| 英語句子中，主語的“人稱”和“數(shù)”要限制，決定謂語動詞的形式變化，這就叫“主謂一致”關(guān)系。 它通常依據(jù)三項原則： 1)語法一致; 2)意義一致; 3)就近一致。 【語法一致原則】 I .主語的“人稱”決定謂語動詞的形式。e.g. ①I love / She loves music . 我/ 她愛好音樂。 ②Are your mother a worker ? (誤)你母親是工人嗎? Is your mother a worker ?(正)(主語your mother 是單數(shù)第三人稱) I .主語的“數(shù)”決定謂語動詞的形式。 1.“不可數(shù)名詞、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)、單數(shù)代詞、不定式(短語)、動名詞(短語)”或“從句”等作主語，用單數(shù)謂語形式。e.g. ?、賂he work is important . 這項工作重要。 ?、赥o serve the country is our duty . 為祖國服務(wù)是我們的義務(wù)。 ③How and why he left was a sad story . 他離開的經(jīng)過和原因是一段傷心的經(jīng)歷。 2. 復(fù)數(shù)的名詞、代詞一般接復(fù)數(shù)謂語形式。e.g. ?、賂he children are taken good care of . 孩子們得到很好的照料。 ②They have gone to Chengdu . 他們?nèi)コ啥剂恕?/p> II. 以“and ”或“both… and”連接的并列主語： 1.通常作復(fù)數(shù)用 。e.g. ?、貾lastics and rubber never rot . 塑料和橡膠從不腐爛。 ②What he says and what he does do not agree. 他言行不一致。 ③Both Tom and I are fond of medicine . 我和湯姆都喜歡醫(yī)學(xué)。 2. 如果并列主語指的是“同一個”人(事、物、抽象概念)，作單數(shù)用。e.g. ?、賂he worker and writer has come . 這位工人作家來了。 ?、贏 cart and horse was seen in the distance . 遠處能看見有一套馬車。 ③Truth and honesty is the best policy . 真誠是最好的策略。 3. “and”前、后的單數(shù)詞語都有“each,every ,many ,a ,no”等修飾時，仍作單數(shù)用。e.g. ?、貳very boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here.這里每個男孩和每個女孩都享有平等權(quán)益。 ?、贜o teacher and no student is excused from taking part in the activity .沒有哪個教師或?qū)W生可以免于參加這項活動。 Ⅳ. 主語前、后加表“數(shù)、量”等的修飾語時： 1. a)“many a + 單名 ”接單數(shù)謂語：“a good (great ) many + 復(fù)名”接復(fù)數(shù)謂語。e.g. ?、費any a fine man has died for it . 許多優(yōu)秀戰(zhàn)士為此獻出了生命。 ?、贏 great many parents were present at the meeting . 許多家長出席了會議。 b)"a / an + 單名+ or two " 大多接單數(shù)謂語： "one or two + 復(fù)名"接復(fù)數(shù)謂語。e.g. ?、貽nly a word or two is (are )needed. 只需說一兩句。 ?、贠ne or two reasoms were suggested . 提出一兩條理由。 c)"a / an + 單名+ and a half"常接單數(shù)謂語;“one and a half +復(fù)名”多接復(fù)數(shù)謂語。e.g. ?、貯 year and a half has passed . 一年半已過去了。 ?、贠ne and a half tons of rice are sold . 已賣了一噸半大米。 d) "more than one + 單名"大多接單數(shù)謂語。e.g. ?、費ore than one person was (were )absent . 不止一個人缺席。"more + 復(fù)名+ than one "接復(fù)數(shù)謂語。e.g. ②More students than one have been there . 不止一個學(xué)生去過那兒。"more than two (three,…)+復(fù)名 " 接復(fù)數(shù)謂語。e.g. ?、跰ore than one hundred students have attended the concert . 不止一百名學(xué)生聽了這場音樂會。 2 ，主語前加表示“單位、度量”的短語如“a kind (sort / type / form /pair /cup/glass /piece / load / block / box / handful / quantity / ton / metre /… )of”等時，表示“單位、度量”的這個名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定謂語形式。e.g. a)①There is only a small quantity of paper (books ) left . 只剩下少量的紙(書)了。 ②Large quantities of water are needed . 需要大量的水。 b)①This kind of apple is sweet . 這種蘋果甜。 ?、赥his kind of apples is (are) sweet . (大多依 kind ，作單數(shù)用 ) ③These kind(s) of apple(s) are sweet . (總作復(fù)數(shù)用) 但:Apples of this kind are sweet . (總作復(fù)數(shù)用) 3. 主語后接“with…”等構(gòu)成的短語修飾成分時：謂語仍須與這類短語前的“主語”一致。可構(gòu)成這類短語的常用“with ,along with ,together with ,as well as , but ,besides , except ,added to , including , like ,no less than , rather than ,more than ”等。e.g. ?、貯 woman with two children has come . 一位婦女帶著兩個孩子來了。 ?、贗 as well as they am ready to help you . 不僅他們，我也愿幫助你。 4. "one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ 定語從句"： 1)定語從句的先行詞通常是這個“復(fù)數(shù)名詞”，因此從句的謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。e.g. ①This is one of the best novels that have appeared this year . 這是今年出版的最佳小說之一。(關(guān)系詞“that”代“novels”) ②He was one of the boys who were praised . 他是受表揚的男孩之一。 2)若“one”前加“this, the ,the only ”等時，定語從句的關(guān)系詞指代one，作從句主語時，接單數(shù)謂語。e.g. He was the only one of the boys who was praaised .他是男孩中唯一受到表揚的。(關(guān)系詞who 代 the only one ) 【意義一致原則(Notional Concord)】 I. 集合名詞作主語時：(參見“名詞”部分) 1. 有些通常作復(fù)數(shù)用(不變詞形)。如：“people , police , cattle (牛，牲口)，folk , youth , militia (民兵)”，等。e.g. The police have caught the murderer .警方已捕獲兇手。 2. 有些指“整體”時作單數(shù)，指其中的“成員”時作復(fù)數(shù)(不變詞形)。如 "army ,audience(聽眾),class ,club (俱樂部) ,company(公司), committee(委員會) ,crew,crowd ,staff(員工) ,family ,public ,government ,group ,party ,union ,couple,population ,team ."等。e.g. ①Our family is a happy one . 我們有個幸福的家庭。 ?、赥he family are early risers . 這家人都起得早。 ?、跿he public are (is )requested not to litter . 請公眾不要亂扔廢棄物。 但上述集合名詞也可有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：families , two classes .等。有些變復(fù)數(shù)形式后意義不同。如：peoples多個民族。 youths男青年。 folks親友。 II. 代詞作主語時：(參見“代詞”部分) 1. 不定代詞"each ,one , much, (a)little ,elther ,neither ,another ,the other(+單名)"等常作單數(shù)用。它們所修飾的主語也作單數(shù)。e.g. ?、貳ach of the girls (Each girl) has a new hat . 每個女孩都有頂新帽子。 ?、贜either plan suits me .③Neither of the plans suits / suit me . 兩個計劃都不適合我。 2. 下列復(fù)合不定代詞一般作單數(shù)用：“someone ,somebody ,something ,anybody,anyone ,anything ,everybody ,everyone ,eveything ,nobody ,no one ,nothig ”等。e.g. ?、買s everybody here ? 都到齊了嗎? ?、赥here was nothing special then. 那時沒什么特別情況。 3. 下列不定代詞作復(fù)數(shù)用：“(a)few ,many ,several， both”等。e.g. ?、貴ew (of the guests ) were familiar to us . 沒幾個(客人)是我們熟識的。 ?、贐oth / Both (of ) these are interesting . 兩部影片都有趣。 4下列代詞須視其“具體所指”來決定單、復(fù)數(shù)： 1)“what ,which ,who ,whose ”等。e.g. ?、賅ho is your brother ?你兄弟是誰? ②Who are League Members .哪些是團員? 2)"all , some ,more ,most ,any ,none ,a lot(of ), lots (of ),"等。e.g. ①All (of the students ) are working hard .(所有的學(xué)生)都在用功。 ②All (of the paint ) is fine .(這些油漆)都很好。 3)"half(of), plenty (of), the rest(of), (a)part(of), the remainder(of )余下的)"，等。e.g. ①Half of the apples are bad .蘋果中有一半是壞的。 ②Half of the apple is bad .這只蘋果壞了一半。 ?、?“數(shù)詞”、“數(shù)量、單位”等詞語作主語時： 1. 表示“運算”的數(shù)詞通常作單數(shù) 。e.g. Ten times four makes(make) forty .+ 乘以四得四十。 2.表“時間、距離、金額、度量衡”等的詞語，作“整體”看時作單數(shù)用，側(cè)重指“若干單位”時作復(fù)數(shù)用。e.g. ?、賂wenty years is not a long time . 二十年光陰，彈指一揮間。 ?、赥wenty years have passed since he left . 他離開已二十個年頭了。 3.“分數(shù)、百分數(shù)”通常依其“具體所指”來決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。e.g. ?、貯bout 40 percent / two-fifths of the books here are (is) worth reading . 這些書中百分之四十/五分之二值得讀。 ?、贠nly sixty percent / three-fifths of the work was done yesterday .昨天只干完了百分之六十/五分之三的工作。 4. "a number of (許多)/ a varlety of (各式各樣) "+復(fù)數(shù)名詞，常作復(fù)數(shù)用。e.g. ?、貯 number of students in this class are (is) from Sichuan . 這個班有不少同學(xué)來自四川。 ?、赥here are a variety of toys in this shop.這家商店有各種各樣的玩具。 但是，“the number(數(shù)目)/ the variety(種類)”+ of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞，作單數(shù)。e.g. ?、賂he number of students in this college has doubled . 這所大學(xué)的學(xué)生人數(shù)翻了一番。 ?、赥he variety of goods in this shop is rich . 這家商店貨物品種豐富。 ?、?單、復(fù)數(shù)同形或易混的詞作主語時：(參見“名詞”部分) 1.以“-ics”結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞：指教育、科研的某一學(xué)科，作單數(shù)。e.g. Mathematics seems easy to me .我似乎覺得數(shù)學(xué)不難。但是，表“具體的學(xué)業(yè)、活動”等時，多用作復(fù)數(shù)。e.g. ?、貶er mathematics are weak . 她數(shù)學(xué)差。(指“學(xué)業(yè)成績、能力”) ?、赪hat are your politiscs? 你的政治觀點如何? 2. “works工廠，means方法，series系列，species物種，aircraft飛機”等名詞單、復(fù)數(shù)同形，要從上下文判斷其具體意義來決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。e.g. ?、賂his works was(These works were)built two years ago . 這(幾)家工廠是兩年前修建的。 ?、贓very means has (All means have) been tried . 各種辦法都試過了。 這類名詞通常還有“fish ,deer ,sheep ,headquarters (總部駐地),bellows(風(fēng)箱),plastics, gallows (絞架), manners(禮貌) ,whereabouts (行蹤), ”等。(但news(消息)是不可數(shù)名詞，通常只作單數(shù)用。) ?、? "the + 形容詞/分詞"作主語時： 1. 指“一類”人或事物時，常用作復(fù)數(shù)用。e.g. ?、賂he English speak English. 英國人講英語。 ?、赥he rejected were heaped in the corner . 廢品堆在角落里。 2.指“某一個”人，或“抽象的”事物時，作單數(shù)用。e.g. ?、賂he deceased was his father . 去世的是他父親。 ?、赥he agreeable is not always the useful . 好看的不一定中用。 ?、跿he new and progressive always wins over the old . 新生、進步的事物總是要戰(zhàn) 勝舊的東西。 ?、?專用名詞作主語時： 1.“書名、劇名、報刊名、國家名”等通常作單數(shù)用。e.g. ?、賂he United States was founded in 1776. 美國成立于1776年。 ②The Arabian Nights is very interesting . 《天方夜譚》很有趣。 2.“書刊名”有時作單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)兩可，尤其是編成集子的書。e.g. Dickens' Amerian Notes were (was ) published in 1842 . 狄更斯所著的《美國筆記》出版于1842年。 Ⅶ“what等引導(dǎo)的從句”作主語時： 1. 大多作單數(shù)用。e.g. ?、賅hat we need is more practice . 我們需要的是更多的實踐。 ②What he says doesn't agree with what he does . 他言行不一致。 2.若從句是含復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)、或“表語”是復(fù)數(shù)時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)兩可。e.g. ?、賅hat you say and think is /are no business of mine . 你怎么說以及怎么想，不關(guān)我的事。 ?、赪hat he bought was /were some books . 他所買的是幾本書。 【就近一致原則(Proximity)】 也稱“鄰近原則”，即：謂語與靠近的名詞、代詞(有時不一定是主語)在“人稱、數(shù)”上一致。 I.在正式文體中： 1.由下列詞語連接的并列主語："or ; either …or;nor; neither…or;whether…or;not…but; not only…but also" ; 等。e.g. ①What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行為或言談都與我無關(guān)。 ?、贜either you nor I am wrong . 你和我都沒錯。 ?、跱ot you but your father is to blame . 不是你，而是你父親該受責(zé)備。 ④Not only you hut(also) he is wrong .不僅你錯了，他也錯了。 2. 在倒裝句中：謂語可與后面第一個主語一致。e.g. ?、買n the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of thepeople . 在遠處，能聽見鼓掌聲和人們的呼喊聲。 ?、赥here is (are) a pen and some books on the desk .桌上有一支鋼筆和幾本書。 II. 非正式文體中： 有時依“就近一致原則”，但也可依“意義一致原則”或嚴格地依“語法一致原則”。e.g. Neither she nor I were there (意義一致) 我和他當(dāng)時都不在那兒。(非正式) Neither she nor I was there .(就近一致)(譯文同上句)(正式) 但是，如果依“就近一致原則”而與其他兩項原則相矛盾時，則常常認為是不太合符規(guī)范的。e.g. No one except his own supporters agree with him .僅他自己的支持者同意他的意見。(依“就近”和“意義”一致的原則;但語法上，“No one ”才是主語，謂語要改成“agrees”。“寫作中”一般要依“語法一致”原則。 |
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