慢性失眠是一個(gè)重大公共衛(wèi)生問題。根據(jù)目前的指南,失眠認(rèn)知行為療法為首選治療方法?!读~刀》(The Lancet)發(fā)表了關(guān)于睡眠限制療法的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,睡眠限制療法至少對(duì)部分慢性失眠患者來說是一種簡單而有效的治療方法,并且可以由初級(jí)衛(wèi)生保健中的護(hù)士實(shí)施。
慢性失眠(Chronic insomnia)是一個(gè)重大公共衛(wèi)生問題。約30%的人對(duì)自身睡眠不滿意,約10%的人患有《精神障礙診斷與統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊(cè)(第五版)》定義的失眠障礙(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5-defined insomnia disorder),該障礙伴有日間功能損傷。[1] 有跡象表明,在向初級(jí)衛(wèi)生保?。╬rimary care)醫(yī)生咨詢的患者中,失眠的報(bào)告率甚至高達(dá)50%。由于患者不提,初級(jí)衛(wèi)生保健醫(yī)生也未識(shí)別出,失眠這一問題往往被忽視。[2] 如果患者接受治療,那么他們大多數(shù)將接受催眠藥物治療(高達(dá)60%)[3],這種治療方法在短期內(nèi)有效,但長期效果尚未得到證實(shí)。根據(jù)目前的指南,首選治療方法為失眠認(rèn)知行為療法(CBTi),它由不同的部分組成。[4]但問題是,接受完整CBTi的患者不足1%。[5] 為何CBTi的實(shí)施如此困難?首先,在許多國家,將患者轉(zhuǎn)診至心理醫(yī)生存在限制。訓(xùn)練有素的心理醫(yī)生數(shù)量不足,心理健康服務(wù)的輪候名單(waiting lists)很長。解決方法是在初級(jí)衛(wèi)生保健中提供CBTi。[2] 然而,據(jù)初級(jí)保健醫(yī)生報(bào)告,他們自身缺乏提供CBTi的時(shí)間和知識(shí)。由于這一需求尚未得到滿足,出現(xiàn)了一些簡化治療和使用護(hù)士而非醫(yī)生提供CBTi的舉措。一個(gè)例子是在指導(dǎo)下接受線上治療(guided online treatments)。許多研究顯示,這種線上治療的效果很好[6],并且護(hù)士也可以在初級(jí)衛(wèi)生保健中成功提供這種治療。[7]但是,與大多數(shù)線上治療一樣,在常規(guī)衛(wèi)生保健中提供線上治療的應(yīng)用仍有限[8]。因此,我們贊賞為證明一種易于使用、有時(shí)限的失眠治療方法的有效性所做的努力。 Simon D Kyle及其同事[9]在《柳葉刀》(The Lancet)上發(fā)表的論文介紹了睡眠限制療法(sleep restriction therapy)隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果,該療法被認(rèn)為是CBTi中最積極、有效的方法。[10]該研究在英國的35個(gè)全科診所進(jìn)行,共642例失眠障礙患者參加?;颊咂骄挲g為55.4歲(IQR 15.9歲,范圍19-88歲),489例(76.2%)參與者為女性,153例(23.8%)參與者為男性,624例(97.2%)參與者為白種人?;颊弑浑S機(jī)分配到干預(yù)組(n=321)和對(duì)照組(n=321),干預(yù)組接受睡眠衛(wèi)生和由護(hù)士提供的四次睡眠限制療法,對(duì)照組只接受睡眠衛(wèi)生。接受睡眠限制療法的患者中約有三分之二(207例 [64.5%])完成了全部四次治療。主要分析結(jié)果顯示,基線6個(gè)月后用失眠嚴(yán)重程度指數(shù)(Insomnia Severity Index)測量的失眠嚴(yán)重程度差異產(chǎn)生了較大效應(yīng)(Cohen's d -0.74;P<0.0001;支持干預(yù))。在6個(gè)月的隨訪中,提供數(shù)據(jù)的患者中,睡眠限制療法組的257例患者中有108例(42.0%)符合臨床治療反應(yīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),而對(duì)照組的291例患者中有49例(16.8%)符合臨床治療反應(yīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 這是否意味著睡眠限制療法是在初級(jí)衛(wèi)生保健中提供有效治療的最終解決方案?我們認(rèn)為研究結(jié)果很有希望,確實(shí)應(yīng)該實(shí)施睡眠限制療法。同時(shí),也有一些缺點(diǎn)需要考慮。首先是樣本的代表性。該試驗(yàn)中的患者不僅通過初級(jí)衛(wèi)生保健醫(yī)生的轉(zhuǎn)診招募,還通過搜索臨床記錄和發(fā)送郵件的方式招募(百分比未知)。所有患者都愿意參與研究,并在完成調(diào)查問卷后獲得代金券。這種方法可能意味著參與研究的患者與在日常診療中主動(dòng)尋求幫助的患者有所不同。我們不知道參與者與常規(guī)治療中確診的患者在多大程度上相似或不同。其次,該試驗(yàn)并未解決初級(jí)衛(wèi)生保健醫(yī)生無法識(shí)別失眠的問題,因此在常規(guī)治療中實(shí)施睡眠限制療法可能仍然令人失望。第三,研究中的患者大多是白種人,來自貧困程度較低地區(qū),近一半擁有大學(xué)學(xué)位。黑種人和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位較低的人所占比例較低,未得到充分代表,在CBTi實(shí)施時(shí)可能無法獲得該治療??傮w而言,針對(duì)缺乏醫(yī)療服務(wù)人群的CBTi研究還很少。[11] 我們迫切需要改善這種研究稀缺的狀況,因?yàn)獒槍?duì)不同文化背景的干預(yù)措施確實(shí)能提高干預(yù)措施的依從性,而依從性的提高與更好的治療效果相關(guān)。[12] Kyle及其同事的研究[9]表明,睡眠限制療法至少對(duì)部分慢性失眠患者來說是一種簡單而有效的治療方法,并且可以由初級(jí)衛(wèi)生保健中的護(hù)士實(shí)施。這對(duì)于應(yīng)對(duì)失眠的公共衛(wèi)生負(fù)擔(dān)具有重要貢獻(xiàn)。當(dāng)務(wù)之急是為無法得到充分服務(wù)的人群調(diào)整治療方法,并培養(yǎng)初級(jí)衛(wèi)生保健人員識(shí)別失眠的能力。END 作者介紹及聲明 (滑動(dòng)查看更多) Annemieke van Straten*, Shanna van Trigt, Jaap Lancee a.van.straten@vu.nl Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands (AvS); Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands (SvT); Department of Psychiatry and Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands (JL) AvS and JL developed the online insomnia intervention i-Sleep, which is an online intervention containing the evidence-based cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. AvS holds IP of this i-Sleep intervention. The intervention is commercially available to health-care professionals through minddisctrict.com, the authors do not receive any income from this collaboration. The content of i-sleep is also freely available in an e-book format. The intervention is also commercially available to health-care professionals through leerslapen.nl, which is owned by a clinic specialised in treating sleep problems (Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, Netherlands). A small return of investment is received from this collaboration with Kempenhaeghe by Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the university which employs AvS, this return of investment is used to update and maintain the intervention.SvT declares no competing interests. 參考資料(滑動(dòng)查看更多) [1]. Morin CM, Jarrin DC. Epidemiology of insomnia: prevalence, course, risk factors, and public health burden. Sleep Med Clin 2022; 17: 173–91. [2]. Ogeil RP, Chakraborty SP, Young AC, Lubman DI. Clinician and patient barriers to the recognition of insomnia in family practice: a narrative summary of reported literature analysed using the theoretical domains framework. BMC Fam Pract 2020; 21: 1. [3]. Baglioni C, Altena E, Bjorvatn B, et al. The European Academy for Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia: an initiative of the European Insomnia Network to promote implementation and dissemination of treatment. J Sleep Res 2020; 29: e12967. [4]. Riemann D, Baglioni C, Bassetti C, et al. European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia. J Sleep Res 2017; 26: 675–700. [5]. Maire M, Linder S, Dvo?ák C, et al. Prevalence and management of chronic insomnia in Swiss primary care: cross-sectional data from the “Sentinella” practice-based research network. J Sleep Res 2020; 29: e13121. [6]. Simon L, Steinmetz L, Feige B, Benz F, Spiegelhalder K, Baumeister H. Comparative efficacy of onsite, digital, and other settings for cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13: 1929. [7]. Bothelius K, Kyhle K, Espie CA, Broman JE. Manual-guided cognitive-behavioural therapy for insomnia delivered by ordinary primary care personnel in general medical practice: a randomized controlled effectiveness trial. J Sleep Res 2013; 22: 688–96. [8]. Batterham PJ, Sunderland M, Calear AL, et al. Developing a roadmap for the translation of e-mental health services for depression. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2015; 49: 776–84. [9]. Kyle SD, Siriwardena AN, Espie CA. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of nurse-delivered sleep restriction therapy for insomnia in primary care (HABIT): a pragmatic, superiority, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2023; published online Aug 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140- 6736(23)00683-9. [10]. Maurer LF, Espie CA, Kyle SD. How does sleep restriction therapy work? A systematic review of mechanistic evidence and the introduction of the triple-R model. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 42: 127–138. [11]. Alcántara C, Giorgio Cosenzo L, McCullough E, Vogt T, Falzon AL, Perez Ibarra I. Cultural adaptations of psychological interventions for prevalent sleep disorders and sleep disturbances: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials in the United States. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 56: 101455 [12]. Zhou ES, Ritterband LM, Bethea TN, Robles YP, Heeren TC, Rosenberg L. Effect of culturally tailored, internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in Black women: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79: 538–49. 中文翻譯僅供參考,所有內(nèi)容以英文原文為準(zhǔn)。