初中英語分類練習(xí)
——?jiǎng)釉~部分
【復(fù)習(xí)目標(biāo)】
▲弄清動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài),掌握常用的八種時(shí)態(tài)。
【課前準(zhǔn)備】
●在分類記憶動(dòng)詞的基礎(chǔ)上,復(fù)習(xí)八種時(shí)態(tài)。
【知識(shí)要點(diǎn)】
英語動(dòng)詞有十六種時(shí)態(tài),但初中階段常用的有八種,即:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去將來時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)。
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
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主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí),在動(dòng)詞原形后加s或es: I work You work He works She works It works We work You work They work
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(二)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法
1. 永恒的真理
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以用于陳述永恒的真理
Summer follows spring.
2. “現(xiàn)在時(shí)段”
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以陳述現(xiàn)在時(shí)段內(nèi)發(fā)生或存在的事件、動(dòng)作或情況。這些事件、動(dòng)作或情景說不定會(huì)無限期的延續(xù)下去。但實(shí)際上,我們的意思則是在說“這是現(xiàn)在存在著的狀況”。
My father works in a bank.
My sister wears glasses.
3. 習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以帶時(shí)間副詞或不帶時(shí)間副詞表示習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作,即不斷重復(fù)發(fā)生的事。
I get up at 7.
John smokes a lot.
使用帶不定頻度副詞(如:always,never等)或帶副詞短語(如:every day等)的一半現(xiàn)在時(shí)可使習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作表現(xiàn)得更加明確。
I sometimes stay up till midnight.
She visits her parents every day.
在以How often 開頭的問句及答句中,通常用一般現(xiàn)在是:
How often do you go to the dentist? – I go every six months.
4. 表示將來
這種用法往往用于談?wù)摃r(shí)間表、節(jié)目單或日程表上所安排好的事情的時(shí)候:
The exhibition opens on January 1st and closes on January 31st.
The concert begins at 7.30 and ends at 9.30.
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
(一) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的形式
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由be的現(xiàn)在式+現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。 I am You are He is She is It is We are You are They are
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writing waiting running beginning lying |
I’m You’re He’s She’s It’s We’re You’re They’re |
writing waiting running beginning lying
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(二) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法
1. 說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或事件。往往與now, at the moment, just等副詞連用,以示強(qiáng)調(diào):
Someone’s knocking at the door. Can you answer it ?
有人敲門,你去開一下好嗎?
What are you doing ? — I 'm just tying up my shoe-laces.
你在干什么?——我在系鞋帶。
He’s working at the moment ,so he can’t come to the telephone.
他現(xiàn)在在工作,所以不能來接電話。
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作皆被視為未完成的動(dòng)作:
He 's talking to his girlfriend on the phone.
他正在和他的女朋友通電話。
可用still 一詞強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性
He’s still talking to his girlfriend on the phone.
他仍在和他的女朋友通話。
2. 暫時(shí)情況
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可用來表示不會(huì)長期發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況,或被認(rèn)為在短期內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況。
What’s your daughter doing these days ? — She’s studying English at Durham University.
你女兒現(xiàn)在在干什么?—— 她在達(dá)勒姆大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)英語。
這種情況不一定在說話時(shí)發(fā)生:
Don’t take that ladder away. Your father’s using it .
別把梯子拿起,你父親在用哩。(即不一定現(xiàn)在在用。)
She’s at her best when she’s making big decisions.
當(dāng)做出最大決定時(shí),她處于最佳狀態(tài)。
暫時(shí)發(fā)生的事情也可以是在說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行著:
The river is flowing very fast after last night’s rain.
昨夜下過雨后,河水流速很快。
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)也用來表示當(dāng)前的動(dòng)向:
People are becoming less tolerant of smoking these days .
如今人們對(duì)吸煙較為難以忍受了。
3. 事先計(jì)劃好的動(dòng)作:指將來
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可表示為將來安排好的活動(dòng)和事件;除在上下文中意思清楚者外,通常需要一個(gè)表示時(shí)間的狀語:
We’re spending next winter in Australia.
我們將要在澳大利亞度過明年冬天。
用arrive ,come, go ,leave 等動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)描寫行程安排,也通常有“將到達(dá)”和“將離去”的意思。
He’s arriving tomorrow morning on the 13.27 train.
明天早上他將乘13時(shí)27分的火車到達(dá)。
用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作時(shí),可用狀語和上下文使語義不致含混:
Look ! The train’s leaving.
看!火車開了。(即火車實(shí)際上正在開動(dòng))
4. 重復(fù)的動(dòng)作
副詞 always, constantly ,continually ,forever ,perpetually ,repeatedly 等等可與進(jìn)行時(shí)連用,表示不斷重復(fù)的動(dòng)作:
She’s always helping people .
他經(jīng)常幫助別人。
某些狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞帶有always 等次也可用進(jìn)行時(shí):
I’m always hearing strange stories about him .
我常聽說關(guān)于他的一些怪事。
當(dāng)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某事發(fā)生的次數(shù)過多時(shí),則有時(shí)含有抱怨的意思:
Our burglar alarm is forever going off for no reason.
我們的防盜警報(bào)器不知怎么常常失靈。
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別:
1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)常用來解說當(dāng)時(shí)發(fā)生的事件,特別是在電臺(tái)和電視廣播中。在這種情況下,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)常用來表示說話時(shí)剛完成的快速動(dòng)作,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)則常用來描述持續(xù)時(shí)間較長的動(dòng)作:
MacFee passes to Franklyn, Franklyn makes a quick pass to Booth . Booth is away with the ball ,but he 's losing his advantage.
麥克菲把球傳給富蘭克林,富蘭克林快傳給布恩,布恩帶球跑開,但他處境不利。
2 在師范和使用說明中使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的這種用法是祈使語氣的另一種表示方式。它說明每一步應(yīng)該怎樣做:
First you boil some water .Then you warm the teapot .Then you add three teaspoons of tea .Next ,you pour on boiling water.
你先燒些開水,然后把茶壺燙熱,接著放三勺茶葉,隨后沖入開水…
3 內(nèi)容簡介用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):
Kate Fox’s novel is an historical romance set in London in the 1880’s. The action takes place over a period of 30 years …
凱特.福克斯的小說是一部以1880年的倫敦為背景的歷史傳奇。情節(jié)的跨度有30年…
4 報(bào)刊標(biāo)題、圖片文字說明等用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):
這種一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)通常以表示過去發(fā)生的事件:
FREAK SNOW STOPS TRAFFIC
反常的大雪使交通斷絕
一般將來時(shí)
一般將來時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞shall/will加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。shall(用于第一人稱,will用于任何人稱。表示將來某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),常與表示將來的時(shí)間連用。如:tomorrow, next week等。但在表示準(zhǔn)備、計(jì)劃、打算做某事時(shí),常用be going to加動(dòng)詞原形的結(jié)構(gòu)。
如:We're going to see Uncle Wang tomorrow.
1) shall用于第一人稱,常被will 所代替。
will 在陳述句中用于各人稱,在爭求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。
Which paragraph shall I read first?
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
2) be going to +不定式,表示將來。
a. 主語的意圖,即將做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow?
b. 計(jì)劃,安排要發(fā)生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month。
c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
3) be +不定式表將來,按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
4) be about to +不定式,意為馬上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意:be about to 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語連用。
一般過去時(shí)
一般過去時(shí)由動(dòng)詞的過去式表示,表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。過去式分為規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化。
一般過去時(shí)的構(gòu)成:
a. be動(dòng)詞過去式的句式。否定句是在was/were后面加not,was not (wasn't)/were not (weren't)。一般疑問句是把was / were提前并放到句首,要求首字母要大寫。
b.實(shí)義動(dòng)詞過去式的句式。
①肯定式:主語+動(dòng)詞過去式+其它。
如:They had a good time yesterday.
②否定式:主語+did not(didn't)+動(dòng)詞原形+其它。如:They didn't watch TV last night.
③一般疑問句:Did+主語+動(dòng)詞原形+其它?肯定回答:Yes,主語+did.否定回答:No,主語+didn't.
如:Did they have a meeting two days ago? Yes,they did. / No,they didn't.
④特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞+did+主語+動(dòng)詞原形+其它?如:What time did you finish your homework?
一般過去時(shí)的用法:
①一般過去時(shí)的基本用法
a)表示過去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
He suddenly fell ill yesterday.
昨天他突然生病了。
The engine stopped because the fuel was used up.
發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)因燃料用光而停機(jī)了。
b)表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
I wrote home once a week at college.
我上大學(xué)時(shí)每周給家里寫一封信。
He was already in the habit of reading widely in his boyhood.
他童年時(shí)就養(yǎng)成了廣泛閱讀的習(xí)慣。
注:表示過去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作,除了用過去時(shí)外,還可以用used to或would來表示。
She used to study late into the night when she was in Senior Three.
她上高三時(shí)經(jīng)常學(xué)習(xí)到深夜。
He would sit for hours doing nothing.
過去他常常一坐幾個(gè)鐘頭什么事也不做。
c)表示過去連續(xù)發(fā)生的一系列動(dòng)作。
She entered the room, picked up a magazine and looked through it carefully.
她走進(jìn)房間,拿起一本雜志,認(rèn)真地翻閱了起來。
The students go up early in the morning, did morning exercises and then read English aloud in the open air.
學(xué)生們很早起床,做早操,然后在室外朗讀英語。
d)在時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中表示過去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
We would not leave until the teacher came back.
老師回來我們才會(huì)離開。
She told me she would not go if it rained the next day.
她告訴我如果第二天下雨的話,她就不去了。
②一般過去時(shí)的特殊用法
a)在虛擬語氣中表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。
It's time we went.
該是我們走的時(shí)候了。
I wish I were twenty years younger.
但愿我年輕20歲。
I would rather you didn't do anything for the time being.
我寧愿你暫時(shí)先不要采取什么措施。
b)在口語中,一般過去時(shí)往往顯示委婉客氣。
I wondered if you could give me a hand.
我想請(qǐng)你幫個(gè)忙。
Might I come and see you tonight?
我想今晚來看你,好嗎?
一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語表示一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有:a moment ago(剛才),yesterday morning,last night/ week,the day before yesterday(前天),just now(剛才)等。
動(dòng)詞一般過去式的構(gòu)成
a.規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過去式的變化可速記為直、去、雙、改四字訣。
①一般情況下在動(dòng)詞原形后直接加-ed。如:wanted,played。
②以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,去掉e再加-ed。如:hoped,lived。
③重讀閉音節(jié)單詞需雙寫最后一個(gè)輔音字母再加-ed。如:stopped。
④以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞變y為i,再加-ed。如:studied,worried。
規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過去式的讀音也有規(guī)律可循。請(qǐng)記?。呵搴?/span>[t],元濁[d],[t] [d]之后讀[Id]。
①清輔音[p] [k] [f] [s] [F] 等后,ed要讀[t]。如:worked,finished。
②元音或濁輔音[b] [g] [v] [z] [m]等后,ed要讀[d]。如:lived,called。
③[t]或[d]后,ed讀[Id]。如:started,needed。
b.不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化,要逐一熟記。be動(dòng)詞過去式有兩種形式,主語是第一、三人稱單數(shù)形式使用was,其他人稱用were。
注意事項(xiàng):A) 注意時(shí)間狀語的搭配。一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語應(yīng)該是表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間的詞或詞組,如:yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等,絕對(duì)不可與recently, in the past 10 years, this month等連用,因?yàn)檫@樣的時(shí)間狀語都與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)系,應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
B) used to do的否定形式和疑問形式很特別:你怎么寫都正確。以否定形式為例:used not to do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do都對(duì)。
Used to do經(jīng)常與 be used to doing sth/ sth結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行對(duì)比。前者表示"過去常?;?/span>
過去曾經(jīng)",要求加動(dòng)詞原形;后者表示"習(xí)慣于",要求加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
表示到說話時(shí)刻為止已經(jīng)做或尚未做過的動(dòng)作。常用already, yet, so far, by now, since two days ago, for a few days 等詞語作狀語。
注:give, see, come, arrive, leave(離開),begin, start, finish, join, become, borrow, lend, die, end 等點(diǎn)時(shí)間動(dòng)詞可以用于完成時(shí),但在肯定句中不能與表示一段時(shí)的 since和for 短語連用,因?yàn)辄c(diǎn)時(shí)間動(dòng)詞不能延續(xù),而在否定句中可以與表示一段時(shí)間的for短語連用,因?yàn)榉穸ǖ狞c(diǎn)時(shí)間動(dòng)詞可以看作是一種可延續(xù)的狀態(tài)。
Mike has come for a year.( 〤)
Mike has been here for a year( √)
Mike hasn’t come for a year.(√)
過去完成時(shí)
表示截止到過去某一時(shí)刻或在過去的動(dòng)作之前(過去的過去)已經(jīng)做或尚未做的動(dòng)作。
By (=up to )last weekend we hadn’t got any information.
When he appeared, we had waited for 30 minutes.
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)考點(diǎn)
考點(diǎn)一:考查基本概念
例 Both his parents look sad . Maybe they ______what's happened to him .(呼和浩特)A. knew B. have known C. must know D.will know
簡析:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主要強(qiáng)調(diào)過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響,或過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作還未結(jié)束,一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或?qū)?,重點(diǎn)在于對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。這種考查難度較大,往往無時(shí)間狀語,需要從上下文分析、推理才行。故上兩側(cè)根據(jù)上下文分析、推理,正確答案是B。
考點(diǎn)二:考查時(shí)間狀語
例1. He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ?
?。?/span>. already B.never C.ever D. still
例2. Have you met Mr Li ______?
?。?/span>. just B. ago C.before D. a moment ago
例3. The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year .
A. is writing B.was writing C.wrote D.has written
例4.—Our country ______ a lot so far .
—Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .
?。?/span>. has changed ; well B. changed ; good
?。?/span>. has changed ; better D. changed ; better
例5. Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .
?。?/span>. was ; studying B. will ; study
C. has ; studied D. are ; studying
例6. We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
?。?/span>. know B. had known C. have known D. knew
例7. Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice .
A. will see B. have seen C. saw D.see
簡析:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語常有如下四類:
?、努F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與already(已經(jīng)),just(剛剛,正好),ever(曾經(jīng)),never(從來,也不;從不),before(以前),yet(仍然)等連用。故例1應(yīng)選B;例2應(yīng)選C。
?、片F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與recently(近來),so far(到目前為止),in the past/“last + 一段時(shí)間”等時(shí)間狀語連用。因?yàn)樯鲜龆陶Z表示的是從現(xiàn)在起往前推算的一段時(shí)間,句中的動(dòng)作是從過去某一時(shí)間或時(shí)刻開始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的。故例3應(yīng)選D,例4應(yīng)選C。
?、乾F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)時(shí)常與“for +時(shí)間段或since +過去時(shí)間點(diǎn)”連用(含從句,從句過去時(shí))。故例5應(yīng)選C,例6應(yīng)選C。
?、痊F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還與once(一次),twice(兩次),three times(三次),several times(幾次)等表示重復(fù)次數(shù)的詞語連用。故例7應(yīng)選B。
考點(diǎn)三:考查與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別
例1. —These farmers have been to the United States .
—Really ? When _____ there ?
?。?/span>. will they go B. did they go
?。?/span>. do they go D. have they gone
例2.—______ you ___ your homework yet ?
—Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .
?。?/span>. Did ; do ; finished B. Have ; done ; finished
C. Have ; done ; have finished D. will ; do ; finish
簡析:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)容易混淆,就是因?yàn)樗鼈兯硎镜膭?dòng)作都發(fā)生在過去,但二者又有區(qū)別:一般過去時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,說話的側(cè)重點(diǎn)在于陳述一件過去的事情,與現(xiàn)在沒有關(guān)系;現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)系的發(fā)生在過去的動(dòng)作,它不與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語(如yesterday , last week , a moment ago等)連用。故例1、2的正確答案皆為B。
考點(diǎn)四:考查非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的用法
例1. His father ______ the Party since 1978 .
?。?/span>. joined B. has joined C. was in D. has been in
例2.—Do you know him well ?
— Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .
?。?/span>. were B. have been C. have become D. have made
例3.—How long have you ____ here ?
—About two months .
?。?/span>. been B. gone C. come D. arrived
例4. Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes .
?。?/span>. has begun B. had begun?。?/span>. has been on D. began
例5. His uncle died two years ago .(改變句子,句意不變)
His uncle has _______ _______ for two years
例6. Her mother has been a Party member for three years .(同義句)
Her mother _______ the Party three years ________ .
例7. It _____ ten years since he left the army .
?。?/span>. is B. has C. will D. was
簡析:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中,非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能與for和since引導(dǎo)的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用,通常是用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞來代替。常用的非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞及替代形式如下:
close—→be closed, put on→wear , open—→be open
get up—→be up, finish/end—→be over , lose—→be lost ,
marry—→be married(to), fall asleep/ go to sleep —→be asleep ( sleep ) ,
get to know—→ know come/arrive—→be here/in ,
come/get back—→be back , go/leave-be away , become —→be ,
borrow —→keep , buy—→have , begin/start—→be on ,
die—→be dead , join—→be in/be a ember of... ,
catch a cold—→ have a cold等,
故例1、2、3、4的正確答案依次為:D、B、A、C。例5應(yīng)填been dead 。其次,可以用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的過去時(shí)表示,故例6應(yīng)填joined;ago。再次,還可用“It is + 一段時(shí)間+since從句”來表示,故例7應(yīng)選A。
考點(diǎn)五:考查詞組have/has been in / to與have/has gone to的區(qū)別
例1. Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to the library .
?。?/span>.has gone B. went C.will go D. has been
例2. My parents ______ Shandong for ten years .
?。?/span>. have been in B. have been to
C. have gone to D.have been
簡析:“have/has gone to + 地點(diǎn)”表示“某人去了某地(還未回來)”,指主語所指的人不在這兒?!?/span>have/has been in + 地點(diǎn)”表示“在某地呆了多長時(shí)間”,常與表示時(shí)間的狀語連用?!?/span>have/has been to +地點(diǎn)”表示“曾經(jīng)去過某地(但現(xiàn)在已不在那兒)?!惫世?/span>1、2的正確答案皆為A。
要點(diǎn)提示:
1. 結(jié)構(gòu):have/has+done 表示過去發(fā)生的某個(gè)動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響,或過去發(fā)生的某個(gè)動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。
2. have/has been to… 與have/has gone to…的辨析
have/has been to… 表示“曾去過”,說明有某種經(jīng)歷。
have/has gone to… 表示“已去某地(在途中或已到目的地)”。
e.g. She has been to Canada. 她去過加拿大。
She has gone to Canada. 她去加拿大了。
3. 瞬間動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞
1)瞬間動(dòng)詞表示短暫。不能持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作,如:come, leave, begin, become, buy, receive, die, join, borrow, lend, go,等。
2)持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示能持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作,如:work, stay, live, learn, read, write, wait 等
3)瞬間動(dòng)詞用于完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作的完成。
e.g. She has already bought a dictionary. 她已經(jīng)買了一本字典。
4)瞬間動(dòng)詞不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。
e.g. She has left Shenyang. √
She has left Shengyang for a month..╳
She has been away from Shenyang for a month..√
但是瞬間動(dòng)詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)可以與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用,說明某動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)可以持續(xù)一段時(shí)間
e.g. She often goes on business. But she hasn’t left Shenyang for a month./since a month ago.
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)由was/were加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成,表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻或某一階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常與表示過去某一時(shí)間的狀語或when引導(dǎo)的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語從句連用。如:
What were you doing at this time yesterday?
My mother was cooking when I got home.
過去將來時(shí)
過去將來時(shí)由should/would加動(dòng)詞原形或was/were going to加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成,表示
從過去某時(shí)看來將要發(fā)生的事情,常用在賓語從句中。如:
I didn't know when he would come back.
過去完成時(shí)
過去完成時(shí)由had加過去分詞構(gòu)成,表示過去某一動(dòng)作或時(shí)間以前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作,也可指從過去某時(shí)開始到過去另一時(shí)為止的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),即“過去的過去”。常用的時(shí)間狀語有:a. by last month, by the end of last term等;b. before he came here, when I got there等。如:
By the end of last term they had learned about twenty English songs.
The film had already begun when we got there.
注意:before與ago的用法有區(qū)別。before表示“距過去某時(shí)…以前”,即過去的過去,用于過去完成時(shí);ago表示“距今…以前”,即從現(xiàn)在起的過去,用于一般過去時(shí)。
第二節(jié) 實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練
一、例題選講
例1 | Look, she (have) a bunch of flowers in her hand. | |
| 答案: | has |
提示: | 盡管句中有look,但在英語中表示“有”,不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),本句意思指“她手中有一束花”。 | |
例2 | John (make) much progress in his lessons since last term. He (study) harder later on. | |
| 答案: | has made, will/is going to study |
提示: | 第一句中,since last term暗示了謂語動(dòng)詞要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。說明從上學(xué)期以來取得了很大進(jìn)步,第二句中的later on要注意用一般將來時(shí)。 | |
例3 | Cherry arrived at school after the class (begin) yesterday. | |
| 答案: | had begun |
提示: | begin雖然也能作及物動(dòng)詞,但在表示某事開始時(shí),一般以不及物動(dòng)詞出現(xiàn),不用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。 | |
例4 | If it (not rain) tomorrow, we (go) to the park. | |
| 答案: | doesn’t rain, will go |
提示: | 這是條件狀語從句,主句是將來時(shí),其時(shí)間或條件狀語從句應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 | |
例5 | Great changes (take) place in Shanghai in the past ten years. | |
| 答案: | have taken place |
提示: | In the past ten years會(huì)造成過去時(shí)間感覺,但其意思是近十年中,與現(xiàn)在有關(guān),要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) | |
例6 | It is said that they (hold) an English evening next week. | |
| 答案: | will hold |
提示: | 主句It is said是現(xiàn)在時(shí)時(shí)態(tài),從句要用將來時(shí),不能用過去將來時(shí)。 |
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