has resulted from participants' feelings of having suffered an intrusion into private and personal domains, or of having been wronged, (for example, by having been caused to acquire self-knowledge which they did not seek or want).
(b) 他們應(yīng)該意識到，對研究參與者來說，成為人類學(xué)描述和解釋的對象可能是一種值得歡迎的經(jīng)歷，但也可能是一種令人不安的經(jīng)歷。在許多引起爭議的社會科學(xué)調(diào)查中，出現(xiàn)這種情況并不是因為參與者直接或間接地受到任何實際傷害。相反，這種關(guān)切是由于參與者感到私人和個人領(lǐng)域受到了侵犯，或者受到了不公正的待遇(例如，他們被要求獲得他們并不尋求或不想要的自我知識)。
(4) Negotiating informed consent: Following the precedent set by the Nuremberg Trials and the constitutional laws of many countries, inquiries involving human subjects should be based on the freely given informed consent of subjects. The principle of informed consent expresses the belief in the need for truthful and respectful exchanges between social researchers and the people whom they study.
(4) 就知情同意進行協(xié)商。根據(jù)紐倫堡審判和許多國家的憲法法律所確立的先例，涉及人類主體的調(diào)查應(yīng)以主體自由給予的知情同意為基礎(chǔ)。知情同意原則表示相信，社會研究人員與其研究對象之間需要進行真實和尊重的交流。
(a) Negotiating consent entails communicating information likely to be material to a person's willingness to participate, such as: - the purpose(s) of the study, and the anticipated consequences of the research; the identity of funders and sponsors; the anticipated uses of the data; possible benefits of the study and possible harm or discomfort that might affect participants; issues relating to data storage and security; and the degree of anonymity and confidentiality which may be afforded to informants and subjects.
(a) 就同意問題進行談判需要傳達可能對個人參與意愿具有重要意義的信息，例如：- 研究的目的和研究的預(yù)期后果；資助者和贊助者的身份；數(shù)據(jù)的預(yù)期用途；研究可能帶來的好處和可能對參與者造成的傷害或不適；與數(shù)據(jù)儲存和安全有關(guān)的問題；以及可能給予報道人和當(dāng)事人的匿名和保密程度；
(b) Conditions which constitute an absence of consent: consent made after the research is completed is not meaningful consent at all. Further, the persons studied must have the legal capacity to give consent. Where subjects are legally compelled (e.g., by their employer or government) to participate in a piece of research, consent cannot be said to have been meaningfully given by subjects, and anthropologists are advised not to pursue that piece of work.
(b) 構(gòu)成不同意的條件：在研究完成后作出的同意根本不是有意義的同意。此外，被研究的人必須具有給予同意的法律能力。如果當(dāng)事人在法律上被迫(如雇主或政府)參加某項研究，則不能說受試者已作出有意義的同意，建議人類學(xué)家不要從事這項工作。
(c) Consent in research is a process, not a one-off event, and may require renegotiation over time; it is an issue to which the anthropologist should return periodically.
(c) 研究中的同意是一個過程，而不是一次性事件，可能需要隨著時間的推移重新協(xié)商；人類學(xué)家應(yīng)周期性地對這個議題進行確認；
(d) When technical data-gathering devices such as audio/visual-recorders and photographic records are being used those studied should be made aware of the capacities of such devices and be free to reject their use.
(d) 在使用錄音/錄像機和照片記錄等技術(shù)性數(shù)據(jù)收集裝置時，應(yīng)讓被研究者了解這些裝置的能力，并可自由拒絕使用。
(e) When information is being collected from proxies, care should be taken not to infringe the 'private space' of the subject or the relationship between subject and proxy; and if there are indications that the person concerned would object to certain information being disclosed, such information should not be sought by proxy;
(e) 向委托人收集信息時，應(yīng)注意不侵犯當(dāng)事人的 "私人空間 "或當(dāng)事人與委托人之間的關(guān)系；如果有跡象表明當(dāng)事人會反對披露某些信息，則不應(yīng)由委托人索取這些信息。
(f) The long period over which anthropologists make use of their data and the possibility that unforeseen uses or theoretical interests may arise in the future may need to be conveyed to participants, as should any likelihood that the data may be shared (in some form) with other colleagues or be made available to sponsors, funders or other interested parties, or deposited in archives.
(f) 人類學(xué)家使用其數(shù)據(jù)的時間較長，以及今后可能出現(xiàn)未曾預(yù)見的用途或理論上的興趣，這一點可能需要向與會者說明，同時也應(yīng)向與會者說明，數(shù)據(jù)可能與其他同事分享(以某種形式)，或提供給贊助者、資助者或其他有關(guān)方面，或存入檔案的任何可能性。
(5) Rights to confidentiality and anonymity: informants and other research participants should have the right to remain anonymous and to have their rights to privacy and confidentiality respected. However, privacy and confidentiality present anthropologists with particularly difficult problems given the cultural and legal variations between societies and the various ways in which the real interests or research role of the ethnographer may not fully be realised by some or all of participants or may even become "invisible" over time:
(5) 保密和匿名權(quán)：報道人和其他研究參與者應(yīng)有權(quán)保持匿名，其隱私權(quán)和保密權(quán)應(yīng)得到尊重。然而，由于不同社會之間的文化和法律差異，以及部分或全部參與者可能無法充分認識到人類學(xué)者的真正利益或研究作用，甚至可能隨著時間的推移而變得 "看不見"，因此，隱私和保密給人類學(xué)者帶來了特別困難的問題。
(a) Care should be taken not to infringe uninvited upon the 'private space' (as locally defined) of an individual or group;
(a) 應(yīng)注意不擅自侵犯個人或團體的 "私人空間"（按當(dāng)?shù)囟x）。
(b) As far as is possible researchers should anticipate potential threats to confidentiality and anonymity. They should consider whether it is necessary to even a matter of propriety to record certain information at all; should take appropriate measures relating to the storage and security of records during and after fieldwork; and should use where appropriate such means as the removal of identifiers, the use of pseudonyms and other technical solutions to the problems of privacy in field records and in oral and written forms of data dissemination (whether or not this is enjoined by law or administrative regulation);
(b) 研究人員應(yīng)盡可能預(yù)見到對保密性和匿名性的潛在威脅。他們應(yīng)考慮是否有必要記錄某些信息，甚至將其作為一個適當(dāng)?shù)膯栴}；應(yīng)采取適當(dāng)措施，在田野調(diào)查期間和之后對記錄進行儲存和保護；并應(yīng)在適當(dāng)?shù)那闆r下使用諸如刪除身份標識、使用假名和其他技術(shù)手段來解決田野記錄以及口頭和書面形式的數(shù)據(jù)傳播中的隱私問題(無論法律或行政條例是否禁止這樣做)；
(c) Researchers should endeavour to anticipate problems likely to compromise anonymity; but they should make clear to participants that it may not be possible in field notes and other records or publications totally to conceal identities, and that the anonymity afforded or promised to individuals, families or other groups may also be unintentionally compromised. A particular configuration of attributes can frequently identify an individual beyond reasonable doubt; and it is particularly difficult to disguise, say, office-holders, organizations, public agencies, ethnic groups, religious denominations or other collectivities without so distorting the data as to compromise scholarly accuracy and integrity;
(c) 研究人員應(yīng)努力預(yù)測可能損害匿名性的問題；但他們應(yīng)向參與者說明，在田野記錄和其他記錄或出版物中，可能無法完全掩蓋身份，向個人、家庭或其他群體提供或承諾的匿名性也可能無意中受到損害。一個特定的屬性組合往往可以無可置疑地確定一個人的身份；特別是很難在不歪曲數(shù)據(jù)、不損害學(xué)術(shù)準確性和完整性的情況下，掩蓋諸如公職人員、組織、公共機構(gòu)、族裔群體、宗教派別或其他集體的身份。
(d) If guarantees of privacy and confidentiality are made, they must be honoured unless they are clear and over-riding ethical reasons not to do so. Confidential information must be treated as such by the anthropologist even when it enjoys no legal protection or privilege, and other people who have access to the data should be made aware of their obligations likewise; but participants should be made aware that it is rarely, if at all, legally possible to ensure total confidentiality or to protect the privacy of records;
(d) 如果對隱私和保密作出了保證，就必須遵守這些保證，除非有明確的、壓倒一切的道德理由不這樣做。人類學(xué)家必須將機密信息作為機密信息對待，即使該信息不享有法律保護或特權(quán)，也應(yīng)使接觸數(shù)據(jù)的其他人認識到他們的同樣義務(wù)；但應(yīng)使參與者認識到，即使在法律上能夠確保完全保密或保護記錄的隱私，也是極少的；
(e) Anthropologists should similarly respect the measures taken by other researchers to maintain the anonymity of their research field and participants.
(e) 人類學(xué)家應(yīng)同樣尊重其他研究人員為維護其研究領(lǐng)域和參與者的匿名性而采取的措施；
(6) Fair return for assistance: There should be no economic exploitation of individual informants, translators and research participants; fair return should be made for their help and services.
(6) 對援助的公平回報。不應(yīng)對提供報道人、翻譯和研究參與者進行經(jīng)濟剝削；對他們的幫助和服務(wù)應(yīng)給予公平回報。
(7) Participants' intellectual property rights: It should be recognised that research participants have contractual and/or legal, interests and rights in data, recordings and publications, although rights will vary according to agreements and legal jurisdiction.
(7) 參與者的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)。應(yīng)當(dāng)認識到，研究參與者對數(shù)據(jù)、記錄和出版物擁有合同和/或法律上的利益和權(quán)利，盡管權(quán)利會因協(xié)議和法律管轄范圍而有所不同。
(a) It is the obligation of the interviewer to inform the interviewee of their rights under any copyright or data protection laws of the country where research takes place, and the interviewer must indicate beforehand any uses to which the interview is likely to be put (e.g., research, educational use, publication, broadcasting etc).
(a) 訪談?wù)哂辛x務(wù)告知被訪者根據(jù)研究所在國的任何版權(quán)或數(shù)據(jù)保護法所享有的權(quán)利，訪談?wù)弑仨毷孪日f明采訪可能的任何用途(如研究、教育用途、出版、廣播等)；
(b) Under the UK Copyright Act (1988), researchers making audio or video recordings must obtain 'copyright clearance' from interviewees if recordings are to be publicly broadcast or deposited in public archives. Any restrictions on use (e.g., time period) or other conditions (e.g., preservation of anonymity) which the interviewee requires should be recorded in writing. This is best done at the time of the interview, using a standard form. Retrospective clearance is often time-consuming or impossible where the interviewee is deceased or has moved away.
(b) 根據(jù)英國的《版權(quán)法令》(1988 年 )，研究人員在進行錄音或錄影時，如要公開廣播或存入公共檔案，必須取得受訪者的“版權(quán)批準”。受訪者所要求的任何使用限制（如時間段）或其他條件（如保持匿名）都應(yīng)以書面形式記錄。最好在訪談時使用標準表格進行。如果被訪者已去世或已搬離，則追溯審核往往很費時或不可能。
(c) Interviewers should clarify before interviewing the extent to which subjects are allowed to see transcripts of interviews and fieldnotes and to alter the content, withdraw statements, to provide additional information or to add glosses on interpretations.
(c)訪談人員在訪談前應(yīng)明確允許被訪談對象在多大程度上查看訪談記錄和現(xiàn)場記錄，并允許被訪談對象更改內(nèi)容、撤回陳述、提供補充信息或補充解釋。
(d) Clarification must also be given to subjects regarding the degree to which they will be consulted prior to publication.
(d) 在公布之前，還必須向主體說明在多大程度上征求他們的意見。
(8) Participants' involvement in research: As far as is possible anthropologists should try and involve the people being studied in the planning and execution of research projects, and they should recognise that their obligations to the participants or the host community may not end (indeed should not end, many would argue) with the completion of their fieldwork or research project.
(8) 參與者參與研究。人類學(xué)家應(yīng)盡可能讓被研究的人參與研究項目的規(guī)劃和執(zhí)行，他們應(yīng)認識到，他們對參與者或東道社區(qū)的義務(wù)可能不會隨著實地工作或研究項目的完成而結(jié)束(許多人認為確實不應(yīng)結(jié)束)。
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