一、名詞的復(fù)數(shù)1. 名詞變復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則形式1)一般情況下直接加s book------books cup-----cups2)以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的,先變y為i再加es city-----cities family-----families3)以元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞,直接加s key-----keys,toy-----toys4)以s、x、sh、ch結(jié)尾的加es bus-----buses wish------wishes watch-----watches5)以o 結(jié)尾的名詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時,大部分情況下加-es hero-----heroes potato------potatoes tomato-----tomatoes但下面這幾類詞只加-sa. 以“元音+o”或“oo”結(jié)尾的詞,如:radio-----radios kangaroo-----kangaroosb. 一些外來詞,特別是音樂方面的詞,如:piano-----pianos solo-----solos tobacco-----tobaccosc. 一些縮寫詞和專有名詞,如:kilo(kilogram/kilometer)-----kilos photo(photograph)-----photos Eskimo-----Eskimosd. 個別詞加-es,-s都可以,如:halo-----halos/haloes6)以f、fe 結(jié)尾的,先把f、fe變v 再加es .leaf----leaves self---selves shelf----shelves life----lives thief---thieves2. 少數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的man----men woman---women child----childrenfoot-----feet tooth----teeth mouse---mice3. 單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式相同deer---deer fish----fish sheep----sheep Chinese ----Chinese Japanese---Japanesemeans(手段,方法)----means species(物種)----species4. 某國人的復(fù)數(shù)1)中、日不變 Chinese----Chinese Japanese---Japanese2)英、法變 Englishman----Englishmen Frenchman----Frenchmen3)其余s加后面 American -----Americans German----Germans Australian---Australians二、不可數(shù)名詞1. 不可數(shù)名詞的特點1)不能直接用數(shù)字表數(shù)量2)不能直接加a或an3)沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式4)可用some、any 、lots of、plenty of 、much 修飾5)可用“量詞短語”表示2. 不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量的表示方法a / 數(shù)字+ 量詞 + of + 不可數(shù)名詞,如a piece of paper a cup of tea a glass of milk三、名詞的所有格1. ’s 所有格1)用and連接兩個并列的單數(shù)名詞表示共有關(guān)系時,這時只在最后一個名詞后加“’s.”Tom and Jerry's room Tom和Jerry共有的房間2)用and連接兩個并列的單數(shù)名詞表示各有關(guān)系時,這時分別在每個名詞后加“’s.”Tom's and Jerry's rooms Tom和Jerry各自的房間(分別擁有一個房間)3)以s結(jié)尾的名詞,變所有格時在s后加’,不以s 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,仍加’s Teachers’ Day 教師節(jié) Children’s Day 兒童節(jié)4)表示店鋪/醫(yī)院/診所/住宅等名稱時,常在名詞后加 ’s 代表全稱at the doctor’s at the Bob’s5)由some、any、no、every與one、body 結(jié)合的復(fù)合不定代詞something 、anything 等和else 連用時,所有格應(yīng)加在else的后面。This is somebody else’s pencil . 這是別人的鉛筆6)表示時間、距離、國家、城市等無生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加’s 來構(gòu)成所有格。 an hour’s ride two weeks’ time China’s capital2. of 所有格of 用來表示無生命的名詞所有格。the map of China中國地圖 the door of the room 房門3. 雙重所有格—— “of + 名詞所有格”或“of + 名詞性的物主代詞 ”He is a friend of my brother’s. 他是我兄弟的一個朋友。Is she a daughter of yours? 她是你的女兒嗎?四、名詞作句子成分1.名詞作主語1)表示時間、金錢、距離作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Two hours is enough for us to get there. 兩個小時就夠我們?nèi)ツ抢锪恕?div style="height:15px;">
2)量詞短語“數(shù)字+量詞+ of +…”作主語時,謂語動詞應(yīng)與量詞保持一致。A pair of shoes is under the bed.Two pieces of paper are on the desk .3)名詞+介詞(with、except 、along with …….)+名詞作主語時,謂語動詞應(yīng)與前面的名詞保持一致。The teacher along with the students is planting trees on the hill.4)短語“neither…nor…, either…or…, not only…but also 連接主語時,謂語動詞實行就近原則。Neither he nor I am a Frenchman.2.名詞作定語1)名詞作定語時,一般用單數(shù)形式。 There is a shoe factory near the school .2)名詞作定語時,個別情況用復(fù)數(shù)形式。The sports meeting will be held next week .3)man、woman 作定語表示性別時,man、woman隨后面的名詞單復(fù)數(shù)而變。one man teacher two women teachers考點二 冠詞的用法一、a和an的區(qū)別不定冠詞有a和an兩種形式,a用于輔音(不是輔音字母)開頭的詞前,an用于元音(不是元音字母)開頭的詞前(即:不看字母看讀音),如:a boy, a university, a European country, a useful bookan hour, an honor, an island, an elephant, an umbrella, an honest man二、不定冠詞的用法1.泛指某一類人、事或物,這是不定冠詞a/an的基本用法。A horse is an animal.2.泛指某人或某物,但不具體說明何人或何物。A girl is waiting for you.3.表示數(shù)量,有“一”的意思,但數(shù)的概念沒有one強烈。I have a computer.4.表示“每一”,相當(dāng)于every. I go to school five days a week.我一周上五天課。5.用在序數(shù)詞前,表示“又一”,“再一”。 I have three books. I want to buy a fourth one.6.用在某些固定詞組中:a lot(of), after a while ,a few ,a little ,at a time ,have a swim ,have a cold ,in a hurry ,for a long time, have a good time ,have a look等三、定冠詞的用法1.特指某(些)人或某(些)物,這是定冠詞的基本用法。The book on the desk is mine2.指談話雙方都知道的人或事物。Open the window, please.3.指上文已經(jīng)提到的人或事物。I have a car. The car is red.4.指世界上獨一無二的事物。Which is bigger, the sun or the earth?5.用在序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級前。The first lesson is the easiest one in this book.6.用在由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前。the Great Wall 長城,the United States 美國7.用在某些形容詞前,表示某一類人。the poor窮人, the blind盲人8.用在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)形式前,表示“全家人”或“夫妻倆”。 the Greens 格林一家或格林夫妻倆9.用在方位詞前。on the left在左邊,in the middle of在中間10.用在樂器名稱前。She plays the piano every day.11.用在表示海洋,河流,山脈,群島及國家和黨派等名詞前。 the Black Sea黑海,the Yangzi River長江12.用在某些固定詞組中:all the same仍然;all the time一直;at the moment此刻;at the same time同時;by the way順便說;in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上;in the open air 在戶外,在野外 etc.四、零冠詞的用法1.棋類/球類/一日三餐名詞前不用任何冠詞 Play chess play football have supper【例外】當(dāng)football,basketball指具體的某個球時,其前可以用冠詞:I can see a football.我可以看到一只足球。Where’s the football?那只足球在哪兒?(指足球,并非“球類運動”)2.季節(jié)/月份/星期/節(jié)假日名詞前不用任何冠詞In July, in summer, on Monday, on Teachers’ Day3.人名/地名/國家名前不加冠詞 Beijing is the capital of China4.學(xué)科/語言/稱呼/職務(wù)名詞前不用冠詞Math is hard to learn.5.復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示類別時不加冠詞 They are workers6.名詞前已有物主代詞(my,your,his,her等)、指示代詞(this/these,that/those)、不定代詞(some,any等)及所有格限制時,不用冠詞 my book(正);my the book(誤)7.在表特定的公園,街道,車站,橋,學(xué)校等之前。No.6 Middle School 第六中學(xué)五、用與不用冠詞的差異in hospital住院 in the hospital在醫(yī)院里in front of在(外部的)前面 in the front of在(內(nèi)部的)前面at table進(jìn)餐 at the table在桌子旁by sea乘船 by the sea在海邊go to school(church)上學(xué)(做禮拜) go to the school(church)到學(xué)校(教堂)去two of us我們當(dāng)中的兩人 the two of us我們兩人(共計兩人)next year明年 the next year 第二年a teacher and writer一位教師兼作家(一個人)a teacher and a writer一位教師和一位作家(兩個人)考點三 代詞的用法一、人稱代詞1.主格作主語,賓格作動詞或介詞的賓語. He teaches us Chinese .2.三種人稱代詞并列時,順序為:◆ 單數(shù):二三一 (You, she and I )◆ 復(fù)數(shù):一二三 (we , you and they )3.it 的一些特別用法①用作形式主語,常用于 It’s +adj +to do sth句型中②用在句型 It seems that …中③用在句型It’s one’s turn to do sth中④用在句型 It’s time to do sth / for sth中⑤用在句型It’s +adj +that 從句中⑥用作形式賓語, 用來代替動詞不定式 make /think /feel/find + it + adj./n. + to do sth二、物主代詞1.形容詞性物主代詞作定語放在名詞前,不能單獨使用。2.名詞性物主代詞,后面不能加名詞。名詞性物主代詞常與of 連用。Our classroom is as big as theirs .This is a friend of mine.【注】①名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于形容詞性物主代詞加一個名詞(名詞性物主代詞=形容詞性物主代詞+ 名詞) ②形容詞性物主代詞與own 連用時,后面可跟名詞也可不跟名詞my own house = a house of my own三、反身代詞反身代詞的常用搭配:enjoy oneselfhurt oneselfteach oneself = learn…by oneselfall by oneselfhelp oneself to …look after oneselfleave sb by oneselflose oneself insay to oneselffor oneselfdress oneselfimprove oneself四、指示代詞1.近指: this these 遠(yuǎn)指: that those2.用法:①that those 常用來代替前面出現(xiàn)的人或物,以避免重復(fù)。that代替可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞,those 代替復(fù)數(shù)名詞。The weather in Guangdong is hotter than that in Qinghai .The books in this shop are cheaper than those in that shop.②this ,that 可代替句子或句子的一個部分:that代替前面提到的句子,this代替下面提到的句子。He had a bad cold, that is why he didn’t come.I shall say this to you: he is an honest man.③在電話用語中this 代替自己,而that 代替對方。This is Tom speaking. Who is that ?五、不定代詞的區(qū)別1.one與it 的區(qū)別one 代替同類事物中的一種,而it代替上文中出現(xiàn)的某事物。I left my book in my drawer, but today it is gone.I don’t like this type of CD player. Could you show me a better one?2.some與any 的區(qū)別一般情況下,some用于肯定句,any用于否定、疑問句、條件句中,但在表建議的疑問句中,仍用some 代any,常用于could/would /May 開頭或what about/how about …. 的句中。May I have some water ?He asked me for some paper , but I didn’t have any .any用于肯定句中,常意為“任何” Any colour will do. 任何顏色都行。3.many與much的區(qū)別many+可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù),much+不可數(shù)名詞,都相當(dāng)于 a lot of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞【注意】a lot of 不能用于否定句中4.each與 every 的區(qū)別each 表示兩者或兩者以上的人或物中的每一個,而every 表示三者或三者以上的人或物中的每一個。There are trees and flowers on each side of the street.【注意】each 可以與of 連用,each of 作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù);而every 不能與of 連用,只能放在名詞前作定語。Each of us is studying hard.5.no one,nothing與none 的區(qū)別◆ none可指人也可以指物,可與of連用;none用作主語時,若指不可數(shù)名詞,謂語用單數(shù),若指可數(shù)名詞,則謂語可用單數(shù)(較正式)也可用復(fù)數(shù)(用于非正式文體,但更符合慣用法);側(cè)重指數(shù)量上“一個也沒有”,一般用來 回答how many/much +n, 及含any+n 引起的疑問句,如:None of us have/has seen him.-How many cats are there in the room?-None.-How much money do you have on you?-None.-Is there any water in the thermos?-None.◆ no one通常用來指人,不與of連用;no one用作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù);一般用來回答who, 及含anyone、anybody引起的疑問句,如:No one likes a person with bad manners. 沒人喜歡沒有禮貌的人。-Who is in the room?-No one.-Is there anyone in the room?-No one.◆ nothing 通常用來指物。Nothing用作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù);一般用來回答what引起的特殊問句及含anything的一般問句,如:-What is in the box?-Nothing.-Is there anything in the sky?-Nothing.6.both /neither /either /all / none / any 的區(qū)別①both 的否定詞是neither , all的否定詞是none.②both of 作主語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù);neither of作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Neither of the answers is right.Both of my parents are workers.③詞組both …and …連接兩個主語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。同義詞組:not only …but also … 反義詞組: neither … nor …Not only you but also she likes watching TV.= Both you and she like watching TV.④詞組either …or … 或者……或者…… , neither…nor… 既不……也不…… 連接兩個主語時,謂語動詞實行就近原則。Neither you nor he is right .One of Lily and Lucy is going to the park. = Either Lily or Lucy is going to the park.⑤either也可以作副詞,用于否定句中,表示“也(不)” neither通常用在句子(或簡略答語)的開頭,表示“也不”,其后要用倒裝語序(將主語放在助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、系動詞be之后)If she won't go, neither shall I. (=If she won't go, I won't either.)7.other /the other /others /the others 的區(qū)別①one …the other … 表示兩者之間的一個……另一個……②some… others… 表示一些…… 一些……③some...the others特指某個范圍內(nèi)一些人..., 剩下的人...④another 表示三者以上的不確定數(shù)目中的另一個,只能修飾可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)。但 another +數(shù)字+ 復(fù)數(shù)名詞= 數(shù)字+ more +復(fù)數(shù)名詞,表示“另外幾個……”Would you like another apple ?I have two brothers. One is a teacher , the other is a worker .Some are cleaning the classroom , and others are sweeping the window .There are 20 teachers in our school . Eight of them are men teachers, and the others are women teachers.8.復(fù)合不定代詞①復(fù)合不定代詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 Everything begins to grow in spring.②形容詞修飾不定代詞時, 形容詞放在不定代詞之后。Is there something interesting in today’s newspaper?③動詞不定式修飾不定代詞時, 動詞不定式放在不定代詞之后。I want something to eat.④any ,anything ,anyone, anybody 也可用于肯定句中,表示任何……/任何物/任何人He could mimic anybody 他可以模仿任何人。考點四 數(shù)詞的用法基數(shù)詞:表示人或事物數(shù)量多少的詞序數(shù)詞:表示人或事物順序的詞一、基數(shù)詞1.基數(shù)詞是表示數(shù)目的詞,一般可寫為 245 或者 two hundred and forty-five2.基數(shù)詞一般是單數(shù)形式,但遇下列情況,常用復(fù)數(shù):①與of連用,表示概數(shù)a hundred people 100個人hundreds of people 好幾百人②在一些習(xí)慣用法/固定搭配中The students arrived in twos and threes. 學(xué)生們?nèi)齼蓛傻牡搅恕?div style="height:15px;">
③in one's + 整十的基數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù)形式,表示在某人...多歲時in one's 40s 在某人四十歲的時候④表示“年代”in the 1930s 在20世紀(jì)三十年代...⑤名詞(首字母要大寫) + 基數(shù)詞 = the +序數(shù)詞 +名詞Lesson One = the first lesson注:有些編號,一般僅用第一種表達(dá)法。 Room 101 101號房間⑥數(shù)詞前加every ,表示每……/每隔……every ten days = every ninth day 每十天(每隔九天)注:every +基數(shù)詞 +復(fù)數(shù)名詞 = every + (序數(shù)詞-1) +單數(shù)名詞二、序數(shù)詞1.基數(shù)詞變序數(shù)詞【口訣】基變序,有規(guī)律,詞尾要加th。一二三,特殊記,詞尾分別tdd(first second third )八去t ,九去e,ve要用f替。ty變作tie,再加th莫忘記。若遇幾十幾,只變個位就可以。2.序數(shù)詞前一般加定冠詞the,但序數(shù)詞前與不定冠詞a /an 連用時,表示 “又一,再一”。You’ve done it three times .Why not try a fourth time ?3.當(dāng)序數(shù)詞前有人稱代詞時, 用零冠詞That reminds me of my first dog.三、分?jǐn)?shù)1.結(jié)構(gòu): a)分子用基數(shù)詞,分母用序數(shù)詞b)當(dāng)分子大于1時,分母加復(fù)數(shù)詞尾 3/4--- three fourths2.分?jǐn)?shù)詞的幾種特殊形式:1/2—a half/one half1/3—one third = a third1/4—one fourth = a quarter3/4—three fourths = three quarters3.分?jǐn)?shù)詞作主語時, 謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式根據(jù)分?jǐn)?shù)詞后面的名詞來確定。Two fifths of the milk has been drunk by Tom.One third of the students are girls.四、倍數(shù)倍數(shù)的四種表達(dá)方法:1.倍數(shù)/分?jǐn)?shù) + as + adj. +as2.倍數(shù)/分?jǐn)?shù) + the size(weight, amount...) + of3.倍數(shù)/分?jǐn)?shù) + adj.比較級 + than4. by + 倍數(shù)考點五 介詞的用法一、介詞at/ in /on1.表示時間:1)at表示某一具體時間點,某一時刻/ 年齡at six o’clock at noon at that time at the moment at the age of... at night2) in表示時間段, 一天的三個時間段以及月份/年/季節(jié)/世紀(jì)/人生的某個時期(某人幾十歲時)in the morning/afternoon/evening in spring in 2007 in March in the 21st century in his fifties3)on表示星期幾/某一具體的日子/具體某天的上午/下午/晚上,表示一天中的三個時間段名詞前有修飾語或后有修飾語時On Monday on New Year’s Day on Sunday morning on a rainy night on the evening of April 1st ,20072.表示地點:1)at 一般指較小的地點或較具體的位置at the station at the cinema2)in 表示在較大的地點或一個有限空間里 in China in the classroom3)on 指在某物體的表面上 on the desk二、介詞in /on / to 表方位1.in表示A地在B地范圍之內(nèi)(包含關(guān)系) Tanwan is in the southeast of China.2.on表示A,B地接壤(外切關(guān)系) Hubei is on the north of Hunan.3.to表示A,B兩地有一定的間距(外離關(guān)系) Japan is to the east of China.三、between / among 在……之間1.between指兩者之間,“在…….之間”2.among用于三者或三者以上人或物之間,“在……之中”You sit between him and me.The song is popular among the students.四、after / in 在……之后1. after1)after+時間段,表示從過去的某個時間點算起一段時間后,與過去時連用He came back home after three years. 他三年后回到家里。2)after+未來時間點,表示在未來的某個時間點后,與將來時連用I'll ring you up after two o'clock.兩點以后我給你打電話。3)after 作介詞,after doing sth2.in+一段時間,表示說話時或以現(xiàn)在為起點的將來一段時間之后,用于將來時He came back after two days.He will go home after finishing his homeworkHe will come back in two days.五、with / in / by 表示 “用……”1.with 表示 “用…” 一般指有形的工具 / 手段 / 人體器官He cut the apple into halves with a knife.注:with 還可以表伴隨,表示“帶有,含有” He came in with a big smile on his face .2.in表示用某種語言,方式,途徑,或書寫/繪畫所用的材料,也可表交通方式Can you say it in English ?He wrote a letter in blue ink.3.by表示乘坐交通工具,表示方式,方法I study for a test by working with a group .He makes a living by selling newspapers.She usually goes to work by bike.六、across / through / over / by 經(jīng)過1.across 指橫穿,穿過,表示動作從某一物體表面上經(jīng)過2.through 指穿過,透過,表示從某一物體空間內(nèi)通過3.over 表示從某人或某物的上空經(jīng)過或越過,不與表面接觸4.by 表示從某人/某物的旁邊經(jīng)過Can you swim across the river ?The elephant is so big that it can’t go through the gate .I don’t think anyone can jump over the fence.I walked by the Bank of China yesterday.七、in front of / in the front of “在……前面”1.in the front of 表示在…….內(nèi)部的前面2.in front of 表示在……外部的前面There is a desk in the front of our classroom.There is a big tree in front of our classroom.八、其它介詞的用法1.at的其它用法1)表示”從事或正在做某事”,其后加的名詞往往不加冠詞.She is at work now = She is working now .2)at表示”處于……價格/速度”The train ran at 120 kilometres an hour.2.in的其它用法1)in表示”在……方面”,詞組:do well in = be good at be weak in2)in 表示“穿著”,后接表顏色的詞或衣服 詞組: be in +衣服 = be wearing +衣服3.like 的用法:1)像/和……一樣,常與系動詞連用 詞組: look like sound like2)與what 連用,“是什么樣子,怎樣” What is he like ? He is kind .4.off的用法:1)從……下來, 脫離某物體 詞組: fall off2)“休假”,通常放在時間名詞之后 詞組:have +時間+ off It's marvellous to have a day off.5.except / besides的用法:1)except 表示“除了…….之外,都……”, 不包括在范圍之內(nèi)2)besides表示“除了……之外,還有…… ”,包括在范圍之內(nèi)We all went swimming except Lucy. 除了露西,我們都去游泳了。We study Japanese and French besides English. 除英語外,我們還學(xué)習(xí)日語和法語。6.with / without 的用法:1)with具有,含有 -----反義詞: without 沒有詞組:with the help of = with one’s help =because of = thanks towithout one’s help2)without 的用法①without + sb./ sth. 沒有某人或某物②without + doing sth. He left here without saying Goodbye to us③without sth 常用于if 引導(dǎo)的否定的條件句.If there is no water , we can’t live .= We can’t live without water.7.since / for的用法:①since : a).since +時間點 b). 現(xiàn)在完成時+ since +一般過去時 c).since +一段時間+ ago.②for: for +一段時間= since +一段時間+ ago8.be made +介詞的區(qū)別:be made of 由…制成 (看得見原材料)be made from由…制成 (看不見原材料)be made in +地點 由哪兒生產(chǎn)be made by sb. 由某人制造9.表示 “數(shù)量的介詞” about , round,around,over①about,round around表示“大約……”②over 表示“超過”= more than10. inside / outside的用法inside 在……里面 ------反義詞:outside在….外面九、不用介詞的情況1)當(dāng)時間狀為: tonight, today, yesterday, tomorrow 等時,不用介詞What are you going to do tonight ?2)含有this, that, these, those, last, next, every, each等時間狀語時,不用介詞He went to Wuhan last week .3)以all 開頭的時間狀語前面不用介詞. He has worked all day .4)以some ,any, one 等構(gòu)成的時間狀語前不用介詞.He met a bad man one cold morning .= He met a bad man on a cold morning .考點六 連詞的用法一、并列連詞并列連詞用來連接平行的詞、詞組或從句。常見的連詞有:and ,but ,or ,so ,both…and , either…or ,neither…nor , not only… but also 等。1.and①and 表示 “和、且”,在肯定句中連接并列的成分。 He is laughing and talking .②祈使句+ and …… , 表示“那么”之意。= If……Study hard , and you will succeed. = If you study hard , you will succeed.2.but 表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞,意為“但是” He is poor, but honest .3.or①or 有 “或”的意思,表示一種選擇 Would you like tea or water ?②祈使句 + or … 表示“否則”之意。= If …not …, ……. .Study hard , or you will fail. =If you don’t study hard , you will fail .③or 用在否定句中表示并列關(guān)系。 He can’t read or write .4.both①both表示“兩者都……”,后面的名詞、動詞都用復(fù)數(shù)。Both the answers are right .②both of ….Both of us are students . 我們兩個都是學(xué)生。③both …and…Both you and she are right. 你和她都是對的。5.either/ either …or①either 表示“兩者當(dāng)中任何一個”,后有of 時接名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,無of時接單數(shù)名詞,動詞用單數(shù)形式。You may wear either of the hats.②either …or… “不是……就是……, 或者……或者……”,動詞與臨近的主語保持一致。即 “就近原則”。Either you or he has to go = Either he or you have to go .6.neither /neither …nor…①neither 表示“兩者都不”,后有of 時接名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,無of時接單數(shù)名詞,動詞用單數(shù)形式。 Neither of the answers is right .②neither….nor…表示“既不…….也不……”,動詞與臨近的主語保持一致,即 “就近原則Neither you nor I am right .= Neither I nor you are right .二、從屬連詞從屬連詞是引導(dǎo)從句的連詞。1.引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連詞①that 連接由陳述句轉(zhuǎn)變而來的賓語從句。②who,whom,what,which,whose,when,where,why,how連接由特殊疑問句轉(zhuǎn)變而來的賓語從句。③if/ whether 連接由一般疑問句轉(zhuǎn)變而來的賓語從句。2.引導(dǎo)狀語從句的連詞· 引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as等。· 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的because, as, since等。· 引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的if, unless等。· 引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句的where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere等。· 引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的so that, in order that等。· 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的so that, so…that, such…that等。· 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的though, although, even if等。· 引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句的than, as…as等。· 引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句的as, as if/though等。· 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的that, if , whether等。3.不能同時出現(xiàn)在一個句子中的連詞。①because ,so 不能同時出現(xiàn)在一個句子里,只用其中之一。②though /although ,but不能同時出現(xiàn)在一個句子里,只用其中之一。但though 可以與yet,still 同時出現(xiàn)在一個句子中。考點七 形容詞的用法一、以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞1.大部分形容詞加-ly可構(gòu)成副詞。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍為形容詞。2.有些以-ly 結(jié)尾既為形容詞,也為副詞。 daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,earlyThe Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily.二、用形容詞表示類別和整體1.某些形容詞加上定冠詞可泛指一類人,謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry。———— The poor are losing hope.2.有關(guān)國家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個民族的整體,與動詞復(fù)數(shù)連用。the British,the English,the French,the Chinese. ————The English have wonderful sense of humor.三、多個形容詞修飾名詞的順序多個形容詞修飾名詞時,順序:限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小,長短,形狀,新舊,顏色) --出處--材料性質(zhì),類別)a small round tablea dirty old brown shirtan expensive Japanese sports car四、形容詞變副詞方式1.在形容詞詞尾直接加-ly,構(gòu)成副詞。如: usual-usually, bad-badly等。[注]:不是所有以-ly結(jié)尾的單詞都是副詞,某些名詞后加-ly可以轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞。如:sisterly, brotherly, friendly, comradely, lovely等。2.以“輔音 字母+ y”結(jié)尾的單詞,變y為i,再加-ly,如:heavy-heavily, happy-happily等 ,并且要注意這些單詞的變化:polite-politely, true-truly, terrible-terribly等。五、形容詞的同級比較① as + 原級adj. + as 和……一樣Tom is as tall as his brother. 湯姆和他哥哥一樣高。② not as/so + 原級adj. + as 不如……My English is not as/so good as his. 我的英語不如他的好。六、形容詞的比較級① 比較級+than... 比……更This road is wider than that one. 這條路比那條路寬。This computer is less expensive than mine. 這臺電腦比我的便宜。② the + 比較級,the + 比較級 越……,就越……The higher the ground is, the thinner the air becomes. 海拔越高,空氣就越稀薄。③ 比較級+and +比較級 越來越……Our country is getting stronger and stronger. 我們的國家越來越強大了。【注意】①避免雙重比較。在比較級前不能再加more,加more就屬于雙重比較。This road is more wider than that one. (×)This road is wider than that one. (√)②相比較的前后兩部分必須是同類比較My pencil is longer than you. (×)My pencil is longer than yours. (√)③比較要符合邏輯,要避免與自身相比Tom is taller than any boy in his class. (×)Tom is taller than any other boy(或all the other boys/anybody else/any of the other boys )in his class. (√)在比較中,要注意把相比的主語和賓語排除出來,避免與自身相比。誤句中的“any boy”(任何一個男孩)包括了湯姆,湯姆不能比他本身還高,不符合邏輯。④有些含有比較級的句子里,常用that(單數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞)、those (復(fù)數(shù)名詞)代替前面提到的詞,以避免重復(fù)。The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Guangzhou in winter .The boys in our class are more than those in your class .⑤注意比較級前表示程度可用的修飾語和不可用的修飾語——比較級前可用修飾語:much,a lot,far(.....得多),a little,a bit(一點),still(仍然),even(甚至),two times(兩倍),以及具體的數(shù)詞,如:two years等修飾。但是不可以用very和many來修飾。He is very taller than his brother. (×)He is much taller than his brother. (√)七、形容詞的最高級1.基本用法用于三者或三者以上的比較時,表示“最……”的要用最高級形容詞。形容詞的最高級前面要加定冠詞the,后面常有一個in/of短語來表示比較范圍。I am the tallest in our class. 我是班里個子最高的。My movements are the most graceful of us three. 三個人中我的動作是最優(yōu)雅的.2.慣用句型①the +序數(shù)詞+形容詞的最高級+單數(shù)名詞The Yellow River is the second longest river in China .②one of + the +形容詞的最高級+復(fù)數(shù)名詞He is one of the cleverest students in our class.八、形容詞原級與比較級、最高級的轉(zhuǎn)換1.原級與比較級的轉(zhuǎn)換倍數(shù)+ as …as → (倍數(shù)-1)+比較級+thanThis room is five times as big as that one=This room is four times bigger than that one .2.比較級與最高級的轉(zhuǎn)換①the +最高級+ of / in...②比較級+than+any other +單數(shù)名詞+the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+anyone else+any of the other+復(fù)名③Nobody else + 比較級 + than ……Tom is the tallest boy in our class .Tom is taller than any other boy in our class.Tom is taller than the other boys in our class.Nobody else is taller than Tom in our class.考點八 副詞的用法一、副詞的分類1.時間副詞——表示時間,如:now現(xiàn)在 ;today今天; soon很快; ago以前2.地點副詞——表示地點,如:there那里; here這里; out在外邊; up在上邊3.方式副詞——描述動作發(fā)生的方式,如:slowly緩慢地; quickly迅速地; carefully細(xì)心地4.程度副詞——描述行為、動作或狀態(tài)的程度,如:too太; really的確; quite相當(dāng)5.頻度副詞——表示一定時間內(nèi)動作發(fā)生的次數(shù),如:always總是;sometimes有時6.疑問副詞——用來引出特殊疑問句,如: why為什么; where在哪里; when什么時候7.關(guān)系副詞——用來引導(dǎo)定語從句,如:where,when,why8.連接副詞——用來連接句子或從句,如:therefore因此,however但是;用來引導(dǎo)名詞性從句或者和動詞不定式連用,如when, why, where, how二、副詞的基本用法1.副詞用來修飾形容詞、其他副詞,一般放在被修飾詞之前。He plays the piano very well .2.副詞用來修飾動詞,常放在動詞之后。 He got up quickly.3.enough 修飾adj /adv 時,放在其后. He is old enough to go to school .三、常見副詞用法辨析1.already與yet的區(qū)別already用于肯定句句中,表示“已經(jīng)”;yet用于否定句句末,表示“還”,用于疑問句句末,表示“已經(jīng)”He had already left when I called.Have you found your ruler yet?2. very,much和very much的區(qū)別very用于修飾形容詞或副詞的原級;much用于修飾形容詞或副詞的比較級;修飾動詞要用very much。John is very honest.This garden is much bigger than that one.Thank you very much.3.so與such的區(qū)別①so修飾形容詞或副詞;such 修飾名詞。My brother runs so fast that I can’t follow him.He is such a boy.②so+形容詞+a/an+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),such+a/an+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)such+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞He is so clever a boy.=He is such a clever boy.It is such cold weather.They are such good students.③名詞前有many ,much, few ,little (少量的) 用so 不用such .(多多少少仍用so), 但little 表示 “小的”時用suchThere are so little sheep on the hill.4.also,too,as well與either 的區(qū)別also,as well,too,用于肯定句,also常用于be動詞、情態(tài)動詞、助動詞之后,行為動詞之前;as well,too用于句末;either用于否定句中,置于句末。My father is a teacher. My mother is also a teacher.=My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher, too.=My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher as well.I can’t speak French. Jenny can’t speak French either.5.sometime,sometimes,some time與some times的區(qū)別sometime:表示將來的或過去的某一個不確定的時間。sometimes:有時,不時= at timessome time:一段時間some times:幾次,幾倍We’ll have a test some time next month.Sometimes we are busy and sometimes we are not.He stayed in Beijing for some time last year.I have been to Beijing some times.6.ago與before的區(qū)別ago表示以現(xiàn)在為起點的“以前”,常與一般過去時連用,不可以單獨使用。 before指過去或?qū)淼哪硶r刻“以前”,也可泛指以前,常和完成時連用,可以單獨使用。I saw him ten minutes agoHe told me that he had seen the film before.7.now,just與just now的區(qū)別now與一般現(xiàn)在時、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時、現(xiàn)在完成時連用,意為“現(xiàn)在”just與現(xiàn)在完成時連用,表示“剛……”just now:和過去時連用,表示“剛才”Where does he live now?We have just seen the film.He was here just now.8.lonely / alone 的區(qū)別1)alone 獨自一人/沒有同伴, 既可作adj 也可作adv.2)lonely 表示孤獨、寂寞,也可修飾地點,表示荒涼、偏僻的,常與feel 連用。3)alone 只作表語 (以a開頭的形容詞一般只作表語,不作定語),而lonely 既可作表語,也可作定語)He lives alone on a lonely island .He is alone ,but he doesn’t feel lonely.四、副詞的同級比較1.as+原級副詞+as,表示前后兩者情況一樣You walk as fast as he does.你和他走路一樣快。2.not as/so+原級副詞+as,表示前者不如后者He can't use the computer so/as well as you. 他用電腦沒有你用得好。五、副詞的比較級① 比較級+than... 比……更He swims better than I do. 他游泳游得比我好。② the + 比較級,the + 比較級 越……,就越……The harder you work, the better you’ll learn. 你學(xué)的越用功,你就會學(xué)得越好。③ more and more... 越來越……She plays the piano more and more beautifully. 她鋼琴彈得越來越好聽了。六、副詞的最高級同形容詞最高級用法基本一致——(the) + 副詞最高級 + (in/of/among)He studies (the) hardest of the three boys. 他是這三個男孩中學(xué)習(xí)最用功的。She lives (the) nearest to the school. 她離學(xué)校住的最近。考點九 動詞的時態(tài)一、一般現(xiàn)在時1.概念:經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或行為及現(xiàn)在的某種狀況。也可表示客觀規(guī)律以及在時間、條件狀語從句中表將來時(主將從現(xiàn))2.時間狀語:always, usually, often, sometimes, every week/day/year/month…, once a week, on Sundays,3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):①be動詞:am/is/are ②行為動詞:動詞原形、第三人稱單數(shù)。4.否定形式:①am/is/are+not; ② don’t /doesn’t +動詞原形+……5.一般疑問句:①把be動詞放于句首;② Do/Does +…+動詞原形+…?二、一般過去時1.概念: 過去某個時間里發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài);過去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動作、行為。2.時間狀語:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month...),in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time,...3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):①be動詞;was/were …②行為動詞 :動詞的過去式4.否定形式:①was/were+not; ② didn’t +動詞原形5.一般疑問句: ①was或were放于句首;② Did +…+動詞原形……?三、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時1.概念: 表示現(xiàn)階段或說話時正在進(jìn)行的動作及行為。2.時間狀語: now, at this time, these days, look/listen ,can you see? Can’t you see ?之類的暗示語。3.基本結(jié)構(gòu): am/is/are+doing4.否定形式: am/is/are+not+doing.5.一般疑問句: Is /Are …+doing sth ?四、過去進(jìn)行時1.概念: 表示過去某段時間或某一時刻正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的行為或動作。2.時間狀語: at this/that time yesterday, at that time ,at six, yesterday evening ,from eight o’clock to nine o’clock last night 或以when/while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語(過去進(jìn)行時+when+一般過去時/ 一般過去時+while +過去進(jìn)行時/過去進(jìn)行時+while +過去進(jìn)行時)。3.基本結(jié)構(gòu): was/were+doing4.否定形式: was/were + not + doing.5.一般疑問句: 把was或were放于句首。五、現(xiàn)在完成時1.概念: 過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,或從過去已經(jīng)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。2.時間狀語: recently, lately, since..., for..., in the past few years, already, yet ,never ,ever, just, before, so far ,once, twice etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu): have/has + done4.否定形式: have/has + not +done5.一般疑問句: 把have或has放于句首。7.注意①have been to /have gone to /have been in 的區(qū)別have been to +地點 表示曾經(jīng)去過某地,現(xiàn)人已返回。have gone to +地點 表示人已去了某地,人還未返回。have been in +地點 表示在某地呆多長時間。②與時間段連用時,短暫性動詞應(yīng)改為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞。I have left school for 20 years. (×)I have been away from school for 20 years. (√)③慣用句型:A)主語+短暫性動詞的過去式+ 時間+agoB)主語+have/has +延續(xù)性動詞的過去分詞+for…./since …. ago .C).It’s/It has been +時間段+since +短暫性動詞的過去式D).時間段+has passed +since +短暫性動詞的過去式His grandfather died two years ago .His grandfather has been dead for two years/since 2017.It’s/It has been two years since his grandfather died.Two years has passed since his grandfather died.④現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時是與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的時態(tài),側(cè)重于過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響。而一般過去時側(cè)重于表示過去的動作與現(xiàn)在無關(guān),若詢問該動作發(fā)生的具體的時間時,只能用一般現(xiàn)在時。Has he returned the library book ? Yes, he has.When did he return it ?He returned it yesterday afternoon.六、過去完成時1.概念: 以過去某個時間為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在此以前發(fā)生的動作或行為,或在過去某動作之前完成的行為,即“過去的過去”。2.時間狀語:①before+過去時間,by+ 過去時間by the end of last year(term, month?)②by the time +從句(一般過去時),主句(過去完成時)③用于由when ,after , before 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中,前后兩動作都發(fā)生在過去。過去完成時+when/before +一般過去時一般過去時+after +過去完成時④用于賓語從句中。3.基本結(jié)構(gòu): had + done4.否定形式: had + not + done5.一般疑問句: 把had放于句首。七、一般將來時1.概念: 表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事。2.時間狀語: tomorrow, next day(week, month, year ) ,soon, in+一段時間, by..., the day after tomorrow, this evening ,tonight3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):①shall/will + 動詞原型②be going to + 動詞原型③be to + 動詞原型④be on the point of/be about to表示”正要做某事”,不與時間狀語連用,但可和when從句連用4.【慣用句型】祈使句/短語+and/or+主語+willWork hard and you will succeed.Work hard or you will fail.考點十 動詞的語態(tài)一、語態(tài)的概念語態(tài)是指特殊的動詞形式,用以表示動作的主語和賓語之間的關(guān)系。英語的語態(tài)有兩種:主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)(Active Voice)中主語是動作的執(zhí)行者,被動語態(tài)(Passive Voice中主語是動作的承受者。主動語態(tài):Many people speak English.被動語態(tài):English is spoken by many people.二、被動語態(tài)的用法1. 不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者或沒有必要。 The house was built in 1950.2. 需要強調(diào)動作的承受者。如果同時將動作的發(fā)出者表達(dá)出來,可以在發(fā)出者前面加上by。He was awarded first prize in that contest.He was brought up by his grandmother.3. 為了使語氣婉轉(zhuǎn),避免提到是誰做的這件事。Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.三、被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式1)一般現(xiàn)在時am/is/are +done2)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 am/is /are being done3)現(xiàn)在完成時has /have been done4)一般過去時was/were done5)過去進(jìn)行時was/were being done6)過去完成時had been done7)一般將來時 will/shall be done四、主動形式表示被動意義的情況1.表示事物自然屬性時,用實義動詞(主動形式)+副詞(有時不加),表示被動意義。如:The pen writes well. 這支筆很好寫。The magazine sells well. 這本雜志很好賣。2.實義動詞need, want, require, deserve, demand后接doing形式,可表示to be done的含義,如:The house needs repairing. = The house needs to be repaired.3.某些連系動詞使用主動語態(tài)而表示被動的含義,如:Einstein's theory proved to be correct.Good?medicine?tastes?bitter.4.blame和let的不定式作表語時,可用主動語態(tài)表示被動意義He was to blame for their deaths. 他要為他們的死負(fù)責(zé)。The house is to let. 此房出租。5.動詞不定式的主動表被動:①當(dāng)不定式與它修飾的詞之間為動賓關(guān)系,并且與句子的主語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時,用主動形式表被動含義,如:We have many problems to solve.② sb/sth + be + adj. + 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中,若句子的主語是不定式的邏輯賓語,可用不定式的主動表示被動意義,如:Some problems are not easy to solve.6.在too…to…及enough to...結(jié)構(gòu)中有時表示被動意義。The problem is too difficult to solve.五、 It is said that+從句及其他類似句型一些表示“據(jù)說”或“相信”的動詞如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It+be+過去分詞+that從句”或“主語+be+過去分詞+to do sth.”。如:It is said that… 據(jù)說It is reported that…據(jù)報道It is believed that…大家相信It is hoped that…大家希望It is well known that…眾所周知It is thought that…大家認(rèn)為It is suggested that…據(jù)建議It is taken granted that… 被視為當(dāng)然It has been decided that… 大家決定It must be remember that…務(wù)必記住的是六、省略to 的不定式作賓補的被動語態(tài)make/let/have/see/hear/feel/watch/make sb do sth →sb + be +made +to do sth【口訣】感使動詞真叫怪,to來to去記心懷,主動語態(tài)to離去,被動語態(tài)to回來。The boss made the workers work all day.The workers were made to work all day by the boss.考點十一 情態(tài)動詞一、情態(tài)動詞的用法1. can 用法①表示能力,與be able to同義,但can只用于現(xiàn)在時和過去時,be able to可用于各種時態(tài)。I can do it on myself.注:Can you … ? Yes, I can / No,I can’t.②表示允許、請求,用could比can 語氣更加委婉客氣,常用于could I /you …..?句型中,若表示同意時,用can回答而不用could。Could I borrow the book ? Yes, you can. /No, you can’t .③表示推測,意為“可能”,常用于否定句或疑問句中(can’t表示一定不是)Can it be true ? 會是真的嗎?It can’t be true. 不可能是真的。2. may 用法①表示許可或征求對方的許可(=can),常與第一人稱連用。May I ….?Yes, you may. /Yes, please.No, you can’t / mustn’t .②表推測,意為“可能、也許”。常用于肯定句中。Maybe he knows the news .= He may know the news.3. must用法①表示義務(wù),意為“必須”(主觀意志)。 We must do everything step by step.Must I ….?Yes, you must / No, you needn’t(don’t have to ).②mustn’t 表禁止、不允許。 You mustn’t talk to her like that.③表示推測,意為“想必、準(zhǔn)是、一定”等,只用于肯定句。否定、疑問句中must改為can。He must be ill. He looks so pale.She’s wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money.4.need用法need既可用作情態(tài)動詞,也可用作實義動詞。用作情態(tài)動詞時,主要否定句或疑問句中。用作實義動詞時,可用于各種句式。①用作情態(tài)動詞,用于否定句和疑問句中。■ Need I ….? Yes , you must / No, you needn’t .■ need + do sth . 變否定句:needn’t do sth 變疑問句:Need sb do sth ?②用作實義動詞■ need + to do sth . We need to buy some school things.變否定句:don’t /doesn’t /didn’t +need to do sth.變疑問句:Do / Does /Did sb + need to sth ?Yes , … do/ does / didNo, sb don’t / doesn’t /didn’t .■ 當(dāng)主語是物時,sth + need + doing sth = sth +need to be done .The table needs painting . =The table needs to be repaired.5.had better 用法①had better + 動詞原形 = It’s best to do sth . 最好做某事②had better not +動詞原形 最好不要做某事We had better not play the computer games .6.must 與have to用法①一般情況下,兩者可互換。 must = have to②must “必須,應(yīng)該”表示說話人的主觀看法,即說話人認(rèn)為必須干某事。(內(nèi)在原因; have to 意為“必須,不得不”,強調(diào)客觀需要,即外界因素迫使某人不得不干某事。(外界原因)。7. shall用法①shall用于第一、第三人稱構(gòu)成的疑問句,表示征求對方意見或請求指示Shall we begin our lesson?②shall用于第二、第三人稱陳述句中,表示說話人給對方的命令、警告、允諾、威脅、規(guī)定、必然性。He shall be punished.(威脅)All payments shall be made in cash. (規(guī)定)8.should用法①表示責(zé)任或義務(wù),意為“應(yīng)該”、“應(yīng)當(dāng)”,這時它可以和 ought to, be supposed to互換使用。You should(= ought to)tell your mother about it at once.②表示有較大可能實現(xiàn)的猜測、推論,通常譯為“可能”They should be home by now, I think.③用在 suggest,propose, arrange, plan, decide, advise, order, demand, request, desire, insist 等表示“建議”、“要求”、“命令”、“決定”、“安排”、“計劃”、“主張”的動詞后面接的賓語從句中,要使用虛擬語氣,謂語動詞形式為(should)do,這里的 should 也可以省略。I suggest that you (should )have enough rest before the exam.9.ought to用法①表示勸告或建議,意為“應(yīng)該”=should。如:You ought to be stricter with him.②表示推測,意為“可能……”,“應(yīng)該……”。He ought to be home by now.二、情態(tài)動詞后跟完成式的用法1.can / could + have done在肯定句中表示“本來可以做而實際上沒有做某事”,是虛擬語氣;在疑問句或否定句中表示對過去行為的懷疑或不肯定, 表示推測。You could have done better, but you didn’t try your best.He can’t have been to that town.Can he have got the book?2.may / might + have done表示對過去行為的推測。不能用于疑問句中,沒有虛擬語氣的用法。might所表示的可能性比may小。He may not have finished the work .3.must + have done用于肯定句中,表示對過去行為的推測。意為“一定、想必”。其疑問、否定形式用can,can’t代替。You must have seen the film Titanic.He must have been to Shanghai.4.should + have done①用于肯定句中,表示對過去行為的推測。He should have finished the work by now。②表示“本應(yīng)該做而實際上沒有做某事”,其否定式表示某種行為本不該發(fā)生卻發(fā)生了。可以與ought to + have done互換。You ought to / should have helped him. (but you didn’t.)She shouldn’t have taken away my measuring tape, for I wanted to use it.5.need +have done表示“本需要做而實際上沒有做某事”,其否定式表示“本來不必做而實際上做了某事”。You needn’t have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.考點十二 非謂語動詞一、動詞不定式1.動詞不定式作賓語①在動詞want ,hope,would like,decide,wish, choose,try ,need等后常用動詞不定式作賓語。I hope to hear from you soon .②【慣用句式】think/find /feel /make it + adj + to do sthHe found it difficult to get to sleep.③stop to do sth / stop doing sthstop to do sth 停下來去做某事stop doing sth 停止正在做的事After working for a long time , He has to stop to have a rest .He was very tired , so he had to stop working.2.動詞不定式作賓補①帶to的不定式作賓補的動詞有:ask / like /would like /teach /tell /want /help +sb +to do sthPlease ask him to come quickly.②省掉to的不定式作賓補的動詞有:let /make / hear /see /notice /have/watch+sb +do sth【注意】省掉to的不定式的句子變被動語態(tài)時,需要還原to .He made the baby stop crying .The baby was made to stop crying.3.動詞不定式作主語①動詞不定式用作句子的主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。②常用it作形式主語,而將不定式放在句子后面。To do sth +謂語動詞+adj /n = It +謂語動詞+adj / n + to do sthTo get an injection is a little painful .It is a little painful to get an injection4.動詞不定式作定語動詞不定式作定語放在被修飾詞之后 Please give me something to drink.【注意】若構(gòu)成的不定式的動詞為不及物動詞時,其后加上相應(yīng)的介詞。I want a pen to write with.5.動詞不定式與疑問詞連用——疑問詞+ to do sth在賓語從句中,若主從句的主語一致時,賓語從句可簡化為“疑問詞+to do sthCan you tell me how I can get to the hospital ?Can you tell me how to get to the hospital.6.動詞不定式作狀語①動詞不定式可作目的狀語He came here to get his book.②動詞不定式可作原因狀語表語形容詞(sorry/sad/happy/ glad /afraid/ pleased)后與動詞不定式連用作原因狀語He was glad to see his wife.③動詞不定式可作結(jié)果狀語He returned home to find his father dead.7.動詞不定式作表語 be + to do sth注:動詞不定式作表語可以和主語的位置互換,且常表將來。Her wish is to become a doctor . =To become a doctor is her wish .8.動詞不定式的否定形式在動詞不定式的前面加not .He told me not to stay here .二、動名詞1.動名詞作主語動名詞可以在句中作主語,謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)。Playing with fire is dangerous.2.動名詞作表語動名詞可以在句中作表語,此時的動名詞可以和主語調(diào)換位置。My hobby is collecting stamps. = Collecting stamps is my hobby.3.動名詞作定語動名詞作定語,一般表示用途。There are a lot of swimming pools in the city.4.動名詞作賓語I enjoy listening to music.He is fond of playing basketball.【注意】need, want, require, deserve,demand作“需要”講時,其后用動名詞的主動式表示被動意義。The flowers need watering/to be watered.5.動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)動名詞前可以加一個物主代詞或名詞所有格來表示這個動名詞邏輯上的主語 ,構(gòu)成動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。Nixon's visiting China marked a new year between U.S. and China diplomatic relations.I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.三、現(xiàn)在分詞1.現(xiàn)在分詞作定語現(xiàn)在分詞作定語常放在被修飾詞之前,現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語要放在被修飾詞的后面,相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。A sleeping baby = a baby who is sleepingDid you know the man talking to Mr Li?= Did you know the man who was talking to Mr Li?2.現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時,可作時間、條件、結(jié)果、原因和伴隨狀語,表示正在進(jìn)行的或主動的動作,此時分詞的邏輯主語就是主句的主語。Seeing the police, he made a run for the exit.He came into the classroom ,carrying a book.3.現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補賓語與作賓補的現(xiàn)在分詞之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,即賓語是現(xiàn)在分詞動作的發(fā)出者Soon they could see the sun rising from the east.4.現(xiàn)在分詞作表語現(xiàn)在分詞作表語多表示主語的特征, 如amusing, interesting, puzzling, refreshing, astonishing, exciting 等The story is quite interesting. 這個故事很有趣。四、過去分詞1.過去分詞作表語過去分詞作表語已經(jīng)形容詞化The window is broken.2.過去分詞作定語單一的過去分詞作定語,要放在被修飾詞的前面;過去分詞短語作定語要放在被修飾詞的后面,相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。fallen leavesHave you ever read any books written by Luxun?=Have you ever read any books that were written by Luxun?3.過去分詞作狀語過去分詞作狀語時,可作時間、條件、原因和伴隨狀語,表示被動的和完成的動作。此時分詞的邏輯主語就是主句的主語。Given more time, we would certainly have finished the job much better.The professor sat there,surrounded by a lot of students.4.過去分詞的作賓補賓語與作賓補的過去分詞之間存在邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系,即賓語是過去分詞動作的承受者He got his tooth pulled out yesterday.第二部分 句法考點十三 主謂一致一、就近原則1.由并列結(jié)構(gòu)或連詞(either...or, neither...nor,not...but, not only...but also, or等)連接的并列主語,謂語動詞與較近的那個名詞或代詞保持一致。Neither his parents nor Tom is at home.2.在倒裝句和there be句型中,謂語動詞與后面的第一個主語保持一致。There is a book and some pens on the desk.There comes the bus.3.在定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞作主語,其謂語動詞應(yīng)與它所指代的先行詞保持一致。I know the man who is talking to my father.4.在強調(diào)句中,連接代詞又在句中作主語,這時它應(yīng)與被強調(diào)的主語保持一致。It is Mary’s brother who/that was injured in the car accident yesterday.二、意義一致原則1.當(dāng)主語與謂語動詞之間插入along with,with,as well as,together with, besides,except, but, including等短語時 ,謂語動詞與第一個主語保持一致。I along with my sister am going to Shanghai next month.2.由“what”引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作主語時,謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式。What I want to say is just “ Take care!”.3. “...+ (of) +名詞”作主語時,若“of”后的名詞為單數(shù)(不可數(shù)名詞),則謂語動詞用單數(shù),如果名詞為復(fù)數(shù),則謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。Most of the water here is clean.Half of the apples are red.4.詞組“a number of”作主語時,謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù);“the number of”作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。A number of ancient buildings were destroyed in the war.The number of the visitors has decreased this year.5.英語的集體名詞(family, public, group, team, class等詞),指代“整體”時為單數(shù);指代“其中的各成員”則為復(fù)數(shù)。My family was very poor when I was a little girl.My family are all looking forward for your coming.三、整體原則1.從句、不定式、動名詞等作主語時謂語動詞用單數(shù)。When to leave has not been decided.Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.2.如果兩個以上的名詞組成一個整體概念作主語時,謂語動詞須用單數(shù)。The novelist and poet is going to Europe next year.The novelist and the poet are going to Europe next year.3.表示時間、距離、金額、度量等詞語作主語時,通常被視作整體,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Ten minutes is enough.4.“the +姓氏名詞的復(fù)數(shù)”表示“一家人/….夫婦”,作主語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。The Blacks enjoy working in China.四、個體原則1. every +….and every +…..或each+…and each +…作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。Every man and every woman is busy at working.2.英語句中的each, either, neither等詞,作代詞充當(dāng)主語,修飾名詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Neither of us has been abroad.Neither answer is acceptable3. 由some, any every, no構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞(somebody,nobody,everything,anything等)作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Somebody is waiting for you at the school gate.4. 成雙成對出現(xiàn)的復(fù)數(shù)名詞(glasses,shoes,trousers,pants,gloves等)作主語時,通常謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù),但前面有a /the pair of;a /the suit of等詞語時,則謂語動詞要與量詞(pair, suit, piece )在單復(fù)數(shù)上保持一致。A piece of paper is on the desk.Two pieces of paper are on the desk.5.以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),卻表示單數(shù)意義(maths, physics, news …),謂語用單數(shù)。Maths is my favorite subject.6.“the +形容詞(old /young /rich /poor )”表示“一類人”,作主語時,謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。The young like listening to popular songs .考點十四 倒裝1.當(dāng)句首為副詞here ,there 且主語為名詞時,應(yīng)用完全倒裝。Here comes the bus !There goes the bell !2.only 修飾時間、地點、方式等狀語時,應(yīng)用部分倒裝。Only in this way can we solve the problem.Only when you told me did I know her name.【注意】如果 only 修飾的不是狀語,則句子不倒裝。Only Uncle Li knows how it happened.3.表示對前者的陳述也適用后者時,肯定倒裝用“ so + 助動詞/情態(tài)動詞 + sb”;前句是否定,而后面的人也不怎么樣時用“ neither / nor + 助動詞 / 情態(tài)動詞 + sb”。He can speak English, and so can I.If she doesn’t go there tomorrow,neither / nor will I.【注意】①“ so + 助動詞 / 情態(tài)動詞 + sb” 表示前者的主語和后者的主語的情況一樣,所談到的是兩個人,意為“...也是這樣”;②“ so + sb + 助動詞 / 情態(tài)動詞”表示前者和后者所指同一人時,說話者表示同意前者的觀點,意為“的確如此”。 — Li Lei likes sports. — So he does and so do I.4.由 not only...but also...引起的并列句,若將 not only 置于句首時,該分句應(yīng)部分倒裝, but also 引導(dǎo)的分句不倒裝。Not only did he give me some advice,but also he lent me some money.5.否定詞用于句首時,句子應(yīng)進(jìn)行部分倒裝。否定詞常用的有:Not until(直到…..才),No sooner….(than)(一…..就),Never/ Rarely/Seldom,Hardly/Scarcely,F(xiàn)ew/Little,At no time,Under no circumstances(決不),On no account (決不),In no way等。No sooner had I arrived school than it began to rain.Seldom does he talk to his desk-mate.6.as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句表“盡管”時,要將表語、狀語和動詞原形提到句首Young as he is, the team leader is very capable.Child as he was, he had to make a living.考點十五 強調(diào)英語中常見的用來表示強調(diào)的句型有以下幾種。1.It is / was + 被強調(diào)部分 + that/who + 其他成分I met him in the park this morning.→It was I who / that met him in the park this morning.(強調(diào)主語)→It was him that I met in the park this morning.(強調(diào)賓語)It was in the park that I met him this morning.(強調(diào)地點狀語)It was this morning that I met him in the park.(強調(diào)時間狀語)【注意 】①如果原句中謂語動詞使用的是現(xiàn)在范疇的時態(tài)(一般現(xiàn)在時/現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時/現(xiàn)在完成/現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時/一般將來時/將來進(jìn)行時/將來完成時等)用It is...that/who...。如果原句中謂語動詞為過去范疇的時態(tài)(一般過去時/過去進(jìn)行時/過去完成時/過去將來時等)則用It was...that/who...。It was Peter who / that got the first place in the final exam.It is not everyone who / that can pass the college entrance exam.②強調(diào)句型的一般疑問句只需把is / was提前,它的特殊疑問句只需在一般疑問句前加上疑問詞。如:Was it Smith who / that broke the window?Who was it that broke the window?③not...until...的強調(diào)句式當(dāng)被強調(diào)的是not...until...句型時,應(yīng)將not置于until之前,主句由否定句改為肯定句。如:We didn’t recognize her until she took off her glasses.→It was not until she took off her glasses that we recognized her.(注:Not until she took off her glasses did we recognize her. 此句為否定詞not位于句首, 句子要用部分倒裝)2.謂語動詞的強調(diào)It is / was...that/who...結(jié)構(gòu)不能強調(diào)謂語,如果需要強調(diào)謂語時,則用助動詞do / does / did + 動詞原形表示。 如:He did tell all that had happened to him.She does get up early every day.Mary, do come to my birthday party tonight.3.用形容詞very, only, single, such等來修飾名詞來表示強調(diào)This is the very book that I’m looking for.He is the only one of the students who passed the English test.Not a single spelling mistake did he make in the composition.4. 用倒裝句來強調(diào)以加強語氣Never shall I forget the day when Mr. Wang gave us the first lesson.So aloud did he speak that everyone could hear him clearly.考點十六 省略為了使講話和行文簡潔,句中某些成分有時可省略。 省略可分以下幾種情況:一、簡單句中的省略1.省略主語:祈使句中主語通常省略,其它省略主語多限于少數(shù)現(xiàn)成的說法。(I)Thank you for your help.(I) See you tomorrow.(It) Doesn’t matter.2.省略主謂語或主謂語的一部分。(There is) No smoking.(Is there) Anything wrong?Why (do you) not say hello to him?3.省略作賓語的不定式短語,只保留to。-Are you going there?-I’d like to (go there).4.省略表語。-Are you thirsty?-Yes, I am (thirsty).5.介詞的省略The old man had no difficulty (in ) finding his house.6.名詞所有格后面的名詞,如果是表示住宅,店鋪,教堂或者上下文已經(jīng)暗示或明確指出過的事物時常省略。At her sister’s (house), she spent a pleasant weekend.7.連詞的省略:not only… but (also)…, whether… (or not), so (that)8.情態(tài)動詞should的省略He suggested that I (should) go with him.二、并列句中的省略兩個并列分句中,后一個分句常省略與前一分句中相同的部分。My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school.三、主從復(fù)合句中的省略1.狀語從句中的省略狀語從句中,若從句的主語是it或與主句的主語相同,且在謂語中含有be時,常省略從句的主語和be。When (she is) young, she used to go fishing with her grandpa.While (you are) talking with Mr White, you are wanted on the telephone.2.定語從句中的省略①一般說來,在限制性定語從句中,作賓語的關(guān)系代詞 that ,which , whom 可以省略。Is this reason (that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?②當(dāng)先行詞為表示方式的 the way 時 ,從句不能用 how 來引導(dǎo) ,應(yīng)該用that 或 in which ,或?qū)⑺鼈內(nèi)渴÷浴?div style="height:15px;">
I don't like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.3.賓語從句中的省略①在及物動詞后面所接的賓語從句中,連詞that 一般可以省略;但如果及物動詞后面是由that引導(dǎo)的兩個或兩個以上的并列的賓語從句 ,那么只有第一個that可以省略。I think (that) the reform of the RMB's exchange rate is necessary.He said (that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order②由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,可以全部或部分省略。He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why (he wants to move abroad)4.主語從句中的省略主語從句省略多用于句首。如:(It is a ) Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.考點十七 虛擬語氣虛擬語氣主要指的的是帶有非真實條件狀語從句的復(fù)合句,表達(dá)的是說話人的遺憾后悔的語氣,愿望以及建議,命令,要求等等的情感,往往說的是與事實相反或者沒辦法實現(xiàn)改變的東西。1.條件從句虛擬語氣的基本用法虛擬的時間從句主句例句與現(xiàn)在事實相反主語+did/were主語+should / would/could / might + doIf I were you, I would accept his offer.與過去事實相反主語+ had done主語+ should / would/ could / might + have doneIf you had studied hard before, you would have passed the exam.對將來事實不確定的假設(shè)主語+1.did2.should do3.were to do主語+should / would/could / might + doIf it rained/should rain/were to rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.通常,在上面表格里反映的是非真實條件句的虛擬語氣模式,從句和主句的謂語動詞時間是一致的,如果兩者時間不一致,此時就是混合型虛擬語氣。2.混合型虛擬語氣混合型虛擬語氣的使用要求“各自為政”,即從句和主句根據(jù)各自假設(shè)的時間不同,采用上面表格中對應(yīng)的的謂語動詞形式,同時注意句中時間狀語的暗示。If I had seen you, I would not be so worried now. (從句是對過去的假設(shè),主句是對現(xiàn)在的假設(shè))If I had made some money last summer, I would go on holiday next month.( 從句是對過去的假設(shè),主句是對將來的假設(shè))3.省略if的非真實條件句虛擬語氣在if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中,特別注意虛擬語氣與倒裝的結(jié)合,前提是省略if,這種情況多見于過去和將來的假設(shè),具體表現(xiàn)是將if省略,把had, were, should之類詞語提前構(gòu)成倒裝。例如:Were I you, I would go.Should it happen, what should you do?Had he recognized me, he would have come over.4.含蓄虛擬語氣有時假設(shè)的情況并不是以if引導(dǎo)的條件從句形式出現(xiàn),而是通過一些短語等形式暗示虛擬語氣的存在,常用的詞語有without, but for, otherwise, or等等。But for your encouragement, I would not have been admitted to this university.Without water, all lives would die.He felt too tired yesterday, or he would have attended my party.I was having a meeting, otherwise I would have come to see you off.5.虛擬語氣的其他用法①虛擬語氣的另一個重要知識點就是should +v.的用法,主要是有關(guān)建議和命令的相關(guān)從句,包括主語從句,賓語從句,表語從句,同位語從句以及以之相關(guān)的形式主語/賓語之類的從句。這一部分的詞主要有常見的動詞有advise, suggest, insist, order, require, recommend, command以及相關(guān)名詞等;常用的形容詞important, necessary, right, advisable, natural, strange, surprising, regretful,urgent, vital, insistent, essential等;常用的名詞duty, pity, no surprise, no wonder, shame, regret等(其實這些詞在句子中其實也有建議命令類似的的意思)。如:The general ordered (that) all the soldiers (should ) leave.He gives orders that the soldiers (should) leave.My suggestion is that we (should) stay here for a rest.It’s important that you (should) take the medicine.It was suggested that he (should) join the club activities.②would rather, It’s time…, for fear that…■ would rather在使用時要注意它的不同用法。因為本身would rather可以直接接動詞原形,構(gòu)成would rather do sth. (than do sth.else); 或者would do sth. rather than do sth. else.而虛擬語氣的would rather 是這樣使用的:would rather sb. did(對現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼募僭O(shè))/ had done(對過去的假設(shè))I would rather he didn’t go now.They would rather they hadn’t attended the party.■ It’s (about) (high) time (that)…從句中常用過去式(有時也用should do), 含建議的意思。漢語的意思為“是該做…的時候了”,也等于It’s time for sb. to do sth.It’s high time (that) we went home.It’s high time that we should go home.It’s high time for us to go home.■ for fear that 后面可以接虛擬語氣should do,也可以接其他語氣,但依然會有一個情態(tài)動詞。I will not make a noise for fear that I should / might disturb you.③wish+從句; as if/ though+從句; If only這三種情況的虛擬語氣■ wish后的賓語從句,謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣,其形式主要有三種wish sb. did(對現(xiàn)在的虛擬); wish sb. had done(對過去的虛擬); wish sb. would do (對將來的虛擬)。偶爾在對過去的虛擬時,也會出現(xiàn)wish sb. would have done的情況。I wish I knew what was going to happen.She wished she had stayed at home.I wish I would have seen her last night.■ as if/ though出現(xiàn)的虛擬語氣主要有兩種情況:主句+as if/ though引導(dǎo)的狀語從句; seem/ look/ smell +as if/ though引導(dǎo)的表語從句。(1)主句+as if/ though引導(dǎo)的狀語從句:主句+as if/ though+主語+did/ were(對現(xiàn)在的假設(shè));主句+as if/ though+主語+could/ would do(對將來的假設(shè));主句+as if/ though+主語+had done(對過去的假設(shè))She talks about New York as if she had been there before.(2)seem/ look/ smell +as if/ though引導(dǎo)的表語從句:情況基本上和上面一致。You look as if you didn’t care.④If only引起的感嘆句要用虛擬語氣,表示愿望。形式為:用過去式或者would/ could do, 表示與現(xiàn)在或未來事實相反的愿望; 用過去完成式表示與過去事實相反的愿望。If only he were here!If only you would listen to our advise!If only I had not been busy last week!考點十八 狀語從句1.時間狀語從句1)由when 、 while、as(當(dāng)……時候)引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。When jack got home , his mother was cooking .2)由after/ before (在….之后/ 前)引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。The football match played after school was over .3)由as soon as (一…..就……)引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。I’ll ring you as soon as I reach Beijing .4)由not….until(直到…..才…..)引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。They didn’t stop until they finished the work .2.原因狀語從句由because 、since 、as(因為、既然、由于)引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。Since you have known about that , please tell us what to do .3.地點狀語從句由where, anywhere, everywhere, wherever(無論在哪兒) 引導(dǎo)的地點狀語從句。Wherever he goes , he always brings his pet dog .The school was built where there had once been a cemetery.4.目的狀語從句由so that, in order that (以便、為的是)引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句。He got up very early so that he could catch the early bus .5.條件狀語從句由if或unless 引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。I won’t go to his party unless I am invited .6.比較狀語從句由than、 as…as、not as……as 引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句。There are more students in our class than in theirs .7.讓步狀語從句由though 、even though/ if 、although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。Although he didn’t pass the exam ,his father didn’t get angry with him .8.方式狀語從句由as if (好像)引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句。He talked about that as if he knew everything .9.結(jié)果狀語從句由so…that…、such….that…(如此…..以致于…)引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。It was raining so hard that we couldn’t see the road .考點十九 賓語從句一、基本用法1.概念:在句中擔(dān)當(dāng)賓語的從句叫賓語從句,賓語從句可作謂語動詞的賓語,也可做介詞的賓語。He said he was good at drawing. (動詞賓語)Miss Zhang is angry at what you said.2.連接詞(1)陳述句轉(zhuǎn)化成賓語從句時,引導(dǎo)詞用that,口語中常常省略。She told me (that) she would like to go with us.(2)以 whether 或 if 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句, 主要用來引導(dǎo)一般疑問句意思或選擇疑問句意思的賓語從句,從句同樣是陳述語序I wonder if /whether you have told the news to Li Lei .【注意】一般情況下,whether 和if 可以互用, 但有些情況例外。a. 當(dāng)從句做介詞的賓語時只用whether 不用ifWe are talking about whether we'll accept his suggestion.b. 引導(dǎo)詞與動詞不定式或 not 連用時, 只用whether.You'd better decide for yourself whether to go or not.(3)特殊疑問句轉(zhuǎn)化成賓語從句時,引導(dǎo)詞用特殊疑問詞,引導(dǎo)詞后要用陳述句語序。Could you tell me what's the matter\wrong with you?3.賓語從句時態(tài)a.當(dāng)主句是一般現(xiàn)在時,一般將來時或祈使句時,從句不受主句的限制,根據(jù)自身的需要選用相應(yīng)的時態(tài)。例如:Do you know(if/whether he has seen the film)?b.當(dāng)主句是一般過去時,從句要用過去時的相應(yīng)時態(tài)。例如:I didn't know (if/whether he had seen the film.)【注意】當(dāng)主句是一般過去時,而從句表示的是客觀真理,自然現(xiàn)象,科學(xué)原理,格言等,從句仍然要用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如:He said (that the earth moves round the sun.)二、賓語從句的轉(zhuǎn)化1.當(dāng)主句謂語動詞是hope,wish,decide,forget,plan,agree等,且主句主語與從句主語相同時,從句可簡化為不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。如:She agreed that she could help me with my maths.→She agreed to help me with my maths.2.當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞是know, learn, forget, remember, decide等后面帶特殊疑問句轉(zhuǎn)化的賓語時,主從句的主語也須一致這時從句可以簡化成“疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”。例如:I don't know which sweater I should buy.→I don't know which sweater to buy.考點二十 主語從句一、主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞1. that引導(dǎo)That he is still alive is a wonder.That we shall be late is certain.2. whether引導(dǎo)Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen.Whether they would support us was a problem.3. 連接代詞引導(dǎo)Whoever is top from wins the game when two matched players meet.Whichever (of you) comes in first will receive a prize.Whichever you want is yours.4. 連接副詞引導(dǎo)When we arrive doesn’t matter.How it was done was a mystery.5. 關(guān)系代詞型what引導(dǎo)What we need is money.What I want to know is this.二、主語從句與形式主語it有時為了考慮句子平衡,通常在主語從句處使用形式主語it,而將真正的主語從句移至句末。這分三種情況:(1) 對于以連詞that引導(dǎo)的主語從句,通常用形式主語it代主語從句:It’s a pity that he didn’t come. 很遺憾他沒來。It is important that he should know about this. 他必須知道此事。(2) 對于以連接代詞(副詞)引導(dǎo)的主語從句,可以使用形式主語代主語從句,也可直接在句首使用主語從句:Whether they would support us was a problem. 他們是否會支持我們還是一個問題。It was a problem whether they would support us. 他們是否會支持我們還是一個問題。(3) 對關(guān)系代詞型what引導(dǎo)的主語從句,通常直接將主語從句放在句首。如:What we need is money. 我們需要的是錢。What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是這一點。有時也可用形式主語。如:It is clear enough what he meant. 他是什么意思很清楚。三、連詞that的省略問題引導(dǎo)主語從句的連詞that 有時可省,有時不能省,其原則是:若that引導(dǎo)的主語從句直接位于句首,則that不能省略;若that引導(dǎo)的主語從句位于句末,而在句首使用了形式主語it,則that可以省略:That you didn’t go to the talk was a pity. 很遺憾你沒去聽報告。(that不可省)It was a pity (that) you didn’t go to the talk. 很遺憾你沒去聽報告。(that可省)考點二十一 表語從句一、定義在句中作表語的從句叫做表語從句。二、引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞的種類(1)從屬連詞that。在從句中不做成分。The trouble is that I have lost his address.The reason was that he was late for school.(2)從屬連詞whether,as,as if。He looked just as he had looked ten years before.The question is whether they will be able to help us.注:從屬連詞if一般不用來引導(dǎo)表語從句,但as if卻可引導(dǎo)表語從句。注:能跟表語從句的謂語動詞一般為系動詞be, seem, look,sound等。如:He looked just as he had looked ten years before.It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door. (3)連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever在表語從句中做主語、賓語等。The problem is who we can get to replace her. 問題是我們能找到誰去替換她呢。That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了閣樓干的。(4)連接副詞 where, when, how, why。What I wonder is when he left. 我想知道他是何時離開的。This is where they once lived. 這就是他們曾經(jīng)住過的地方。 That is why he didn't come here.The question is how he did it.(5)連詞because可引導(dǎo)表語從句。That's because he didn't understand me. 那是因為他沒有理解我.(That's because...強調(diào)原因)That's why he got angry with me.那正是他對我生氣的原因。(That's why...強調(diào)結(jié)果)(6)在一些表示“建議、勸說、命令”的名詞后面的表語從句中,謂語動詞用虛擬語氣。should+動詞原形表示,should可省略。如:My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建議是我們明天一早就出發(fā)。考點二十二 同位語從句一、同位語從句在句中的位置1. 一般情況下同位語從句跟在某些名詞(如news,idea,fact,promise,hope,message等)的后面,用以說明該名詞所表達(dá)的具體內(nèi)容。The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly.I've come from Mr Wang with a message that he won't be able to see you this afternoon.2. 有時同位語從句可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后,而被別的詞語隔開,在語法上叫做分隔式同位語從句。The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.The story goes that he failed in the College Entrance Examinations again.二、同位語從句連接詞的選用在英語中,引導(dǎo)同位語從句的詞通常有連詞(that,who,whether),連接副詞(how,when,where)等。They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.The question who should do the work requires consideration.We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.【注意】在名詞doubt“懷疑”后的同位語從句用whether連接;在no doubt“不懷疑”之后的同位語從句用that連接。例如:We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.There is no doubt that Zhang Wei will keep his promise.◆ that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句有些名詞的后面可以接that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句,這些名詞有advice,announcement,argument,belief,claim,conclusion,decision,evidence,explanation,fact,feeling,hope,idea,impression,information,knowledge,message,news,opinion,order,probability,promise,proposal,remark,reply,report,saying,statement,suggestion,thought,treat,warning,wish,word。We came to the decision that we must act at once.He made a proposal that the meeting be postpone.◆ whether引導(dǎo)的同位語從句(不可用if)He hasn't made the decision whether he will go there.I have small doubt whether he is suitable for the job.考點二十三 定語從句一、定語從句的定義在復(fù)合句中, 修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。被定語從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞。引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞包括關(guān)系代詞who(賓格whom,所有格whose),that, which 和關(guān)系副詞where, when, why 等。二、定語從句的種類定語從句可以分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。1.限定性定語從句:它是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語,如果去掉,主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。The man that wears a red hat is my uncle.2.非限定性定語從句:它只是對先行詞作附加補充說明,如果去掉,主句的意思仍然清楚完整。書寫時往往用逗號分開。非限定性定語從句一般不用that 引導(dǎo),而且不可以省略關(guān)系詞。The old woman, who lives on her own, has a cat for company.Beijing, which is the capital city of China, is a very beautiful city.三、關(guān)系代詞的用法在定語從句中, 關(guān)系代詞起著連接主句與從句,指代先行詞和在從句中作句子成分的三重作用。關(guān)系代詞的選用取決于主句中的先行詞以及關(guān)系代詞在從句中作何種成分。(一)關(guān)系代詞who, whom 的用法1.who 可以代替人(即它的先行詞必須是人),在從句中擔(dān)任主語,往往也可以代替在從句中擔(dān)任賓格的whom,但它的前面不能有介詞,如果帶介詞則必須用賓格whom,即“介詞+whom”.Jim is a person who always has novel ideas.The person who/whom you just talked to is Mr. Depp.The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Depp.(二)關(guān)系代詞whose 的用法關(guān)系代詞whose 是關(guān)系代詞who 的所有格形式,它既可以代人,也可以代物。當(dāng)whose 代物時,相當(dāng)于of which。Do you know Peter whose father happens to be working in your company?The tourist wanted to book a room whose window faces south.=The tourist wanted to book a room the window of which faces south.=The tourist wanted to book a room . The room’s window faces south.(三)關(guān)系代詞that, which 的用法(1)在限定性定語從句中指代物時,which 和that 一般可通用。The new house that/which I has just bought is about six miles away.(2)限定性定語從句中只用that 而不用which 的情況。A)先行詞有形容詞最高級修飾時This is the best way that has been used against pollution.B) 先行詞有序數(shù)詞修飾時This is the third time that they have met.C)主句已有疑問詞who 或which 時Which of the cars that are in front of the hotel belongs to you?D) 先行詞既有人又有物時He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited.E) 先行詞為all, much, few, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none 等不定代詞時It’s easy to do the repair. All that you need is a hammer and some nails.四、關(guān)系副詞的用法(where, when, why)關(guān)系副詞在從句中均做狀語,所以具體選用什么關(guān)系副詞,主要取決于關(guān)系副詞在從句中充當(dāng)什么類型的狀語。(一)關(guān)系副詞where 的用法由關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)的定語從句,其先行詞主要是表示地點的名詞,如building, city, room等,where 在從句中作地點狀語。The hotel where we stayed was very clean.= The hotel (that/which) we stayed at was very clean.(二)關(guān)系副詞when 的用法由when引導(dǎo)的定語從句,其先行詞主要是表示時間的名詞,如 time, day, date,等,when 在從句中作時間狀語。I’ll never forget the time when we first met in London .=I’ll never forget the time during which we first met in London.(三)關(guān)系副詞why 的用法由why 引導(dǎo)的定語從句,常用在先行詞reason 后面,why 在句中作原因狀語。The reason why I got a job was that I worked hard.五、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句的區(qū)別如果關(guān)系詞在從句中制作主語或賓語,就是關(guān)系代詞;如果關(guān)系詞在定語從句中做狀語,就是關(guān)系副詞。例句比較:This is the college (that/which) I visited.This is the college where I studied three years ago.考點二十四 獨立主格一、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成(1)邏輯主語 +現(xiàn)在分詞The moon appearing,they decided to go on with their journey.(2)邏輯主語 +過去分詞The job finished, we went home.(3)邏輯主語 +不定式His mother to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.(4)邏輯主語 +形容詞或副詞He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.The music on, I can’t focus my mind on the work.(5)邏輯主語 + 名詞Many people come to visit the city, most of them foreigners.(6)邏輯主語 +介詞短語A girl came in, book in hand.(7)There being +名詞(代詞)There being no bus, we had to walk home.(8)It being +名詞(代詞)It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.(9)with/without復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)“with/without復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”是指“with +賓語(名詞或代詞)+ 非謂語動詞(分詞、不定式)、介詞短語、形容詞或副詞等”所構(gòu)成的一種介詞短語。With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy. (with + 賓語 +形容詞)With her sister out, she had to stay at home alone. (with + 賓語 +副詞)He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. (with + 賓語 +介詞短語)With his homework done, Peter went out to play. (with + 賓語 +過去分詞)二、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的功能①作時間狀語(相當(dāng)于一個時間狀語從句)My shoes removed, I entered the ancient temple.(=After my shoes were removed)②作條件狀語(相當(dāng)于一個條件狀語從句)Weather permitting, we are going to have a picnic tomorrow. (If weather permits)③作原因狀語(相當(dāng)于一個原因狀語從句)All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs.(=As all our savings were gone)④作伴隨狀語He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. (= and his hands were crossed under his head)⑤作補充說明A hunter came in, his face red with cold. (= and his face was red with cold)