They went to Beijing after five days. The dog died after a week。
2.(after也可加句子， 但主句不一定用一般過去時：I’ll send you an e-mail after I get home。
Return it to me after you finish it. 見2.)
3.ago“…時間前”結(jié)構(gòu)：時間段+ago, 用于一般過去時。
The Greens moved to Shanghai four weeks ago. I saw it ten minutes ago。
4.(若有since+時間段+ago，常用現(xiàn)在完成時：Mr. Li has worked here since 5 years ago。)
5.before 單獨放在句尾，常用現(xiàn)在完成時：“以前”
I have been to London before. He has seen the film before。
(若是時間段+before,常用過去完成時，“…前”： I had seen the film two weeks before. We had found out the answer to the problem an hour before。)
6.四季：spring春；summer夏；autumn秋；winter冬；season季
7.月：January, 一月； February, 二月； March, 三月； April, 四月； May, 五月；
June, 六月； July, 七月； August, 八月； September, 九月； October, 十月；
November, 十一月； December, 十二月。
8.星期：Sunday, 周日；Monday, 周一；Tuesday, 周二；Wednesday, 周三；Thursday, 周四；Friday, 周五；Saturday, 周六。Sunday是一周的第一天， Saturday是最后一天。
9.“也”：either, 用于否定句的末尾。also, 通常挨著動詞，少用于句尾。too, 通常在句尾，前常有逗號。as well, 只用于句尾， 前無逗號。 注意：后三個詞都不用于否定句。
How long may I keep this novel? I’ve lived here since 2002.
Let’s wait until he comes back.. 但否定句中可用短暫性動詞，如下面的see與leave：
I haven’t seen you for a long time. They won’t leave until it stops raining。
另外，請觀察以下短暫性動詞轉(zhuǎn)換成延續(xù)性動詞的常見表達(dá)：
lose →be lost. start / begin to do→do go off→be off
start, begin→be on turn on→be on move to→live in
end→be over get, buy→have, own borrow→keep
die→be dead go out→be out fall asleep→be asleep
get / become + adj →be + adj. open(動詞，“打開”) →be open(形容詞，表狀態(tài))
arrive in, get to, reach→be in, stay in leave, go away (from)→be away (from)
如以下例子的劃線部分(并注意黑體部分的變化)：
The dog died five hours ago. →The dog has been dead for five hours。
I lost my dictionary two weeks ago. →My dictionary has been lost since two weeks ago。
He began to teach English last year. →.He has taught English for one year。
Lucy arrived in Beijing the day before yesterday. →Lucy has been in Beijing for two days。
I bought this bike six months ago. →I have owned this book since six months ago。
My friend borrowed the book last month. →My friend has kept the book for a month。
He left Beijing in 1990. →He has been away from Beijing since 1990.
(注意以上的“for + 時間段”與“since + 時間段 + ago”或“since + 時間點”可互換)
2.all / each / both / none / either / neither不定代詞或形容詞的用法：
1All boys / All of the boys are from China. (all 若接可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)，謂語也用復(fù)數(shù)。)
All of the water is polluted. (若接不可數(shù)，謂語用單數(shù)。)
2Each boy / Each of the boys has a different bag。
each接名詞單數(shù)或接of + 限定詞+復(fù)數(shù)，其后謂語都用單數(shù)。
3Both of the twins are clever. 后面謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。
4None of the students has / have been there before。
none +of +限定詞+復(fù)數(shù)， 謂語用單、復(fù)數(shù)都可。另見88.
5-When shall we meet, Saturday or Sunday?
-Either day is OK. / Either of the days is OK. 謂語用單數(shù)。
6-When shall we meet, Saturday or Sunday?
—11—
-Sorry, I have to look after my mother these two days. That is, neither time is OK. / neither of the days is OK. 謂語用單數(shù)。
【 all / each / none分別指三者或更多中的“都” / “每一個”/“沒有一個”。
both / either / neither分別指兩者中“都”/“任何一個”/“沒有一個” 】
3.計量表達(dá)法：數(shù)量+單位+形容詞。 The street is two kilometers long。
That boy can jump four meters away。(此處不用far, 見49) The fish is five kilos heavy。
The street is forty meters wide. This baby is only six months old。
若計量表達(dá)的后面跟有名詞，則要用連字符，單位不用復(fù)數(shù)。
They dug an eight-meter-deep hole. /. I bought a 10-kilo-heavy fish。
It’s a piece of 2-meter-thick ice. / They built a 50-meter-wide street。
It’s a two-month holiday. She is a three-child mother. (最后兩句計量中省略了形容詞)
4. Must I / May I / Need I …? 用法：1Must I …? “我必須…嗎？”
A: Must I finish the work? B: Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t。
2 Need I…? “我有必要…嗎？”或“我需要…嗎？”
A: Need I clean the house? B: Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t。
3 May I …? “我可以…嗎？”表示請求。
A: May I go out for a walk now? B: Yes, you can. / No, you mustn’t / can’t。
5.hundred / thousand / million / billion: 前有具體數(shù)字，這些詞不加s及of. 如：
nine hundred people, ten thousand students等。
這些詞前若無具體數(shù)字，后加s和of. 如：
thousands of trees; many millions of people; hundreds of cars; billions of stars
但前若有several, 后常不加s和of：several million pounds
6.反意疑問句 (此處用QT表示反意疑問句后一部分內(nèi)容) 的部分用法：
1something, nothing, anything, everything作主語，QT主語用it。
Something is wrong, isn’t it? / Nothing is difficult, is it?
2當(dāng)主句中think的主語是第一人稱時，QT要結(jié)合think后的從句而定：
I think Lucy can do well in the exam, can’t she?
I don’t think he will come here on time, will he?
3祈使句的QT一般用will you?(包括let us …。。)， 而Let’s …用shall we?
Get up now, will you? Don’t be noisy, will you? Be quiet, will you?
Please don’t talk, will you? Let us do it now, will you? Don’t talk in class, will you?
Let’s do it now, shall we? Let’s sing a song, shall we?
4There be句型，QT主語用there。
—12—
There is a man working in the field, isn’t there?
There used to be a meeting on Friday, didn’t there?
There won’t be a movie in the theatre, will there?
7.put on, wear, dress, in: 1put on,“穿上”后接物。表行為，是短暫動詞。
You should put on your coat when you leave。
2wear,“穿，穿著”后接物，表狀態(tài)，是延續(xù)性動詞。
He always wears the yellow sweater in winter. I like wearing beautiful clothes。
3dress, “給…穿衣”后接人。You can dress yourself, baby。
Lucy is dressing her little brother now。
be dressed in后常接具有某種特征的衣物。也可直接加表示顏色的詞。
The lady is dressed in a white skirt. The students are all dressed in yellow。
get dressed “穿好衣服”，常不接賓語： He went out as soon as he got dressed。
dress up (as) .。。“裝扮(成)....。?！?He dressed up as a clown. 他裝扮成小丑。
4in, “穿著”后接具有某種特征的衣物，表狀態(tài)，是介詞，不可作謂語，可作狀語。
也可以直接加表示顏色的詞。 The woman in a white skirt is my teacher。
Do you know the girl in a red coat? (你認(rèn)識那個穿著紅外套的姑娘嗎？)
I want to talk to the boy in black. (我想找那個穿著黑衣服的男孩談?wù)劇?
8.虛擬語氣部分用法：在非真實條件句中要用虛擬語氣，即if 從句中用一般過去時，而主句動詞用would / should + 動詞原形，表示與現(xiàn)在相反的主觀設(shè)想，也可以表示在說話人看來實現(xiàn)的可能性很小的情況。(注意：虛擬語氣中的be動詞都要用were。)
If there were no air, people would die. (與現(xiàn)在事實相反)
If I got rich, I would travel around the world. (可能性很小)
9.other / others / the other / the others / another:
1如果不特定指出哪一個，是泛指，“另一個”要用another, 后加可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)。
If you are still thirsty, you may have another cup of tea。
(沒特定指出哪一杯茶，是泛指。cup是單數(shù)。)
another也可+數(shù)字+可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)：The meeting will last another two hours. (再持續(xù)兩小時)
We need another six desks. (此處兩句分別相當(dāng)于：two more hours; six more desks。)
2如果只有兩個或只有兩部分，就給出了范圍，其中另一個或另一部分是特指 (other前有the。)， 有如下用法：
第一種，所說內(nèi)容只有兩個：
—13—
Mrs. Green has two sons, one is interested in math, the other (one / son) is good at science. 【只有兩個，用the other, 不加s, 后面名詞可省略?！坑秩纾篢his pair of shoes is strange. One is blue, yet the other is green. “這雙鞋子很怪，一只藍(lán)色，而另一只綠色。”
第二種，只有兩部分：此種情況下the other后接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，或不接名詞而只在the other后加s. Two children went there, but the other children / the others stayed。
Two fifths of the students in our class are boys, the other students / the others are girls。
3如果沒有顯示出只有兩部分，未給出范圍，則是泛指，不加the。
Lei Feng liked helping other people / others. Do you have any other questions?
Alice didn’t like that dress, so she asked to see some others。
4other的另一用法：用比較級的形式，體現(xiàn)最高級的含義。
He is taller than any other boy in his class. (劃線中boy常用單數(shù)) =
He is taller than all ( of ) the other boys in his class. (劃線中boy用復(fù)數(shù))
他比班里任何男孩都高(他是班里男孩中最高的)。
10.how long / how often / how soon / how far: 1how long 是對長度或時間段提問。
How long is the river? -It’s 5,000 kilometers long. (對長度提問)
How long have you lived there? -For five months. / Since 2002. (對時間段提問)
2how often是對頻率提問，如：never, sometimes, often, usually, always, once a week,
twice a day, three times a year, every day / year / month / week等。
How often do you watch TV? -Every two days. / Twice a week. / Sometimes。
【若只有次數(shù)，則用how many times 提問：
How many times do you watch TV a week? -Twice. / only once.】
3how soon 是對“in + 時間段”提問：
How soon will you return to Beijing? -In a week./ In two days。
4how far是對以下三種表達(dá)法的提問：
—How far is it from your home to the school? 有以下三種回答：
▲—It’s five minutes’ walk / an hour’s ride / thirteen minutes’ drive。
▲—It’s about 20 kilometers (far) away. (注意回答時不再用far,而用away, 或far away)
▲—It’s 15 minutes by bus / on foot / by train / by bike。
11.分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)：二分之一： half a / an 或a half. 如：
half an hour = a half hour半小時 It’s half past seven。(省略冠詞)
以下情況中，分子(基數(shù)詞)若超過一，分母(序數(shù)詞)需加s：
三分之一： a / one third 三分之二： two thirds
四分之一： a / one fourth 或a / one quarter
—14—
四分之三： three fourths或three quarters。
五分之一： a / one fifth 五分之二： two fifths 其它類推。
若分?jǐn)?shù)所在of短語作主語，謂語依of后的名詞而定：
A third of the boys have passed the test. A third of the work has been over。
Two fifths of the students are on time. Two fifths of the land is polluted。
(of后是可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)；of后是不可數(shù)名詞時，謂語用單數(shù)。)
12.到達(dá)：1get to + 地點 get to Shanghai / London / China
接地點副詞時，不帶to. get there / home / here。
2arrive in+大地點(如Beijing / Zhengzhou)，arrive at+小地點(如school / hospital)
arrive只作不及物動詞，所以也可單獨用：Please ring me up when you arrive。
3reach只作及物動詞，后直接加地點：reach Beijing / England
但常不說reach home / there / here。
13.感嘆句：1What + 名詞短語+主語+謂語！此情況下主、謂?？墒÷?。
What lazy boys (they are)！ What hard work (it is)！ What good news (it is)！
What a good idea! What bad weather (it is)！ What clever girls (you are)！
2How +形容詞 / 副詞 + 主語 + 謂語！
How hard the work is! How fast he runs! How rude you are!
How carefully they are listening! How bad the weather is!
14.because/ instead / out等與加of的區(qū)別：
1because 后接句子，because of 接名詞或代詞。
He didn’t come because he was ill. / because of his illness。
2instead是副詞，單獨在句尾。instead of 后要接名詞或代詞。
We didn’t have rice, we had noodles instead. / instead of it。
3out 副詞，可單獨用，但若接地點，先加of。(也可作介詞， “向…外”，
可不加of. 一般不要求掌握。) He went out early?；騂e went out of the house early。
15.too much, too many與much too:
much too“過于”，加形容詞或副詞原級。much too big / slowly等。
too much“太多的”，加不可數(shù)名詞。too much work / rain等。
too many“太多的”，加可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)。too many books / people等。
(以上每個短語可依第二個詞來決定其后要接什么詞。)
16. alone / lonely: 1alone,“獨自一人；單獨”不含感情色彩。
可當(dāng)形容詞，但只在系動詞后作表語：Jack is alone. 杰克是單身。
I have nothing to say. (nothing做及物動詞say的邏輯賓語)
I have a letter to write. (letter是及物動詞write的邏輯賓語) 而以下情況有介詞：
I have a pen to write a letter with. ( 用鋼筆寫信，所以要有“用”字，故加with。)
The zoo is not a good place for animals to live in。
(“住在動物園里”，zoo是live in的邏輯賓語，故不及物動詞live加介詞in. )
Tom has no friends to talk to. (friends 是talk to的邏輯賓語，to不可少。)
He runs too fast for us to catch up with. (he是catch up with的邏輯賓語，帶with。) There are no seats to sit on. (坐在座位上，故sit后要加on。)
2.(a) little / (a) few: 1few，little“幾乎沒有；少”否定詞。few加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)， little加不可數(shù)名詞。 There is little water in the bottle, is there? (前否定，后肯定)
Tom is so shy that he has few friends。
2a few“一些”肯定詞，加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)； a little“一些；一點”也是肯定詞，加不可數(shù)名詞。 Tom is not an Englishman , but he knows a little English。
3另外，在too, very, so等詞后用few, little; 在only, just, still等詞后用a few, a little. 而quite a few / a little 都譯為“很多”，分別相當(dāng)于many和much。
(注：有時a little…。。并不是固定短語。如： a little sheep譯為“一只小羊”)
3.及物動詞+副詞：put on (穿上) / put off (推遲) / put away (把…整理好) / put up (舉起，搭起，掛起，張貼) / put down (放下) / put out(撲滅)； break down(損壞，倒塌)；
turn on(打開) / turn off (關(guān)閉) / turn up (調(diào)大) / turn down(關(guān)小)； get back(取回)；
use up(用光)； cut up(切碎) eat up(吃光) sell out(賣完) cheer up(振作)
give away(贈送) / give out(發(fā)放) / give up(放棄) / give back(歸還)； pick up(撿起、拿起)
try out(驗證) / try on(試穿)； ring up/ call up(打電話)； clean up / out (打掃干凈)；
set up(成立)； think up(想出；想起)； hand in (上交) / hand out(分發(fā)；散發(fā))；
fix up(修理)； work out(算出) dress up(打扮)； help out(幫人解決)；
keep off / keep out(阻止；擋住)； take off(脫下) / take away(拿走) / take out(拿出)；
look up(查找) / look over(仔細(xì)查看)； throw away / off (拋棄) wake up(叫醒)； write down(寫下)； let down(使沮喪)； make up(編造、組成)； set off(激起、觸發(fā))
注：名詞做以上短語的賓語，可放在它們中間或后邊；而代詞做賓語，只放在中間。
4.as……as用法：中間加形容詞和副詞原級。1和…一樣… His room is as big as mine。
He runs as fast as I do / me / I. You should keep the room as clean as your brother’s。
2as…as possible / sb can “盡可能…” We went there as soon as possible。
—7—
Listen to the teacher as carefully as you can. He went there as quickly as he could。
3有些短語有幾個意思：as soon as 和…一樣快；一…就…; as much as和…一樣多；多達(dá)； as long as和…一樣長；長達(dá)；只要； as well as和…一樣好；和…一樣；
as far as遠(yuǎn)達(dá)；就…來說 (as…as…在否定句中也可說so…as…。)
也可表示倍數(shù)： This room is twice as big as that one. 這個房間是那個房間的兩倍大。
5.prefer用法：prefer sth to sth 或 prefer doing sth to doing sth?！氨绕稹矚g…”
prefer to do sth rather than do sth寧愿…也不愿…
若單獨一個prefer，和like 用法類似，后接 to do sth 或 doing sth “更喜歡做某事”
6. some-, any-, every-用法：1some-“某～，一些～”，用于肯定的陳述句中。
I have something to tell you. Maybe somebody has taken it。
若用于疑問句中表示期待對方肯定的回答或表示請求或建議。
Why not ask somebody to help you? Shall we give him something to eat?
What about some milk? Could you please lend me some chairs?
Will you buy me some books? May I give you some tea? Would you like some milk?
在一些”do some…”短語中， 即使是疑問句中， some也不變?yōu)閍ny. 如：
Will you do some washing next Sunday? 這些短語有：
do some shopping / cleaning / cooking / sweeping / washing 等。
2any-, 在疑問句中仍譯為“某～，一些～”Do you have anything to say?
Is anybody in the house? Have you seen it anywhere?
在if 引導(dǎo)的句中，常用any. 如：If you have any water, please give me some。
在肯定句和否定句中譯為“任何～” You may put the box anywhere in the room。
He is taller than any other student in the class. We won’t have anything to eat now。
3every-“每～”，強(qiáng)調(diào)所有，既包括此也包括彼。
Is everybody here?-No，Tom and Lucy have asked for leave。
The glass was broken, and the water went everywhere。
7.動詞時態(tài)和形式：八個時態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(am / is / are + v.ing)、
一般將來時(will / shall / be going to+動詞原形)、 一般過去時、 過去進(jìn)行時(was / were + v.ing)、 現(xiàn)在完成時(have / has + v. 過去分詞)、 過去完成時(had + v. 過去分詞)、過去將來時(would + v. 原形) 六個形式： 原形； 過去式(規(guī)則的加ed)；
過去分詞(規(guī)則的加ed)； 第三人稱單數(shù)(加s / es)； 現(xiàn)在分詞(v.ing)； 帶to不定式。
8.if / whether區(qū)別：if 如果(引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句) / 是否(引導(dǎo)賓語從句)
—8—
Do you know if he will go to the post office? If he goes there, I will ask him to buy me some stamps. 兩個if, 前者“是否”；后者“如果”，觀察其后時態(tài)的不同。(各見語法1、2)
whether“無論”引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句 / “是否”引導(dǎo)賓語從句(相當(dāng)于if)
都譯為“是否”時，whether可接or not, 也可接帶to不定式。而if 則不可。
另外，if可接any-單詞，常不接some-單詞。 (見語法28.)
9.因為：because, 常是對why的回答，語氣最強(qiáng)。位置：Because…, …或…, because…。
since, 表顯然的或已知的理由Since it’s already late, I must go now。
for, 位置：…，for…。語氣最弱。 I drove carefully, for it’s snowing。
as有時也指“因為”，用法基本無限制。As I am ill, I won’t go。
10.表推測：must, may, might, could, can, can’t
must“一定”，可能性最大，常用于肯定句。
There is the door bell, it must be Tom. 門鈴響了，一定是湯姆(來了)。
may / might“也許”一般用于肯定句， may比might可能性大。
She is coming to us. She might be our new teacher。
can / could“可能”could比can語氣更委婉。但can多用于否定。
You could be right, but I don’t think you are。
The light in the office is off. The teacher can’t be there now。
11.so與such區(qū)別：so是副詞，后跟形容詞/副詞，so tall / slowly / carefully / young…
such是形容詞，后跟名詞短語。such bad weather / good news /beautiful music…;
such a beautiful girl / an important lesson / a heavy stone / an interesting lesson…;
such kind boys / new desks / friendly people / amazing movies / clever children…;
若名詞前形容詞是many, much, few, little時，不用such, 而用so。
so many flowers / much rain / few friends / little water…
也常有“so / such …that…”句型，譯為“如此…以致于…”。
12.so的另兩個用法：1so + be / 情態(tài)動詞 / 助動詞 + 主語，“…也”
上下文所指不是同一個人或物。 The twins are working, so am I。
I will leave tonight, and so will Peter. If you go there, so will I . (最后一句參見語法2)
又如：A: I woke up late this morning. B: So did I。
2so + 主語 + be/情態(tài)動詞 / 助動詞，“的確…是”上下文所指是同一個人或物。
A: We have lunch at school. B: So you do。
又如：A: Bruce can work out the problem. B: So he can. (注意以上黑體字的照應(yīng))
13.neither / nor用法之一：neither / nor + be / 情態(tài)動詞 / 助動詞 + 主語
“…也不”上文是否定句。She didn’t get well, nor did her brother。
—9—
Tim isn’t going to do his work, neither is John。
又如：A: Jim hasn’t had breakfast. B: Neither have I. (注意以上黑體字的照應(yīng))
14.keep, make, get, have用法：
1keep + sb / sth doing sth “讓…一直做…” I’m sorry for keeping you waiting so long. (區(qū)別：keep + doing sth “堅持做某事，一直做某事”)
2make + sb / sth do sth讓…做某事(接動原) I’ll try to make you understand what I mean。
I feel sorry that I have made him wait for long。
make若用于被動語態(tài)，原有后接動詞原形要改為帶to不定式(另見語法6的類似說法)：
I made him wait for long. →He was made to wait for long。
3get + sb / sth to do sth。讓…做某事。He got Peter to buy him a pen。
4have + 賓語+ 動詞原形 / ing / 過去分詞
Have him do it, please。讓他做它吧。(him 和 do 邏輯上形成主謂關(guān)系，do用原形。)
We had the machine working。我們讓機(jī)器一直工作著。(讓某物一直在進(jìn)行著某事。)
We had the machine repaired。我們讓人修理了那臺機(jī)器(讓機(jī)器被修理了，表被動。)
5也都可接形容詞：keep safe / busy, keep the door closed / open,
make us happy, get the door closed, have everything ready. get her ears pierced。
15.used短語：used to + 動原，“過去常常” He used to smoke。
be used to 譯為“被用于…”，后接動原。 It is used to cut things. (主語是物)
be used to 譯為“習(xí)慣于…”，后接動詞ing或名詞 / 代詞. (主語常是人)
如：He’s used to working late. We are used to the country life. Are you used to it?
be used for “被用于…”，后接名詞或動詞ing (主語也是物) 如：
English is used for business. Knives are used for cutting things。
16. through / past / across 區(qū)別： 都可作介詞，“穿過”，前常有位移動詞(以下黑體部分)。
He climbed through the window and saw what he could take away. (從窗戶內(nèi)部經(jīng)過)
He went past me without saying any words. (從我旁邊經(jīng)過)
He swam across the river. (從河的表面經(jīng)過)【through,內(nèi)部； past,旁邊； across,表面】
位移動詞 + past 有時相當(dāng)于動詞pass; 位移動詞 + across有時相當(dāng)于動詞cross。
17.the number of / a number of: 前者“…的數(shù)量”；后者“許多的”
都跟可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。前者作主語，謂語用單數(shù)；后者作主語，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。
The number of the trees is two thousand. (用單數(shù)謂語. 另注意trees前有限定詞)
A number of trees have been cut down. (用復(fù)數(shù)謂語. 另注意trees前無限定詞)
I heard someone knocking at the door when I fell asleep. (我入睡時有人正敲門)
I heard someone knock at the door three times. (聽的是全過程)
I often watch my classmates play volleyball after school. (此處有頻率詞often)
若以上詞用于被動語態(tài)，后面原有動詞原形改為帶to不定式：
We saw him go into the restaurant. → He was seen to go into the restaurant。
I hear the boy cry every day. → The boy is heard to cry every day。
2.感官動詞用法之二：look, sound, smell, taste, feel可當(dāng)系動詞，后接形容詞。
He looks angry. It sounds good. The flowers smell beautiful. The sweets taste sweet. The silk feels soft. I felt tired. They all looked tired。
這些動詞都不用于被動語態(tài)。如：The sweets are tasted sweet。是錯誤的。
注意：如果加介詞like, 則后不可接形容詞，而接名詞或代詞：
He looks like his mother. That sounds like a good idea. It sounds like great fun。
It smells like a flower. It tastes like salt。
3.find和think部分用法： find / think + 賓語 + 賓語補(bǔ)足語。(代替賓從)
賓補(bǔ)有以下情況：
1.名詞短語 John found his son a clever boy。
2.形容詞短語 Mrs. Smith thinks her husband kind of lazy。
3.有時賓補(bǔ)后可接帶to不定式 I found it hard to fool the girl。
4find后也有v-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。I found him reading a book just now。
4.would like / want / feel like: 1would like，和want類似：
◇都可接名詞短語：I would like / want another three desks。
◇都可接帶to 不定式：I would like / want to go out for a walk。
◇都可接sb,然后再跟帶to 不定式： I would like you to give me a hand。
2feel like: ◇后也可接名詞短語：Do you feel like some tea?
◇后若接動詞，須用動詞ing形式：Do you feel like having a walk?
I don’t feel like drinking tea. 【注：feel like常用于疑問句或否定句中?！?/p>
5.詞序易錯的短語：1形容詞修飾不定代詞或不定副詞，形容詞在后面。
Is there anything delicious in the fridge? Nothing serious。
There is something wrong with the computer. I want to go somewhere warm。
2else修飾疑問詞和不定代詞、不定副詞，也放在后面。
What else can you see in the picture? Who else is in the room?
Do you have anything else to say? Where else can you see it?
—3—
3enough修飾形容詞和副詞，enough 放在后面。
This sweater is cheap enough. Nemo is old enough to work。
He ran fast enough to catch up with the dog. She doesn’t listen carefully enough。
6.對“評價”、“天氣”的提問之區(qū)別：1What do you think of …?=
How do you like …? =How / What do you feel about…?
“你對…怎么看？”(How…?句中有l(wèi)ike，是動詞。)
2What’s the weather like in…? = How is the weather in…?“…的天氣什么樣？”
(What…?句中有l(wèi)ike，是介詞，“像”。而How…?句中無like。)
7.take, cost, pay, spend區(qū)別：
1It + take + sb + some time + to do sth： It took us half an hour to cut down the tree。
2物 + cost + sb + 錢： The bag cost me thirty yuan。
若cost后無sb, 則譯作“價錢是”： The bag costs 30 Yuan。
3人+ pay + sb + 錢 + for sth： I paid the seller 200 Yuan for the bike。。
(pay后所加內(nèi)容可視具體情況取舍。切記for后接的是物，而不是人或錢。)
4人 + spend + 時間/ 錢 + on sth / (in) doing sth。
The girl spent two hours (in) searching the Internet。
The girl always spends much money on her clothes。
spend 有時可指“度過”：spend holiday / weekends / winter
8.雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)：pass / give / teach / offer / lend / send / sell / call / show / buy / ask / tell 等可加雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。也就是接sb + sth. Pass me the book, please. He gave us some pens。
其中pass, give, offer, lend, send, sell, show等也可接sth + to sb. 如： lend the book to me。
buy, build等可接sth + for sb. My brother bought a dictionary for me。
另外，若sth是代詞時，不用雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。Please show it to me. 而不說show me it。
9.部分詞作連詞與介詞：(連詞接句子，介詞接名詞或代詞)
Keep careful when you are listening to the teacher. (斜體部分是句子，when是連詞)
Keep careful when listening to the teacher. (斜體部分是名詞短語，when是介詞)
類似的，while, than, before, after, as, since, until等。
如：I’ll wait until I hear from her. (連詞) I’ll wait until hearing from her. (介詞)
I’ll wait until next Friday / September / 11:00. (接的都是表時間的短語，until是介詞)
10.動詞ed與動詞ing作形容詞用法之一： 1. 動詞ed作形容詞：表示被動或已發(fā)生，常作定語。The boy named Peter is my friend. 那個叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。
此處是后置定語，劃線部分起修飾作用，下同。
He’s eating fried chicken. “他在吃炸雞?！弊鯿hicken的前置定語。
There is no time left. “沒時間剩余了?！弊鰐ime的后置定語。
I have read a novel written by Lu Xun。我讀了一部魯迅寫的小說。做后置定語。下同。
He lives in a house built twenty years ago. 他住在一個二十年前被建造的房子里。
一般來說，定語部分不只一個詞時， 常放在名詞的后面。
2動詞ing作形容詞：表示正在進(jìn)行或表示功能，常作定語。
the crying boy, a running bus, the rising sun, a bus running on the road,
the boy crying in the corner (以上表示正在進(jìn)行)
a sitting room, the bathing suit, a cutting machine, writing paper…… (本行表示功能)
11.動詞ed與動詞ing作形容詞用法之二： 由一些及物動詞派生而來，和心理感受有關(guān)，但ed修飾人，ing常修飾物。以下詞凡是譯為“使…”的及物動詞，其ed形式的形容詞都譯為“感到…的”，其ing形式的形容詞都譯為“令人(感到)…的”。以下帶-ed形式的詞的各個短語一般都譯為“對…感到…”。
exciting
surprising
amazing
embarrassing
encouraging
frustrating
interesting
thrilling
terrifying
pleasing, = pleasant
satisfying
frightening
tiring
boring
relaxing
fascinating
annoying
moving
worrying
confusing
excited (be ~d about)
surprised (be ~d at)
amazed (be ~d at)
embarrassed(be ~ed in)
encouraged(be ~ed at / by)
frustrated (be ~d of)
interested (be ~ed in)
thrilled (be ~ed at)
terrified (be terrified at/ of / with)
pleased (be ~d with)
satisfied(be satisfied with)
frightened (be ~ed at / of )
tired (be ~d of)
bored (be ~d with)
relaxed (無固定搭配)
fascinated (be ~d by)
annoyed (be ~ed with)
moved (be ~d by)
worried (be worried about)
confused (be confused about)
及物動詞， 后接人 ed形式及常見短語 ing形式
excite(使興奮，使激動)
surprise(使驚訝，使吃驚)
amaze(使吃驚)
embarrass(使尷尬)
encourage(使受鼓舞， 鼓勵)
frustrate(使失望，使沮喪)
interest(使感興趣)
thrill(使激動/ 緊張)
terrify(使恐怖，使害怕)
please (使高興，使?jié)M意)
satisfy (使?jié)M意)
frighten (使害怕，使驚懼)
tire(使厭煩)
bore(使厭煩)
relax(使放松)
fascinate(使著迷)
annoy(使煩惱)
move(使感動)
worry(使擔(dān)憂)
Do you know where he comes from? 劃線部分是動詞know的賓語。
2.在有些接雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞后作賓語：
He asked me when we would leave. 此句中me與從句when-分別是ask的賓語。
3在介詞后作賓語(介賓)：Let’s talk about how we solve this problem。
4在I’m sorry…, I’m afraid…, I’m sure…等結(jié)構(gòu)后的句子也被認(rèn)為是賓語從句。
賓語從句需注意的時態(tài)問題：
1主句若是一般現(xiàn)在時，從句根據(jù)不同情況用不同時態(tài)。
He says (that) he will have a walk soon. (soon指將來，從句用將來時)
The teacher asks who is the cleverest in the school. (暗指目前誰最聰明，從句用現(xiàn)在時)
I want to know who came here late this morning. (今早已過去，從句用過去時)
2主句若是一般過去時，從句也要用過去時。
He wondered if I would come. She told me that her son had got well。
She said that she liked watching TV. We thought Jim was wrong。
3無論主句是何時態(tài)，從句若表客觀真理，要用一般現(xiàn)在時。
Mr. Li said the moon is smaller than the earth。
4賓語從句無論有何引導(dǎo)詞，句子都要用陳述句語序。
Could you tell me when you will get back to Wuhan?(不是will you)
Do you know which sweater she is wearing? (不是is she)
2.狀語從句：此處所說的狀語從句用法僅包括條件(if和unless引導(dǎo))狀語從句和時間(when等引導(dǎo)，見下文)狀語從句。狀語從句需注意以下問題：
1主句若是一般將來時、祈使句或含不表過去的情態(tài)動詞等，則if(如果)， unless(除非)，when(當(dāng)…的時候)， as soon as(一…就…)，before, after, until, till, as(當(dāng)…的時候)所引導(dǎo)的狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。
You may take a rest when you finish doing your work. (主句有情態(tài)動詞)
Could you look after my son after I leave home?
(情態(tài)動詞could是為了讓語氣委婉，并不指過去時，從句仍用一般現(xiàn)在時)
I will go out as soon as it stops raining this afternoon. (主句是將來時)
Wait for your brother at the bus station until he arrives. (主句是祈使句)
2而主句若是一般過去時，從句也要用表過去時的適當(dāng)時態(tài)，如：
I would give the money to the charity if I had a million dollars。
When he got to the park, his classmates had left。
My son ran towards me as soon as he saw me on the street。
3.定語從句：定語從句是指修飾前面名詞或代詞的句子。從句前面的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，從句中的引導(dǎo)詞叫關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞who只指人，which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose 后必須跟有名詞，既指人，也可指物。關(guān)系詞作主語時，不可省略，作賓語時可省略。whom只指人，只作賓語。關(guān)系副詞where指“在那里”，when指“在那時”。 (以下所給例子凡斜體字部分均作定語從句。)
She is a girl who / that is beautiful and kind-hearted. The girl who / that is tall is my sister。
(以上關(guān)系詞作主語，不可省略。)
She is a girl (who / whom / that) I know very well. (關(guān)系詞做know的賓語，可以省略。)
That boy whose hair is very long is my brother. I own a bike whose price is high。
(關(guān)系詞whose表所屬，后需接名詞。前句指人，譯為“這個孩子的”；后句指物，譯為“這個自行車的”。)
I bought a watch (which / that) I paid 100 yuan for. (指物，作pay的賓語，可以省略。)
I prefer a place which / that is clean and quiet. (關(guān)系詞譯為“這個地方”，主語，不可省)
I prefer a place where I can live a quiet life. (關(guān)系詞譯為“在這個地方”，是地點副詞。)
I shall never forget the day when a boy helped me find my dog. (“在這一天”，是時間副詞)
4.wish和hope:1wish既可接to do sth. 也可接sb + to do sth. 也可接that從句。
I wish to spend my summer holiday in Qingdao. I wish you to join my party this Sunday。
I wish (that) I could be a scientist. (注：接that從句時，從句用虛擬語氣。)
2hope接to do sth. 或that從句. 但不接sb to do sth。
I hope to receive a letter from you some day. I hope you will get well soon。
I hope (that) everything goes well. (接從句時不用虛擬)
5.thanks for和thanks to: Thanks for your helping me with the work。
(此句表達(dá)對對方為自己做了某事的感謝，后無補(bǔ)充的結(jié)果。)
Thanks to your suggestion, I didn’t make such mistakes。
(此句表達(dá)感謝由于某方所做的有利的事，出現(xiàn)了后面的結(jié)果。)
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