在英語中,不同時間里以不同方式發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),要用不同的動詞形式來表示,動詞的這種不同形式稱為動詞的時態(tài)。
時態(tài)從時間上劃分,可分為四大類:現(xiàn)在時;過去時;將來時;過去將來時。從行為上,每一類可以分為四種形式:一般式;進行式;完成式;完成進行式。這樣英語的動詞合起來,總共有十六種時態(tài),初中只需掌握其中的八種時態(tài)。
一、一般現(xiàn)在時
(1)一般現(xiàn)在時表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)、習慣性的動作或主語所具備的性格和能力等。
① 當動詞是be時,第一人稱用am,第二人稱用is,其他人稱用are.
② 當動詞是實義動詞時,一般用動詞原形,但如果主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時,動詞必須用第三人稱單數(shù)形式,其變化規(guī)則如下:
助動詞do(第三人稱單數(shù)用does)構成否定句、疑問句及答語,但要注意助動詞后原來的謂語動詞要恢復原形。例如:
I like music. I don’t like music.
Do you like music? Yes, I do No, I don’t
(2)一般現(xiàn)在時的用法
① 表示經(jīng)常、習慣性動作,常和often, usually, every day, sometimes, always等時間狀語連用。如:
He goes to school by bus every day.
They often play football
② 表示能力、職業(yè)、特征。如:
Miss Gao teaches English.
Do you speak Japanese?
③ 表示客觀存在。如:
The earth moves round the sun.
Time and tide wait for no man.
④ 表示已經(jīng)安排好或計劃好的事。如
The plane takes off at 7:30.
Classes begin at 8:00
⑤ 在時間狀語和條件狀語從句中,主句用一般將來時,從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。如:
If I see him, I’ll tell him to give you a call.
We’ll wait until he comes back.
注意:
a. 一般現(xiàn)在時的一些常見的時間狀語有:always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, ever, never, every day, now and then, from time to time
b. 現(xiàn)在進行時有時用來代替一般現(xiàn)在時,表示一個經(jīng)常性的重復的動作或狀態(tài)。這時句中常帶always, forever以表示說話人的某種感情,如贊嘆、厭煩等。如:
He is always thinking of others.
He is always talking big.
二、一般過去時
(1)一般過去時表示過去某一時間所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。
① 當動詞為be動詞時,應該用相應的過去式:
am is ---- was are ---- were
否定形式為:was not ---- wasn’t were not ---- weren’t
疑問句是將was, were 置于主語之前。
I was in Grade Three last term.
I wasn’t in Grade Two last term.
Which grade were you in?
② 當動詞為實義動詞時,用動詞的過去式,過去式的變化有規(guī)則和不規(guī)則變化。規(guī)則變化如下:
動詞過去式的不規(guī)則變化需要逐個記憶。見初三教材后的不規(guī)則動詞變化形式表。
go ---- went begin ---- began sleep ---- slept run ---- ran
I heard the good news just now.
The twins didn’t go to school last week
Did you see the film yesterday ?
(2)一般過去時的用法
① 表示過去某一時間或一段時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。常和表示過去的狀語連用:yesterday, last week, a minute ago, in 1998, just now, in those days等。例如:
They had a baby last month.
My mother was ill yesterday.
He went out just now.
② 用于since引導的從句,主句的謂語動詞如果用現(xiàn)在完成時,since引導的從句一般要用一般過去時。如:
He has worked in the factory since it opened in 1990.
You haven’t changed much since we last met.
注意:
a. 表示過去的時間狀語常見的有:yesterday, last night(week, year, month, Sunday), then, at that time, just now, a few days(weeks, months) ago.以及由after, before, when, while引導的的表示過去的時間狀語。
b. 一般過去時可以用來表示現(xiàn)在的時間, 這主要用于日常會話,使用的語氣較為婉轉客氣。如:
I wanted to ask if I could borrow your bike.
三、一般將來時
一般將來時
(1)一般將來時表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。常與表示將來的時間狀語連用:tomorrow, next week, next month, in a few days, from now on。如
I’m going to visit the museum this Sunday.
I’ll be there in half an hour.
We’ll arrive tomorrow.
(2)一般將來時的構成
① be going to + 動詞原形。Be隨主語人稱和數(shù)的變化而變化,否定句在be后面加not, 疑問句是將be放到主語之后。例如:
It’s going to be fine tomorrow.
He isn’t going to speak at the meeting.
What are you going to do next?
② will +動詞原形。Will可以和各種人稱及數(shù)的主語連用。否定句在will后加not,縮寫成won’t,疑問句需將will提至主語之前。例如:
We will have a basketball match next week.
Will you come to the party?
I son’t lend it to you.
③ shall + 動詞原形。此結構常用于主語為第人稱I / we的句中,疑問句表示提建議或征求意見。如:
When and where shall we meet ?
Shall I turn on the TV ?
(3) 一般將來時的基本用法。
① “be going to +動詞原形”表示“意圖”,即打算、計劃要做某事。如:
Are you going to post the letter ?
How long is he going to stay here ?
② “be going to + 動詞原形”還可以表示“預見”,即現(xiàn)在已有跡象表明將要發(fā)生的事。如:
There are a lot of clouds. It’s going to rain.
It’s 7:50. I’m going to be late.
③ “will + 動詞原形”表示客觀上要發(fā)生的事或表示“帶意愿色彩的將來”。如:
He will help you if you ask him.
They will come back tomorrow.
四、過去將來時
過去將來時表示在過去將來的某一時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。常用于賓語從句中。其結構與一般將來時類似,只需將助動詞改為過去式。
am/ is/ are going to + 動詞原形→was/ were going to + 動詞原形
will + 動詞原形→ would + 動詞原形
should + 動詞原形 → should + 動詞原形
例如:
You knew I would come.
He asked me when he would see me again.
Jim said he was going to see his friend the next day.
五、現(xiàn)在進行時
(1)現(xiàn)在進行時表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段正在發(fā)生或進行的動作。它是由“be + 動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞”構成。其否定句是在be之后加not。疑問句則將be提到主語之前。
(2) 現(xiàn)在分詞的構成
(3)現(xiàn)在進行時的用法。
① 表示說話時正在進行的動作。如:
What are you doing ? Who are you waiting for ?
I’m cooking
② 表示現(xiàn)階段一直在進行的動作,但說話時不一定在進行。如:
He is working in a factory. She is translating look now.
③ 表示不斷重復的動作。如:
The boy is always asking some strange questions.
The children are singing and dancing.
④ 表示位置移動的動詞,可以用現(xiàn)在進行時表示將要發(fā)生的事。如go, come, leave, fly, start等。如:
When are you starting ? I’m leaving tomorrow.
六、過去進行時
過去進行時表示過去某一時刻正在進行的動作。
過去進行時常和表示過去的時間狀語連用。如:this time yesterday, at that time, then, last night, at 9:00 yesterday, all night等。其構成和現(xiàn)在進行時類似,只需將be變?yōu)橄鄳倪^去式:was/ were + 動詞-ing。如:
What were you doing this time yesterday ?
When I was watering the garden, it began to rain.
I was watching TV.
I was writing while my mother was cooking.
教學難點:
① 過去進行時表示一個過去的動作發(fā)生時或發(fā)生之后,另一個過去的動作正在進行。過去進行時也可用來表示過去一段時間內(nèi)持續(xù)發(fā)生的動作。如:
When I was watering the garden, it began to rain.
當我在花園澆水時,突然下雨了。
While we were having a party, the lights went out.
② 過去進行時還可以表示兩個過去的動作同時進行,這時可用連接詞while引導。如:
George was reading while his wife was listening to the radio.
③ “was going + 不定式”表示過去打算。如
He was going to be our team leader. 他原打算當我們的領隊。
④ 過去進行時與一般過去的區(qū)別
過去進行時表示在過去一段時間正在進行的動作,而一般過去時表示一個完成的動作。如:
I was typing letters last night.
I typed some letters last night.
七、現(xiàn)在完成時
(1)現(xiàn)在完成時表示某個動作發(fā)生在過去,但對現(xiàn)在有影響(或結果),這個動作或狀態(tài)可能已經(jīng)結束,也可能還要持續(xù)下去。
其構成形式是: have/ has + 動詞過去分詞
否定句在have/ has 后加not→haven’t/ hasn’t
疑問句要將have/ has放到主語之前。
(2)現(xiàn)在完成時的用法。
① 表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結果。常用的時間狀語有:already, yet, ever, never, just等。如:
I have already finished the work.
Have you ever been to Beijing?
He has never seen such a nice car.
② 表示過去已經(jīng)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。往往和表示一段時間的狀語連用。如:
for + 時間段;
since + 時間點(表時間段);時間段+ago;一般過去時態(tài)。如:
I have taught in this school for ten years.
I have taught in this school since ten years ago.
③ for和since引導的短語都表示“一段時間”,所以謂語動詞應該用延續(xù)性動詞,不能用非延續(xù)性動詞。延續(xù)性動詞表示該動詞可以延續(xù)一段時間,如:live, work, study, teach, stay等,非延續(xù)性動詞是指該動詞所表示的動作不能持續(xù),是短暫的、瞬間完成的,如:borrow, come, arrive, get, leave, die等。
許多非延續(xù)性動詞可以用意思相同或相近的延續(xù)性動詞來表示:
leave ---- be away from arrive ---- be in
go ---- be away come ---- be in / at finish ---- be over
buy ---- have borrow ---- keep die ---- be dead
join ---- be in/be a member of begin ---- be on
如:He has gone He has been away for an hour
I have bought a watch I have had the watch for several days
④ have/ has been to 和 have/ has gone to
have/ has been to :曾去過
have/ has gone to :已去,去了(不在說話現(xiàn)場,在途中或已經(jīng)到達)
My mother has been to America. 我媽媽曾經(jīng)去過美國
My mother has gone to America. 我媽媽已經(jīng)去了美國
(3)現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的用法比較
① 一般過去時只單純表示過去,和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生聯(lián)系,它可以和確定的表示過去的時間狀語連用。而現(xiàn)在完成時表示某一完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結果,強調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的情況,所以不能和確定的過去的時間狀語連用。如:
We have visited the farm(現(xiàn)在對農(nóng)場有所了解)
We visited the farm last week(說明上周參觀農(nóng)場這件事)
② 如果詢問某事發(fā)生的時間、地點只能用一般過去時。如:
When did you lose your cat ?
I lost it last night. I found it in the garden.
現(xiàn)在完成時難點:
① 由since引導的時間狀語,它們的主句通常使用完成時態(tài)。
He has taught English since 1970.
It has been a long time since I last saw you.
② 只有在It is …since…這種結構中,主句的謂語才可用一般現(xiàn)在時,現(xiàn)在完成時或一般過去時。如:
It’s ten years since I left school.
It’s a long time since I saw you last.
③ 表示短暫性的動詞不能與表示一段時間的狀語連用,這類動詞有:
begin, borrow, buy, close, come, die, fall, find, finish,
join, kill, lend, leave, sell, start, stop等,如:
不能說:His father has died for three years.
只能說:His father died three years ago.
不能說:He has left home for two months.
只能說:He left home two months ago.
④ 非延續(xù)性動詞的否定形式可以表示狀態(tài)的延續(xù)。可與for, since時間狀語連用。如:
I haven’t seen him for a long time.
I haven’t heard from him since he left.
She hasn’t left home ever since she lost her job.
⑤ have(has) been 和have (has) gone的區(qū)別。
Have been to a place意思是“到過、去過”,表示曾到過某處,但現(xiàn)在人不在那兒;have gone to意思是“去了”,表示已經(jīng)去了某地,現(xiàn)在人可能在去的途中或已在那兒。如:
Has she ever been to Nanjing ?
You have never been there before, have you?
I have been to Guilin, I went there last year.
總之,have been to講的是過去的情況,強調(diào)去過或沒有,著重于到目前為止的一個結果,而have gone to指現(xiàn)在人在不在,只用于第三人稱,不用于第一、第二人稱,不能用來代替have been to.
八、過去完成時
(1)過去完成時表示在過去某一時間之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。其結構是:had + 動詞過去分詞。否定、疑問句同現(xiàn)在完成時一樣。
(2)用法
① 表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作,即“過去的過去”。如:
The meeting had begun when we got there.
He said he had seen the film.
② 表示某一動作在過去某一時間已經(jīng)開始,一直延續(xù)到過去的另一時間,常與for或since引導的時間狀語連用。如:
The film had been on for tem minutes when we got there.
She said that she had made much progress since she came here.
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