小提示:每天椎管內(nèi)麻醉以及神經(jīng)阻滯穿刺都在日常工作運(yùn)用到,我們的解剖地圖一直都有空間,這次的推送讓我們?cè)诩?xì)微的空間想象中加強(qiáng)熟悉;并永遠(yuǎn)提示自己任何操作給藥什么情況都有可能發(fā)生!小心小心,細(xì)心更細(xì)心地做好每一次的有創(chuàng)操作
本次推送如涉及版權(quán)問題請(qǐng)聯(lián)系刪除
翻譯:貓 校對(duì):漫步云端、叮當(dāng)丸子麻
解讀:針頭在區(qū)域麻醉中的應(yīng)用
NEW TERM
●Examination of spinal, epidural and neurostimulation needles used in the performance of different anesthetic techniques is relevant to the evaluation of the quality of such needles, as well as of the safety of the techniques and their complications [ 1 – 7 ].
檢查用于不同麻醉技術(shù)的脊髓、硬膜外和神經(jīng)刺激針,與評(píng)價(jià)這些針的質(zhì)量以及操作技術(shù)的安全性和并發(fā)癥有關(guān)[1-7]。
● Needles can have imperfections in their tips. The presence of such imperfections may increase the degree of damage to tissues. Examining needles of this type at higher magnifications has the advantage of accurate identification of minute needle-tip defects, which include fissures seen along the surface of the needle tips. These fissures are generated during the production phase of spinal needles, more specifically in the polishing process. The resulting defect causes the needle tip to become more fragile. Examination of needle tips under scanning electron microscopy may be used to improve quality control of the needles used in regional anesthesia, and may help in setting standards to minimize or avoid the presence of imperfections in spinal needles.
針的尖端可能有缺陷。這種缺陷的存在可能會(huì)增加對(duì)組織的損傷程度。在更高的放大倍數(shù)檢查這種類型的針具有準(zhǔn)確識(shí)別微小針尖缺陷的優(yōu)勢(shì),包括沿針尖表面看到的裂縫。這些裂縫是在脊髓針的生產(chǎn)階段產(chǎn)生的,更具體地說是在拋光過程中。由此產(chǎn)生的缺陷導(dǎo)致針尖變得更加脆弱。掃描電子顯微鏡下檢查針尖可用于改善區(qū)域麻醉中使用的針頭的質(zhì)量控制,并可能有助于制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以最大程度地減少或避免脊椎針頭存在缺陷。
●There are presently various types of neurostimulation needles. Few of these needles have noninsulated tips, but for some, only a minimal portion of the tip is noninsulated.
目前存在各種類型的神經(jīng)刺激針。這些針頭中很少有不絕緣的針尖,但對(duì)于某些針來說,針尖只有很小的一部分是非絕緣的。
● Scanning electron microscopy may be a useful tool in the evaluation of quality controls and the establishment of standards for different products used in regional anesthesia. These techniques may help to reduce the presence of imperfections in these products, thus improving the safety and effi cacy of regional anesthesia techniques (Figs. 1.1 , 1.2 , 1.3 , 1.4 , 1.5 , 1.6 , 1.7 , 1.8 , 1.9 , 1.10 , 1.11 , 1.12 , 1.13 , 1.14 , 1.15 , 1.16 , 1.17 , 1.18 , 1.19 , 1.20 , 1.21 , and 1.22 ) [ 3 – 8 ].
掃描電鏡可作為評(píng)價(jià)區(qū)域麻醉用不同產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量控制和制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的有用工具。這些技術(shù)可能有助于減少這些產(chǎn)品中存在的缺陷,從而提高區(qū)域麻醉技術(shù)的安全性和有效性。1.1、1.2、1.3、1.4、1.5、1.6、1.7、1.8、1.9、1.10、1.11、1.12、1.13、1.14、1.15、1.16、1.17、1.18、1.19、1.20、1.21和1.22)[3-8]。
直接上圖
圖1.1 22G Quincke型針。(a,b)來自不同制造商的針頭。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):a,×40;b,×40
圖1.2 25G鉛筆型(Pencil-point type)針頭。(A)鉛筆式針頭。(B)惠塔克型針(掃描電子顯微鏡)。放大倍數(shù):a,×35;b,×35
圖1.3(A)25g Quincke針。(B)25g惠塔克型針頭。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):a,×25;b,×25
圖1.4不同廠家生產(chǎn)的25g Quincke型針頭。(a-c)來自同一制造商,(d-f)來自另一制造商。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大率:a、b和c,×40(出自Reina等人。[5];)
圖1.5(a,b)22G Quincke型針頭。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):a,×43;b,×43
圖1.6(a,b)25g Quincke型針。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):a,×43;b,×43
圖1.7(a,b)26g Quincke型針。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):a,×43;b,×43
圖 1.8 (a, b) 27G Quincke 型針。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):a,×43;b , ×43
圖 1.9 (a, b) 29G Quincke 型針。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):a,×43;b , ×43
圖 1.10 Whitacre 型針。( a - c )來自同一個(gè)盒子的針。( d , e ) 側(cè)孔細(xì)節(jié)。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):a-c,×40;d和e,×350
圖 1.11 ( a , b ) 同盒中的 24G 鉛筆尖型針。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):a 和 b,×40
圖 1.12 17G Tuohy 型針。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù) ×25
圖 1.13 脊髓硬膜外聯(lián)合針。(a) 25G Whitacre 型針。(b) 27G Whitacre 型針。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù) ×13
圖 1.14 脊髓硬膜外聯(lián)合針(圖 1.13 詳圖)。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù) ×3
圖 1.15 21G 神經(jīng)刺激,外周針 A 型。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù) ×40(來自 Reina 等人 [8];)
圖 1.16 21G 神經(jīng)刺激外周針 A 型(圖 1.15 的細(xì)節(jié))。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù) ×150(來自 Reina 等人 [8])
圖 1.17 21G 神經(jīng)刺激外周針 A 型(圖 1.15 的細(xì)節(jié))。掃描電子顯微鏡。(a) 后視圖;( b )同一針的前視圖。放大倍數(shù):a,×150;b , ×150(來自 Reina 等人[8])
圖 1.18 (a, b) 21G 神經(jīng)刺激外周針 D 型。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):a,×40;b , ×40
圖 1.19 (a, b) 21G 神經(jīng)刺激外周針 D 型(圖 1.18 的細(xì)節(jié))。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):a,×150;b , ×150
圖 1.20 (a, b) 21G 神經(jīng)刺激外周針 D 型(圖 1.18 的細(xì)節(jié))。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):a,×1,000;b , ×1,000
圖 1.21 (a) 肌注針。( b ) ( a ) 的細(xì)節(jié)。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):a,×20;b , ×150
圖 1.22 肌注針(Intramuscular needle)。它們的斜面的前視圖。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù) ×43
R e f e r e n c e s
1. Reina MA. Contribute of electron microscopy in regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med Suppl. 2011;36:E81–5.
2. Reina MA, Lopez A, Badorrey V , De Andres JA, Martín S. Dura- arachnoid lesions produced by 22G Quincke spinal needles during a lumbar puncture. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75:893–7.
3. Reina MA, De León Casasola OA, López A, De Andrés JA, Martín S, Mora M. An in vitro study of dural lesions produced by 25 gauge Quincke and Whitacre needles evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2000;25:393–402.
4. Reina MA, López A, Machés F, De Leon Casasola O, De Andrés JA. Electron microscopy and the expansion of regional anesthesia knowledge. Tech Reg Anesth Pain Management. 2002;6:165–71.
5. Reina MA, Castedo J, López A. Cefalea pospunción dural. Ultraestructura de las lesiones durales y agujas espinales usadas en las punciones lumbares. Rev Arg Anestesiol. 2008;66:6–26.
6. Reina MA, De Andrés JA, López A. Subarachnoid and epidural anesthesia. In: Raj P , editor. Textbook of regional anesthesia. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2002. p. 37–24.
7. López A, Reina MA, Machés F, De Leon Casasola O, De Andrés JA, García Trapero J. Electron microscopy in quality control of equipment used in regional anesthesia. Tech Reg Anesth Pain Management. 2002;6:172–9.
8. Reina MA, López A, De Andrés JA, Machés F. Possibility of nerve lesions related to peripheral nerve blocks. A study of the human sciatic nerve using different needles. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2003;50:274–83.
Catheters in Regional Anesthesia區(qū)域麻醉中的導(dǎo)管
NEW TERM
●Anesthesiologists use different types of catheters in the performance of continuous regional anesthetic techniques such as epidural, subarachnoid, and paravertebral blocks, as well as peripheral nerve blocks.
麻醉醫(yī)師在執(zhí)行連續(xù)區(qū)域麻醉技術(shù)時(shí)使用不同類型的導(dǎo)管,例如硬膜外、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔和椎旁阻滯以及周圍神經(jīng)阻滯。
●Epidural catheters may have a single distal orifi ce located at the tip of the catheter (open-end catheters) or three lateral orifi ces located lateral to the tip, which is closed and may be oriented in various positions. The use of subarachnoid catheters specifi cally designed for continuous regional anesthesia or analgesia is less frequent. In the past, the same type of epidural catheter was placed inside both the epidural and subarachnoid spaces. In the 1980s, special types of microcatheters were manufactured for continuous subarachnoid anesthetic techniques, but production of these types of catheters was discontinued in 1991, after cases of cauda equina syndrome had been reported following the use of this technique. At present, various types of subarachnoid catheters are manufactured. A few of these catheters are indicated for short-term placement (about 2 or 3 days) in surgical interventions and postoperative management of pain. Other catheters are designed with materials suitable for long-term placement lasting several months, such as in the management of chronic pain.
硬膜外導(dǎo)管可具有位于導(dǎo)管尖端的單個(gè)遠(yuǎn)端孔口(開口導(dǎo)管)或位于尖端側(cè)面的三個(gè)側(cè)向孔口,其是封閉的并且可定向在不同位置。專門為連續(xù)區(qū)域麻醉或鎮(zhèn)痛而設(shè)計(jì)的蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔導(dǎo)管的使用頻率較低。過去,硬膜外和蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔內(nèi)都放置了相同類型的硬膜外導(dǎo)管。在 1980 年代,為連續(xù)蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔麻醉技術(shù)制造了特殊類型的微導(dǎo)管,但在使用該技術(shù)后報(bào)道了馬尾綜合征病例后,這些類型的導(dǎo)管在 1991 年停止生產(chǎn)。目前,制造了各種類型的蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔導(dǎo)管。其中一些導(dǎo)管適用于手術(shù)干預(yù)和術(shù)后疼痛管理中的短期放置(約 2 或 3 天)。其他導(dǎo)管采用適合長(zhǎng)期放置數(shù)月的材料設(shè)計(jì),例如用于治療慢性疼痛。
●Techniques involving peripheral nerve blockade aim at placing catheters adjacent to the nerve, where bolus doses or continuous perfusions of local anesthetics are administered to produce analgesia during the postoperative period (Figs. 2.1 , 2.2 , 2.3 , 2.4 , 2.5 , 2.6 , 2.7 , 2.8 , 2.9 , 2.10 , 2.11 , 2.12 , 2.13 , 2.14 , 2.15 , 2.16 , 2.17 , 2.18 , and 2.19 ).
涉及周圍神經(jīng)阻滯的技術(shù)旨在將導(dǎo)管放置在神經(jīng)附近,在術(shù)后期間給予局部麻醉劑推注劑量或連續(xù)灌注以產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)痛作用(圖 2.1、2.2、2.3、2.4、2.5、2.6、.25) 、 2.9 、 2.10 、 2.11 、 2.12 、 2.13 、 2.14 、 2.15 、 2.16 、 2.17 、 2.18 和 2.19 )。
圖 2.1 20 G 開口硬膜外導(dǎo)管。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):a,×70;b , ×70
圖 2.2 20 G 硬膜外導(dǎo)管。(a) 導(dǎo)管的封閉端尖端。( b )導(dǎo)管的開口端。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):a 和 b,×100(b 來自 López 等人[1])
圖 2.3 20 G 硬膜外導(dǎo)管。(a) 帶孔的導(dǎo)管。(b) 開放式導(dǎo)管。側(cè)面視圖。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):a,×100;b , ×70
圖 2.4 20 G 硬膜外導(dǎo)管。( a , b )來自不同制造商的帶有側(cè)孔的導(dǎo)管。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):a 和 b,×100
圖 2.5 (a) 28 G 導(dǎo)管。(b) 3 G 微導(dǎo)管。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):a,×200;b , ×100 ( b 來自 López et al. [1])
圖 2.6 用于外周麻醉阻滯的導(dǎo)管。( a )帶有各自導(dǎo)管的短斜面神經(jīng)刺激針。( b ) 針尖的細(xì)節(jié)。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):a,×35;b , ×100
圖 2.7 用于外周麻醉阻滯的導(dǎo)管。(a) 不同設(shè)計(jì)的針頭,帶有各自的導(dǎo)管 (a, b);沿導(dǎo)管 a 引入外周導(dǎo)管 (c)。( b )導(dǎo)管a在更高放大倍數(shù)下的細(xì)節(jié)。( c )導(dǎo)管 c 在更高放大倍數(shù)下的細(xì)節(jié)。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):a,×15;b 和 c , ×100
圖 2.8 用于外周麻醉阻滯的導(dǎo)管。(a) 帶有各自導(dǎo)管的針頭 (a);硬膜外導(dǎo)管 (b) 與沿導(dǎo)管 a 引入的外周導(dǎo)管 (c) 進(jìn)行比較;外周導(dǎo)管 c 的探針 (d)。(b) 導(dǎo)管 a 放大倍數(shù)的細(xì)節(jié)。(c, d) 更高倍率的探針 d 的細(xì)節(jié)。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):a,×15;b , ×35; c , ×100; d , ×50
圖 2.9 用于外周麻醉阻滯的導(dǎo)管。(a) 用于引入外周導(dǎo)管的針。(b) 外周導(dǎo)管。(c) b 的細(xì)節(jié)。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):a,×35;b , ×50; c , ×100
圖 2.10 用于蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔的脊髓導(dǎo)管(短期使用)。(a) 帶有各自脊髓導(dǎo)管的針頭。( b , c ) 拔針后脊髓導(dǎo)管尖端的細(xì)節(jié)。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):a,×50;b 和 c , ×100
為不影響圖片質(zhì)量翻譯故翻譯下方
a.Nerve root 神經(jīng)根
b.nerve root 神經(jīng)根 spinal subarachnoid space 脊髓蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔
圖 2.11 (a) 蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔內(nèi)的脊髓導(dǎo)管(短期使用),靠近神經(jīng)根。( b )用于蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔的脊髓導(dǎo)管類型。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):a 和 b,×35
a. Spinal catheter(short term use)脊髓導(dǎo)管(短期使用)nerve root 神經(jīng)根 Dural sac硬膜囊
b.Spinal catheter(short term use)脊髓導(dǎo)管(短期使用) nerve root 神經(jīng)根
圖 2.12 蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔內(nèi)的脊髓導(dǎo)管(短期使用)。體外人體解剖模型。( a )脊髓蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔內(nèi)與馬尾神經(jīng)根相鄰的脊髓導(dǎo)管。(b) 高倍放大細(xì)節(jié)
· Spinal catheter(short term use)脊髓導(dǎo)管(短期使用)
圖 2.13 蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔內(nèi)的脊髓導(dǎo)管(短期使用)。體外人體解剖模型。( a )脊髓蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔內(nèi)與馬尾神經(jīng)根相鄰的脊髓導(dǎo)管。(b) 針尖在神經(jīng)根內(nèi)
· Rootlets 細(xì)小神經(jīng)根? spinal cord 脊髓
· Spinal catheter(Long term use)脊髓導(dǎo)管(長(zhǎng)期使用) nerve root Spinal catheter(short term use)脊髓導(dǎo)管(短期使用)
圖 2.14 在蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔長(zhǎng)期使用 (a) 和短期使用 (b) 類型的脊髓導(dǎo)管。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):×10
a. Spinal catheter(Long term use)脊髓導(dǎo)管(長(zhǎng)期使用)Spinal cord脊髓 nerve root 神經(jīng)根
b. Spinal catheter(Long term use)脊髓導(dǎo)管(長(zhǎng)期使用) Spinal cord脊髓
c. nerve root 神經(jīng)根 Spinal catheter(Long term use)脊髓導(dǎo)管(長(zhǎng)期使用) Spinal cord脊髓
d. Spinal cord脊髓 Spinal catheter(Long term use)脊髓導(dǎo)管(長(zhǎng)期使用)
圖 2.15 蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔內(nèi)的脊髓導(dǎo)管(長(zhǎng)期使用)。體外人體解剖模型。( a , c )脊髓蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔內(nèi)的脊髓導(dǎo)管,與胸椎水平的脊髓和神經(jīng)根相鄰。( b , d ) 脊髓蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔內(nèi)的脊髓導(dǎo)管,與頸椎水平的脊髓和神經(jīng)根相鄰
a. nerve root 神經(jīng)根 Spinal catheter(Long term use)脊髓導(dǎo)管(長(zhǎng)期使用)spinal subarachnoid space脊髓蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔
b .nerve root 神經(jīng)根 Spinal subarachnoid space脊髓蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔
圖 2.16 (a) 靠近神經(jīng)根的蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔內(nèi)的脊髓導(dǎo)管(長(zhǎng)期使用)。( b )用于蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔的脊髓導(dǎo)管。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):a 和 b,×35
a. Spinal catheter(Long term use)脊髓導(dǎo)管(長(zhǎng)期使用)=b=c=d=e
圖 2.17 蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔內(nèi)的脊髓導(dǎo)管(長(zhǎng)期使用)。體外人體解剖模型。( a , b )位于腰椎水平的馬尾神經(jīng)根附近的脊髓蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔內(nèi)的脊髓導(dǎo)管。( c - e ) 脊髓蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔內(nèi)的脊髓導(dǎo)管,與胸椎水平的脊髓和神經(jīng)根相鄰
a. Spinal catheter(Long term use)脊髓導(dǎo)管(長(zhǎng)期使用)=b=c=d
圖 2.18 蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔內(nèi)的另一種脊髓導(dǎo)管類型(長(zhǎng)期使用)。體外人體解剖模型。( a , b )位于腰椎水平的馬尾神經(jīng)根附近的脊髓蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔內(nèi)的脊髓導(dǎo)管。( c , d ) 脊髓蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔內(nèi)的脊髓導(dǎo)管,鄰近脊髓和胸水平的神經(jīng)根
a. nerve root 神經(jīng)根 epidural catheter硬膜外導(dǎo)管 Dural sac硬膜囊
b .nerve root 神經(jīng)根 epidural catheter硬膜外導(dǎo)管
圖 2.19 (a, b),硬膜外導(dǎo)管在靠近神經(jīng)根的蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔內(nèi)的體外放置。圖像說明了在執(zhí)行連續(xù)硬膜外阻滯時(shí)無意穿刺硬膜囊后如何放置硬膜外導(dǎo)管。掃描電子顯微鏡。放大倍數(shù):a 和 b,×35
·Reference
1. López A, Reina MA, Machés F, De Leon Casasola O, De Andrés JA, García Trapero J. Electron microscopy in quality control of equipment used in regional anesthesia. Tech Reg Anesth Pain Management. 2002;6:172–9.
“體外”針刺后脊髓神經(jīng)根病變
NEW TERM
●Lumbar punctures often are associated with unintentional paresthesias. The tip of the needle in contact with the spinal nerve root initiates depolarization of the axons, which the patient describes as electric shocks in the dermatomes innervated. The paresthesia is triggered by a mechanical stimulus along the axon [ 1 – 3 ].
腰椎穿刺常與無意的感覺異常有關(guān)。針尖與脊神經(jīng)根接觸會(huì)啟動(dòng)軸突的去極化,患者將其描述為受神經(jīng)支配的皮膚中的電擊。感覺異常是由沿軸突的機(jī)械刺激觸發(fā)的[1-3]。
●Most paresthesias are caused by puncturing of the cauda equina nerves rather than by inadvertent injection within the conus medullaris [ 4 ].
大多數(shù)感覺異常是由刺穿馬尾神經(jīng)引起的,而不是由無意中注射到脊髓圓錐內(nèi)引起的 [4]。
●
Paresthesias due to a traumatic lesion of the nerve have different consequences depending on the size of needle, the type of needle tip, and the depth of the lesion in the nerve root. The damage probably is greater when the roots are exposed to stretching or if the needle is introduced with excessive force. Because direct vision of structures within the spinal canal is not feasible, precise evaluation of the degree of damage to the nerves presently relies solely on clinical evaluation. In theory and based on “in vitro” studies, nerve penetration is possible with 25-gauge or even smaller needles [ 1 , 2 ].
根據(jù)針頭的大小、針尖的類型和神經(jīng)根病變的深度,由于神經(jīng)外傷性病變引起的感覺異常具有不同的后果。當(dāng)根部受到拉伸或用過大的力引(穿刺)入針時(shí),損壞可能更大。由于對(duì)椎管內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的直接觀察是不可行的,因此目前對(duì)神經(jīng)損傷程度的精確評(píng)估僅依賴于臨床評(píng)估。從理論上講,根據(jù)“體外”研究,使用 25 號(hào)甚至更小的針頭可以穿透神經(jīng) [1 , 2 ]。
●
Nerve roots are located around the posterior area less frequently [ 5 , 6 ]. This anatomic consideration might be of interest during lumbar puncture procedures, because the spinal needle may advance a few millimeters inside the dural sac without increasing the risk of nerve root damage and paresthesias.
神經(jīng)根位于后部區(qū)域的頻率較少 [5, 6]。在腰椎穿刺手術(shù)期間,這種解剖學(xué)考慮可能會(huì)引起人們的興趣,因?yàn)榧棺荡┐提樋梢栽谟材X膜囊內(nèi)前進(jìn)幾毫米,而不會(huì)增加神經(jīng)根損傷和感覺異常的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
●During lumbar puncture, the needle enters the dural sac and progresses a few millimeters before reaching the surface of the nerve roots. As the needle advances, it may contact the nerves located toward the posterior aspect of the dural sac, which would correspond to centrally located nerves if the needle followed a sagittal plane. Otherwise, as the needle is diverted from the sagittal plane, it might pierce nerves lateral to the spinal cord. In patients without spine pathology, paresthesias may be caused by inadequate positioning of the patient during lumbar puncture, which often is associated with inadvertent rotation of the spinal column.
在腰椎穿刺過程中,針頭進(jìn)入硬腦膜囊并在到達(dá)神經(jīng)根表面之前前進(jìn)幾毫米。隨著針頭的前進(jìn),它可能會(huì)接觸到位于硬膜囊后部的神經(jīng),如果針頭沿矢狀面,這將對(duì)應(yīng)于位于中央的神經(jīng)。否則,當(dāng)針頭偏離矢狀面時(shí),它可能會(huì)刺穿脊髓外側(cè)的神經(jīng)。在脊柱沒有病變的患者中,腰椎穿刺時(shí)患者定位不當(dāng)可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致感覺異常,這通常與脊柱的不慎旋轉(zhuǎn)有關(guān)。
●After nerve root damage, it is diffi cult to determine the number of axons affected as well as the mechanisms of injury, namely compression or sectioning of the nerves, the latter of which is less frequent. Because there are vessels (small capillaries, arteries, or veins) inside as well as on the surface of nerve roots, the likelihood of intraneural hematomas should be considered. The process of reabsorption, infl ammatory cascade, and repair of nerve lesions may lead to local fi brosis and, therefore, chronic alteration of conduction in some axons.
神經(jīng)根損傷后,很難確定受影響的軸突數(shù)量以及損傷機(jī)制,即神經(jīng)受壓或切片,后者較少見。由于在神經(jīng)根的內(nèi)部和表面都有血管(小毛細(xì)血管、動(dòng)脈或靜脈),應(yīng)考慮神經(jīng)內(nèi)血腫的可能性。神經(jīng)損傷的再吸收、炎癥級(jí)聯(lián)和修復(fù)過程可能導(dǎo)致局部纖維化,因此,一些軸突的慢性傳導(dǎo)改變。
●Besides paresthesias, other alterations are possible during inadvertent intraneural drug injection, such as transient radicular irritation syndrome, if the tip of the needle is not withdrawn 2–3 mm inside the arachnoid sheath after a paresthesia has been produced. the arachnoid sheath around nerve roots is explained in detail (Figs. 3.1 , 3.2 , 3.3 , 3.4 , 3.5 , 3.6 , 3.7 , 3.8 , 3.9 , 3.10 , 3.11 , 3.12 , 3.13 , 3.14 , 3.15 , 3.16 , 3.17 , 3.18 , 3.19 , 3.20 , 3.21 , 3.22 , 3.23 , 3.24 , 3.25 , 3.26 , 3.27 , 3.28 , 3.29 , 3.3 , 3.31 , 3.32 , 3.33 , 3.34 , 3.35 , 3.36 , and 3.37 ) [ 7 ].
除了感覺異常外,在無意識(shí)的神經(jīng)內(nèi)藥物注射過程中,如果在產(chǎn)生感覺異常后,針尖沒有在蛛網(wǎng)膜鞘內(nèi)拔出2-3毫米,也可能發(fā)生其他改變,如短暫的神經(jīng)根刺激綜合征。詳細(xì)解釋神經(jīng)根周圍蛛網(wǎng)膜鞘(圖3.1 , 3.2 , 3.3 , 3.4 , 3.5 , 3.6 , 3.7 , 3.8 , 3.9 , 3.10 , 3.11 , 3.12 , 3.13 , 3.14 , 3.15 , 3.16 , 3.17 , 3.18 , 3.19 , 3.20 , 3.21 , 3.22 , 3.23 , 3.24 , 3.25 , 3.26 , 3.27 , 3.28 , 3.29 , 3.3 , 3.31 , 3.32 , 3.33 , 3.34 , 3.35 , 3.36 , and 3.37 ) [ 7 ].
圖 3.1 -2人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(22 號(hào) Quincke)穿過脊神經(jīng)根
圖 3.3-4 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(22 號(hào) Quincke)穿過脊神經(jīng)根
圖 3.5-6 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(22 號(hào) Quincke)穿過脊神經(jīng)根
圖 3.7-8 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(22 號(hào) Quincke)穿過脊神經(jīng)根
圖 3.9 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(27 號(hào) Whitacre)穿過脊神經(jīng)根
圖 3.10 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(25 號(hào) Whitacre)穿過脊神經(jīng)根
圖 3.11 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(25 號(hào) Whitacre)穿過脊神經(jīng)根
圖 3.12 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(27 號(hào) Whitacre)穿過脊神經(jīng)根
圖 3.13-14 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(25 號(hào) Whitacre)穿過脊神經(jīng)根
圖 3.15-16 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(27 號(hào) Whitacre)/脊髓針(25 號(hào) Whitacre)穿過脊神經(jīng)根
圖 3.17-18 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(25 號(hào) Whitacre)穿過脊神經(jīng)根
圖 3.19 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(25 號(hào) Whitacre)穿過脊神經(jīng)根
圖 3.20 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(27 號(hào) Whitacre)穿過脊神經(jīng)根
圖 3.21 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(22 號(hào))穿過脊神經(jīng)根。掃描電子顯微鏡;放大倍數(shù):×40
圖 3.22 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(22 號(hào))穿過脊神經(jīng)根。掃描電子顯微鏡;放大倍數(shù):×80
圖 3.23 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(22 號(hào))穿過脊神經(jīng)根。掃描電子顯微鏡;放大倍數(shù):×40
圖 3.24 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(22 號(hào))穿過脊神經(jīng)根。掃描電子顯微鏡;放大倍數(shù):×3
圖 3.25 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(25 號(hào) Whitacre)穿過脊神經(jīng)根。掃描電子顯微鏡;放大倍數(shù):×43 ( a , b ) (來自 Reina 等人 )
圖 3.26 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(25 號(hào) Whitacre)穿過脊神經(jīng)根。掃描電子顯微鏡;放大倍數(shù):×43
圖 3.27 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(25 號(hào) Whitacre)穿過脊神經(jīng)根。掃描電子顯微鏡;放大倍數(shù):×50
圖 3.28 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(25 號(hào) Whitacre)穿過脊神經(jīng)根。掃描電子顯微鏡;放大倍數(shù):×20
圖 3.29 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(25 號(hào) Whitacre)穿過脊神經(jīng)根。掃描電子顯微鏡;放大倍數(shù):×90
圖 3.3 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(25 號(hào) Whitacre)穿過脊神經(jīng)根。掃描電子顯微鏡;放大倍數(shù):×100
圖 3.31 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(25 號(hào) Whitacre)穿過脊神經(jīng)根。掃描電子顯微鏡;放大倍數(shù):×50
圖 3.32 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(25 號(hào) Whitacre)穿過脊神經(jīng)根。掃描電子顯微鏡;放大倍數(shù):×3
圖 3.33 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(25 號(hào) Whitacre)穿過脊神經(jīng)根。掃描電子顯微鏡;放大倍數(shù):×10(來自 Reina 等人[1] )
圖 3.34 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(27 號(hào) Whitacre)穿過脊神經(jīng)根。掃描電子顯微鏡;放大倍數(shù):×43 ( a , b ) (來自 Palacio 等人 [3])
圖 3.35 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(27 號(hào) Whitacre)穿過脊神經(jīng)根。掃描電子顯微鏡;放大倍數(shù):×40
圖 3.36 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(27 號(hào) Whitacre)穿過脊神經(jīng)根。掃描電子顯微鏡;放大倍數(shù):×3
圖 3.37 人脊神經(jīng)根的體外樣本。脊髓針(27 號(hào) Whitacre)穿過脊神經(jīng)根。掃描電子顯微鏡;放大倍數(shù):×3
·R e f e r e n c e s
1. Reina MA, De Andres J, Hernández JM, Navarro RA, Pastor J, Prats-Galino A. Looking for the development of paresthesias in the subarachnoid and epidural anaesthesia. A clinical and anatomical analysis. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2011;36(Suppl):E17–22.
2. Reina MA, Lopez A, Villanueva MC, De Andrés JA. Possibility of cauda equina nerve root damage from lumbar punctures performed with 25-gauge Quincke and Whitacre needles. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2005;52:267–75.
3. Palacio F, Reina MA, Fornet I, López A. Parestesias con diferentes técnicas de bloqueo subaracnoideo con una aguja 27-G. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2007;54:529–36.
4. Reynolds F. Damage to the conus medullaris following spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 2001;56:238–47.
5. Wall EJ, Cohen MS, Massie JB, Rydevik B, Garfi n SR. Cauda equine anatomy. I: Intrathecal nerve root organization. Spine. 1990;15:1244–7.
6. Cohen MS, Wall EJ, Kerber CW, Abitbol JJ, Garfi n SR. The anatomy of the cauda equina on CT scans and MRI. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1991;73:381–4.
7. Reina MA, Machés F, López A, De Andrés JA. The ultrastructure of the spinal arachnoid in humans and its impact on spinal anesthesia, cauda equina syndrome and transient neurological syndrome. Tech Reg Anesth Pain Manag. 2008;12:153–60.
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