第3講 形容詞和副詞
I bought aninteresting① novel yesterday.The book is so interesting②that I can hardly let go of it.Worried③ about my study，my mother took it away.However，I found my mother absorbed④in it.
My mother isreading the novel attentively⑤ now and she is quite⑤moved by it.Obviously⑥，she won’treturn the book to me soon.
[規(guī)則感悟]?、傩揎椕~，往往用形容詞作定語(yǔ)。②在系動(dòng)詞之后，往往用形容詞作表語(yǔ)。③表示情緒和精神狀態(tài)的形容詞可以作狀語(yǔ)。④在“感官或使役動(dòng)詞＋賓語(yǔ)”之后，形容詞可以作賓補(bǔ)，說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)。⑤副詞可以描述某個(gè)動(dòng)作的情況或者描述動(dòng)作、行為或狀態(tài)的程度。⑥副詞可以放在句首，作評(píng)論性狀語(yǔ)，修飾整個(gè)句子。
1．形容詞的構(gòu)詞規(guī)則
類別
例詞
加-y
cloud→cloudy，luck→lucky，health→healthy，fog→foggy
加-(e)d
gift→gifted，talent→talented，advance→advanced，excite→excited
加-ing
surprise→surprising，convince→convincing，frighten→frightening，appeal→appealing，reward→rewarding，invite→inviting
加-ful/
-less
meaning→meaningful/meaningless，care→careful/careless，help→helpful/helpless，harm→harmful/harmless，colour→colourful/colourless，use→useful/useless，thank→thankful/thankless
加-able
comfort→comfortable，knowledge→knowledgeable，accept→acceptable，respect→respectable
加-ous
danger→dangerous，courage→courageous，humour→humorous
-ce變
為-t
confidence→confident，difference→different
加-al
music→musical，person→personal，nation→national，education→educational，tradition→traditional
加-ly
friend→friendly，week→weekly，love→lovely
加-en
wood→wooden，wool→woolen
加-ive/
-ative
attract→attractive，talk→talkative，prevent→preventive，protect→protective
其他常
見(jiàn)變化
energy→energetic，fool→foolish，pleasure→pleasant/pleased，science→scientific
注意
以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)名詞加后綴-y變成形容詞時(shí)，要雙寫(xiě)該輔音字母再加-y，如：sun→sunny，fun→funny等。以-e結(jié)尾的名詞加-y變形容詞時(shí)要去掉e再加-y，如：noise→noisy，ice→icy，taste→tasty等。
2．形容詞變副詞的規(guī)則
類別
例詞
(1)一般形容詞變副詞直接在其后加-ly。
quick→quickly，anxious→anxiously
(2)以輔音字母＋e結(jié)尾的形容詞直接加-ly，以元音字母＋e結(jié)尾的形容詞去掉e再加-ly。
immediate→immediately，polite→politely，true→truly
(3)以輔音字母＋le結(jié)尾的形容詞要去掉e再加-y。
possible→possibly，probable→probably
(4)以輔音字母＋y結(jié)尾的形容詞要變y為i再加-ly。
happy→happily，healthy→healthily
(5)以ic結(jié)尾的形容詞要在其后加-ally。
economic→economically，basic→basically
(6)以ll結(jié)尾的形容詞要在其后加-y。
full→fully，dull→dully
注意
下面這兩個(gè)單詞是特殊的形式：whole→wholly public→publicly
3．常見(jiàn)的以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞
(1)表示時(shí)間的形容詞：hourly每小時(shí)的；daily 每天的；weekly 每周的；monthly 每月的；yearly 每年的；timely及時(shí)的，適時(shí)的。
(2)表示人的形容詞：manly有男子氣概的；womanly 女性特有的；motherly慈母般的；fatherly 慈父般的；comradely 同志般的。
(3)表示人的外貌、特征、性格、心理等的形容詞：lovely可愛(ài)的；friendly 友好的；ugly 難看的；lively 活潑的；lonely 孤獨(dú)的；unfriendly 不友好的；kindly 親切的；sickly多病的；elderly 年長(zhǎng)的。
(4)表示事物特征、環(huán)境、情況、狀態(tài)的形容詞：likely可能的；orderly 整齊的；deadly 致命的；chilly 寒冷的；disorderly 亂七八糟的；unlikely 不大可能發(fā)生的。
4．如何區(qū)分-ed結(jié)尾的形容詞與-ing結(jié)尾的形容詞
(1)-ing結(jié)尾的形容詞主要用于修飾物或事，表示事物的性質(zhì)或特征，常譯為“令人……的”。
(2)-ed結(jié)尾的形容詞通常用于說(shuō)明人的感受，常譯為“感到……的”，也可以修飾事物，多修飾smile(微笑)，appearance(外貌)，face(面部表情)，voice(聲音)，look(表情)，expression(表情)等表示人的情緒狀況的名詞。
He had a pleased smileon his face.
他臉上露出了滿意的微笑。
He told me the news ina very excited voice.
他以非常激動(dòng)的聲音告訴了我這個(gè)消息。
5．?？嫉倪B接性副詞
though然而，可是；meanwhile 在此期間；therefore/thus/consequently因此，所以；moreover/furthermore而且，此外；besides而且，另外，還有；however然而；instead相反，代替；anyway/anyhow盡管，即使這樣；otherwise否則。
The young man couldn’tafford a new car.Instead，he bought a used one.
那個(gè)年輕人買不起新車，便買了一輛二手的。
The house was too expensiveand too big.Besides，I’dgrown fond of our little rented house.
這個(gè)房子太貴、太大了。而且，我已經(jīng)越來(lái)越喜歡我們租的小屋了。
6．意義不同的同根副詞
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)
1．The old people there weretalkative and they told us their personal(person) stories cheerfully.
2．There were many peoplewaiting at the bus stop，andsome of them looked very anxious and disappointed(disappoint)．
3．I’llnever forget the amazing(amaze) trip I had in Beijing，China and I hope to gothere next time with my friends.
4．He spent seven days inthe wind and snow，coldand hungry(hunger)．
5．In the study，GBS was used to providea highly(high) efficient way of demonstrating quantum computational speedupin solving some tasks.
6．The title will be officially(official)given to me at a ceremony in London.
7．Luckily(lucky)，he also has a cow whichproduces milk every day.
8．I am terribly(terrible)sorry that I can’t go to the bookstore with you atthe appointed time.
In my family，my mother is the thinnest①.Myfather is much taller② than her and me，but he is twice as heavyas③ my mother，and becoming fatterand fatter④.He is quite worried because thefatter⑤ he is，the more likely⑤he is to be ill.
[規(guī)則感悟]?、傩稳菰~和副詞變比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)，一般直接加-er或-est；以e結(jié)尾的直接加-r或-st；以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)詞注意雙寫(xiě)結(jié)尾輔音字母；以“輔音字母＋y”結(jié)尾的詞，將y變?yōu)閕再加-er或-est；多音節(jié)詞前面加more或most。
兩者或兩部分之間比較，多用比較級(jí)；三者或三者以上的比較，可以使用最高級(jí)。
②比較級(jí)常常和than連用，并且可以被much，a little，abit，even，far，still等詞修飾。
③倍數(shù)表達(dá)法：
·A＋謂語(yǔ)＋倍數(shù)＋adj./adv.比較級(jí)＋than＋B
·A＋謂語(yǔ)＋倍數(shù)＋as＋adj./adv.原級(jí)(＋名詞)＋as＋B
·A＋謂語(yǔ)＋倍數(shù)＋the＋名詞(size，length，height，weight等)＋of＋B
④“adj./adv.比較級(jí)＋and＋adj./adv.比較級(jí)”表示“越來(lái)越……”。
⑤“the＋比較級(jí)．..，the＋比較級(jí)．..”表示“越……，就越……”。
1．少數(shù)以-er，-ow，-y或-le結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞，可以加-er構(gòu)成比較級(jí)，加-est構(gòu)成最高級(jí)。
clever→cleverer→cleverest
narrow→narrower→narrowest
easy→easier→easiest
simple→simpler→simplest
2．有些形容詞沒(méi)有程度可分或其本身就表示某種程度，因此沒(méi)有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。
這類形容詞有right(正確的)，wrong(錯(cuò)誤的)，possible(可能的)，empty(空的)，first(第一的)，wooden(木制的)，final(最后的)，east(東方的)，last(最后的)等。
3．有些形容詞和副詞變比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)時(shí)為不規(guī)則變化，需牢記。
good/well→better→best
bad/ill→worse→worst
many/much→more→most
little→less→least
old→older/elder→oldest/eldest
far→farther→farthest(指具體空間上)
far→further→furthest(指抽象程度上)
4．比較級(jí)的基本用法
(1)同級(jí)比較
①as＋adj./adv.(原級(jí))＋as...“和……一樣”；not as/so＋adj./adv.(原級(jí))＋as...“不如……”
Since people are fond ofhumour，itis as welcome in conversation as anywhere else.
因?yàn)槿藗兿矚g幽默，所以在談話中或其他任何地方它都是受歡迎的。
②當(dāng)as...as結(jié)構(gòu)中有名詞時(shí)，可用以下結(jié)構(gòu)：
as＋形容詞原級(jí)＋a(n)＋n.＋as...
as＋many＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)＋as...
as＋much＋不可數(shù)名詞＋as...
I’mnot a little tired today after giving the room a thorough cleaning and I have neverhad as tiring a day as today.
今天對(duì)房間進(jìn)行了大掃除之后我非常累，我從來(lái)沒(méi)有過(guò)比今天更累的一天了。
(2)比較級(jí)比較
“形容詞/副詞比較級(jí)＋than”表示“兩者中一方比另一方更……”?！發(fā)ess＋形容詞/副詞原級(jí)＋than”表示“一方不及另一方……”。
I know my sister betterthan anyone else.Once she has made up her mind，nothing can change it.
我比其他任何人更了解我姐姐。她一旦下定決心，沒(méi)有什么能夠改變。
5．比較級(jí)的特殊用法
①“more＋原級(jí)＋than＋原級(jí)”表示“與其說(shuō)……不如說(shuō)……”。
The girl was morefrightened than hurt.
與其說(shuō)這個(gè)女孩是受了傷，不如說(shuō)是受到了驚嚇。
②“morethan＋主語(yǔ)＋can＋謂語(yǔ)”表示“非……所能；……不能”。
The beauty of the cityis more than I can describe.
這座城市的美是我所不能描述的。
③形容詞比較級(jí)前一般不用冠詞，但如果出現(xiàn)表示范圍的短語(yǔ)時(shí)，就需要加定冠詞。
Of the two sisters，Mary is the cleverer.
這兩姐妹中，瑪麗更聰明。
6．比較級(jí)形式表示最高級(jí)含義
在某個(gè)特定范圍內(nèi)，同類事物對(duì)比，可用以下比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)表示最高級(jí)含義。
①比較級(jí)＋than＋any other＋可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)
②比較級(jí)＋than＋the other＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)
③比較級(jí)＋than＋anyone/anything else
④比較級(jí)＋than＋any of the other＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)
⑤“否定詞＋比較級(jí)”也可表示最高級(jí)含義。
China is the largest countryin Asia.That is，itis larger than any other country in Asia.
中國(guó)是亞洲最大的國(guó)家。即中國(guó)比亞洲其他任何國(guó)家都要大。
No man is better thanyou in the world.
人世間沒(méi)有人比你好。
I haven’t read a more interestingnovel.
這是我讀過(guò)的最有趣的小說(shuō)了。
7．最高級(jí)的基本用法
(1)形容詞最高級(jí)(＋名詞)＋表示范圍的狀語(yǔ)
She is the most activestudent in our class.
她是我們班最活躍的學(xué)生。
(2)one of＋形容詞最高級(jí)＋名詞復(fù)數(shù)
Shanghai is one of thebiggest cities in our country.
＝Shanghai is among the biggestcities in our country.
上海是我國(guó)最大的城市之一。
(3)序數(shù)詞＋形容詞最高級(jí)＋名詞
Africa is the secondlargest continent in the world.
非洲是世界上第二大洲。
對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)
1．The more(much) wedo for those in need，thehappier we’ll be.
2．Road safety has arousedwider(wide) attention of the public than before.
3．During the end of the 19thcentury and the beginning of the 20th century，Beijing Opera finally formed and becamethe biggest(big) of all operas in China.
4．I have never met a kinder(kind)teacher than Mrs Smith before.
5．The electronic waste streamis increasing three times faster(fast) than traditional garbage as a whole.
6．When you study the localmap，you’llfind this town is twice the size of that one.
7．I have seldom seen my motheras/so pleased with my progress as she is now.
1．When the house was built，it was much smaller(small)than it is today.(2021·浙江6月)
2．Local people were providedwith financial(finance) aid and other benefits.
3．One day the emperor wantedto get his portrait(畫(huà)像)done so he called all great artists to come and present their finest(fine)work，so thathe could choose the best.(2020·全國(guó)Ⅲ)
4．As the small boat movedgently(gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the mountains beingsilently reflected in the water.(2020·全國(guó)Ⅲ)
層級(jí)一 基礎(chǔ)達(dá)標(biāo)練
單句語(yǔ)法填空
1．Last October，while tending her gardenin Mora，Sweden，Lena Pahlsson pulled outa handful of small carrots(carrot) and was about to throw them away.
2．Handle the most importanttasks first，andyou’llfeel a real sense of achievement(achieve)．
3．Although he researchescloning，hisintention(intend) has never been to create copies of humans.
4．In the early fifties(fifty)，researchers found thatpeople scored higher on intelligence tests if they spoke more than one language.
5．She is the twelfth(twelve)tutor，whohas come to look after his children since their mother died.
6．The old man goes to thepark every third(three) day，jogging with his fellows.
7．But the successful testdrilling for fire ice does not mean it can be extracted for industrial(industry)use.
8．The world’spopulation is increasing at a surprising(surprise) rate and our environmentis facing great pressure.
9．Nowadays it’sthe second largest(large) city in Bulgaria and it’sa significant economic，educationaland cultural center.
10．Indians start practicingyoga at a very young age，sotheir bodies are even stronger(strong)．
層級(jí)二 高考真題練
單句語(yǔ)法填空
1．John Olson，a former photographer(photograph) and his team turn paintings into fully textured 3D models.(2022·浙江6月)
2．Cao and Wu also collectedgarbage along the road，inorder to promote environmental protection(protect)．(2022·全國(guó)甲)
3．Cao believes this willmake the hiking trip even more meaningful (meaning)．The two of them collectedmore than 1,000 plastic bottles along the 40-day journey.(2022·全國(guó)甲)
4．In the last five years，Cao has walked through34 countries in six continents，andin 2016，hereached the top of Kilimanjaro，Africa’shighest(high) mountain.(2022·全國(guó)甲)
5．The GPNP’smain goal is to improve connectivity between separate populations(population)and homes of giant pandas，andeventually(eventual) achieve a desired level of population in the wild.(2022·新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ)
6．On the day of the accident，Mrs Brown was at work andEric was at home with his father.They both fell asleep(sleep) while watchingTV.(2022·新高考全國(guó)Ⅱ)
7．When he looked down，he accidentally(accidental)slippedand fell over the edge.
(2022·新高考全國(guó)Ⅱ)
8．This may be due to somedisadvantages for people living in the countryside，including lower(low) levelsof income and education，highercosts of healthy foods，andfewer sports facilities.
(2021·浙江1月)
9．It is calculated by dividinga person’s(person) weight in kg by theirheight in meters squared，anda BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy.(2021·浙江1月)
10．Filled with curiosity(curious)，the artist packed his bagsand left.(2020·全國(guó)Ⅲ)
層級(jí)三 語(yǔ)篇提能練
語(yǔ)法填空
(2022·浙江1月改編)
Kim Cobb，a professor at the GeorgiaInstitute of Technology in Atlanta，is one of a small but growing minority of 1. (academic) who are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.Travellingto conferences，lectures，workshops，and the like—2. (frequent) by plane—3. (view)as important for scientists to get together and exchange information.But Cobb andothers are now questioning that idea—pushing conferences to provide more chancesto participate remotely and changing their 4. (person) behavior to do their part in dealing with the climate change crisis.Ona website called No Fly Climate Sci，for example,5. (rough) 200 academics—many of them climate scientists—have promised to fly aslittle 6. possiblesince the effort started two years ago.
Cobb，for her part，started to ask conferenceorganizers who invited her to speak 7.______ she could do so remotely；about two-8. (three) of the time，theyagreed.When the answer was no，shedeclined the 9. (invite)．That approach brought Cobb’sair travel last year down by 75%，and she plans to continue the practice.“Ithas been fairly rewarding，”she says—“10. really positive change.”
語(yǔ)篇解讀 這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了一個(gè)由學(xué)者團(tuán)體發(fā)起的實(shí)踐，目的是減少學(xué)術(shù)飛行以應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化危機(jī)。
1．答案 academics
解析 考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。此句話中前面有one of，所以后面名詞應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)形式，故填academics。
2．答案 frequently
解析 考查副詞。此處所填單詞應(yīng)該修飾前面的動(dòng)名詞travelling，所以應(yīng)用副詞，故填frequently。
3．答案 isviewed/has been viewed
解析 考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和主謂一致。描述人們普遍認(rèn)知的事情用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，此處也可以表示強(qiáng)調(diào)人們從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的認(rèn)知，動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)與view之間存在被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故填is viewed或hasbeen viewed。
4．答案 personal
解析 考查形容詞。此處所填的單詞應(yīng)該修飾后面的名詞behavior，所以應(yīng)用形容詞形式，故填personal。
5．答案 roughly
解析 考查副詞。此處修飾數(shù)字用副詞roughly“大約”，故填roughly。
6．答案 as
解析 考查原級(jí)比較?！癮s＋形容詞/副詞原級(jí)＋as”為固定用法，故填as。
7．答案 whether/if
解析 考查賓語(yǔ)從句。根據(jù)句意并分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句作ask的賓語(yǔ)，意為“是否”，故填whether/if。
8．答案 thirds
解析 考查數(shù)詞。此處是分?jǐn)?shù)2/3的表達(dá)方式，分子如果大于1，分母要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，故填thirds。
9．答案 invitation
解析 考查名詞。此處需填入名詞作動(dòng)詞declined的賓語(yǔ)，故填invitation。
10．答案 a
解析 考查冠詞。此處表示一個(gè)積極的改變，表泛指，且really的發(fā)音為輔音音素開(kāi)頭，所以應(yīng)該用不定冠詞a。
1．形容詞的名詞化表達(dá)
某些形容詞可以用“beof＋抽象名詞”來(lái)表達(dá)。例如：be important＝be of importance be beneficial＝be of benefit be valuable＝be of value be helpful＝be of help be useful＝be of use
(2022·全國(guó)甲)說(shuō)到海洋，它對(duì)世界非常重要，然而，它的污染正變得越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重。
When it comes to ocean，it’sof greatimportance to the world；however，its pollution is becomingmore and more serious.
(2021·全國(guó)甲)毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，故宮提供了一個(gè)進(jìn)入中國(guó)木構(gòu)建筑的窗口，這有助于外國(guó)人更多地了解中國(guó)文化。
There’sno doubt that the Palace Museum offers a window into Chinese wooden architecture，which is of help for foreignersto know more about Chinese culture.
2．副詞的名詞化表達(dá)
某些表示情緒的副詞可以用“介詞＋名詞”短語(yǔ)表達(dá)。例如：angrily＝with anger anxiously＝with anxiety curiously＝with curiosity comfortably＝in comfort peacefully＝in peace hurriedly＝in a hurry joyfully＝with joy
(2022·浙江1月)亨德森博士很高興看到我們完成的項(xiàng)目并滿意地對(duì)我們說(shuō)：“一個(gè)人可以走得很遠(yuǎn)，但一群人可以走得更遠(yuǎn)。”
Dr Henderson was very gladto see our completed project and said to us with satisfaction，“Oneperson can go far，buta group of persons can travel farther.”
(2020·浙江7月)我們?nèi)f分焦急地等待獲救。
We waited for being rescuedwith great anxiety.
3．活用帶有比較級(jí)的句型
(1)the＋比較級(jí)．..，the＋比較級(jí)．..
(2020·新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ)我聽(tīng)到的鼓勵(lì)越多，我就越感到精力充沛。
The more encouragement I heard，the more energetic I felt.
(2022·全國(guó)甲)正如你們所知，參與的人越多，海洋環(huán)境就越好。
As you know，the more people are involved，the better the ocean environmentis.
(2)“否定詞＋比較級(jí)”表達(dá)最高級(jí)含義
(2022·全國(guó)乙)我認(rèn)為，在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中，沒(méi)有比自律更重要的了。
As far as I’mconcerned，nothing is more importantthan self-discipline in English learning.
(2021·浙江6月)我意識(shí)到?jīng)]有什么比把這119美元給我的家人更有意義了。直到我把錢交給爸爸的時(shí)候，我才知道了成長(zhǎng)的真正意義。
I realized nothing wasmore meaningful than contributing the 119 dollars to my family.Not until I handedmy Dad the money did I know the true meaning of growing up.
