安徽東至二中 胡應(yīng)余
《新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》中英語(yǔ)學(xué)科對(duì)學(xué)生的要求有所提高，高考書(shū)面表達(dá)的要求也相應(yīng)提高。(江蘇英語(yǔ)高考2006和2007年，書(shū)面表達(dá)的詞數(shù)從100增加到120，2008和2009年書(shū)面表達(dá)的詞數(shù)從120增加到150。從2006年起，書(shū)面表達(dá)逐年增加開(kāi)放性，為半開(kāi)放式作文。)寫(xiě)出一篇好的書(shū)面表達(dá)，使得文章的語(yǔ)言生動(dòng)、形象、令人贊賞尤其重要。在這里，筆者針對(duì)高考書(shū)面表達(dá)題，尤其是江蘇近幾年的高考書(shū)面表達(dá)題，談一談答題技巧。
一、動(dòng)筆前先審題
從近幾年的全國(guó)及各省、市的高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)題來(lái)看，我們基本上可以將書(shū)面表達(dá)題大致歸納為兩種寫(xiě)作類型：一類是文字性提示 / 表格提示寫(xiě)作；另一類是看圖作文。江蘇近幾年的高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)題采用的基本上是前一類，且為半開(kāi)放式作文。今年江蘇的考試說(shuō)明增加了漫畫(huà)作文。
動(dòng)筆做書(shū)面表達(dá)題前，要好好審題，讀懂題目所給信息，初步確定要寫(xiě)內(nèi)容，避免犯不該出的差錯(cuò)。
1. 審題材和體裁
江蘇省近幾年高考的書(shū)面表達(dá)分析：
2006年要求根據(jù)提示寫(xiě)一篇短文，討論奧運(yùn)會(huì)志愿者應(yīng)該做什么，不應(yīng)該做什么(Dos and Don’ts for the 2008 Olympic Volunteers)。這是一篇比較正式的書(shū)面表達(dá)，動(dòng)筆前要考慮到短文應(yīng)使用較正式、規(guī)范的語(yǔ)言，寫(xiě)出的文字必須簡(jiǎn)潔、明了。
2007年要求學(xué)生根據(jù)提示用英語(yǔ)準(zhǔn)備一份發(fā)言稿，向同學(xué)們講述一下陽(yáng)光體育活動(dòng)的有關(guān)情況。2008年要求根據(jù)提示，寫(xiě)一篇題為“Being a Good Listener”的英文演講稿。這兩篇書(shū)面表達(dá)都是屬于較正式場(chǎng)合的口頭發(fā)言，因此在動(dòng)筆前要考慮到使用的語(yǔ)言應(yīng)既正式又熱情洋溢，富有激情。
2009年要求以鼠標(biāo)為切入點(diǎn)，根據(jù)提示用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)一篇短文，此題材是一篇說(shuō)明文，在組織語(yǔ)句方面要求較高。尤其是學(xué)生必須了解電腦和網(wǎng)絡(luò)方面的知識(shí)和有關(guān)詞匯，難度較大。動(dòng)筆前要理清思路，使用一些高級(jí)詞匯，注意用正確的英語(yǔ)句子表達(dá)出正確的意思，文章的表達(dá)要有一定的變化性和邏輯性。
漫畫(huà)題材的書(shū)面表達(dá)有一定的難度，首先要讀懂圖，包括漫畫(huà)的題目、漫畫(huà)的畫(huà)面、漫畫(huà)的文字和寓意。一般首先對(duì)漫畫(huà)進(jìn)行描述，展開(kāi)議論，通過(guò)議論闡述其中的寓意，最后發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn)。
另外，還有一些其他體裁的書(shū)面表達(dá)，如：書(shū)信、日記、通知(口頭或書(shū)面)、歡迎詞、歡送詞等，要注意其格式和文體，使用恰當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)言。如：2009年全國(guó)卷I書(shū)面表達(dá)題，外出前給房東寫(xiě)一個(gè)留言。動(dòng)筆前要考慮文中所用語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)潔、口語(yǔ)化，多使用非正式的文體。
2. 審時(shí)態(tài)和人稱
對(duì)于文字提示的寫(xiě)作，要注意根據(jù)表達(dá)的需要選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài)。江蘇2006-2009年的書(shū)面表達(dá)題，由于文體的需要，使用的都是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。如果是對(duì)事情的敘述，就要根據(jù)情況使用不同的時(shí)態(tài)。如：2009年全國(guó)卷I書(shū)面表達(dá)題的留言條，就要根據(jù)不同的情況使用不同的時(shí)態(tài)。
Mrs Wilson,
I’m going out shopping, and won’t be back until about 5:00 pm. I have taken with me the two books you asked me to return to the City Library. At about 1 o’clock this afternoon, Tracy called, saying that she couldn’t meet you at Bolton Coffee tomorrow morning as she has something important to attend to. She felt very sorry about that, but said that you could set some other time for the meeting. She wanted you to call her back as soon as you are home. She has already told Susan about this change.
Li Hua
2009年浙江卷高考書(shū)面表達(dá)題，要求寫(xiě)一則新聞報(bào)道，報(bào)道學(xué)生志愿者去陽(yáng)光敬老院開(kāi)展志愿者活動(dòng)，就得用過(guò)去時(shí)敘述所做的事。
On May Day, Li Yue and Zhang Hua, students from Class Three, Grade Two, went to Sunshine Nursing Home to do some voluntary work. Upon their arrival, Li Yue and Zhang Hua were warmly welcomed, and respectfully, they presented the elderly with flowers and fruits. Then, they started working at once, cleaning the windows and sweeping the floor. Everything done, they sat in the yard chatting with the elderly people.
When it was time for the volunteers to leave, the elderly people thanked them for their kindness. They said it was such a beautiful day that they would remember it forever.
Li Yue and Zhang Hua were very happy. What they did has brought joy to others and enriched their own lives.
人稱也是寫(xiě)作時(shí)要注意的。江蘇省2006-2008年的書(shū)面表達(dá)題：前半部分的dos and don’ts (2006)，a national student sports program (2007)和why to listen, whom to listen to (2008)部分要用第三人稱，后面要求自己發(fā)揮的部分則要用第一人稱。2009年的江蘇關(guān)于“mouse”的書(shū)面表達(dá)題則要用第三人稱。
二、使用正確、流暢的語(yǔ)言
首先讓我們來(lái)看看近年來(lái)高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)題的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：第五檔(很好)：覆蓋所有主要內(nèi)容；應(yīng)用了較多的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯；語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯方面有少許錯(cuò)誤，但為盡力使用較復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)或較高級(jí)詞匯所致；具備較強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力，有效地使用了語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，使全文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊；達(dá)到了預(yù)期目的。
如何使書(shū)面表達(dá)題達(dá)到行文切題，緊扣中心思想，不漏要點(diǎn)，并且意思連貫，文理通順，語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確、得當(dāng)，具體方法有：
1. 使用多種句型和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)
英語(yǔ)中有許多重要句型。如：it引導(dǎo)的有關(guān)句型（強(qiáng)調(diào)句：It’s + adj. / n. + to do sth. / doing sth. / that (wh-) clause; It’s time that...; It’s 5 years since…等）、感嘆句、倒裝句、虛擬語(yǔ)氣、定語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句、狀語(yǔ)從句等。
如果一段文字都使用簡(jiǎn)單的句子或類似的結(jié)構(gòu)，會(huì)使人感到單調(diào)乏味。靈活運(yùn)用各種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，可以給文章增色不少，從而使整篇文章因此而生輝。請(qǐng)比較下面兩段2008年江蘇高考書(shū)面表達(dá)題的自由發(fā)揮部分：
① I think we should listen more to others. We should respect others and never stop others till they finish their task. We should show our interest, keep silence and smile when others are thinking. We should listen to others’ opinions. We know good listening can really enable us to get closer to each other.
?、?What I want to stress is that each of us should listen more to others. Show your respect and never stop others till they finish their talk; show you are interested by a supportive silence or a knowing smile; be open-minded to different opinions even though you don’t like them. In a word, good listening can really enable us to get closer to each other.
兩段所表達(dá)的意思完全相同，但第一段使用的句型較單一(若沒(méi)有第二段的比較，也許覺(jué)得還不錯(cuò))。第二段多使用了一些從句，如：What I want to stress is that…, even though you don’t like them以及最后的總結(jié)In a word等，使語(yǔ)言精彩、生動(dòng)。
再比較兩段2007年江蘇高考書(shū)面表達(dá)題的自由發(fā)揮部分：
?、?I think we senior 3 students should have daily exercise. We spend an hour exercising every day. We can have good health and a clear mind. So we can work more efficiently.
?、?Personally, I think it a good idea for us senior 3 students to have daily exercise. Although we take an hour a day for exercise, it is well worth it. Taking exercise helps us build up our body and keep a clear mind. Therefore, we can work more efficiently.
第一段用的都是簡(jiǎn)單句，讀起來(lái)很單調(diào)、乏味。第二段句型多樣化，還使用了非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和某些句型。如：it 為形式賓語(yǔ)，不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作真正的賓語(yǔ)的句型I think it a good idea for us senior 3 students to have…；讓步狀語(yǔ)從句Although we…, it is well worth it.以及動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)Taking exercise helps us…等，讀起來(lái)很有味。
2. 使用較高級(jí)的詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu)
詞匯反映你知識(shí)貯存量的多少，也是衡量英語(yǔ)水平的一個(gè)重要標(biāo)志。運(yùn)用高級(jí)的詞匯和較高級(jí)的結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)提高書(shū)面表達(dá)的分?jǐn)?shù)至關(guān)重要。比較下面幾組句子：
(1) He was busy going over his lessons.
He was buried in his lessons.
He was devoted to going over his lessons.
He was occupying himself in going over his lessons.
四個(gè)句子采用不同的詞匯，后三個(gè)句子中的be buried in, be devoted to, occupy oneself in doing something是較高級(jí)的詞匯。
(2) As soon as I saw the boy, I thought of a good idea.
A good idea occurred to me immediately I saw the boy.
Upon seeing the boy, a good idea struck me.
Hardly had I seen the boy when I hit on a good idea.
同樣表示“想到好主意”時(shí)，使用occur to, strike, hit on就比think of高一個(gè)檔次。再加上使用了Upon doing…, Hardly…when…等，可反映其較強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)言功底。
(3)
?、?The Ministry of Education calls on students to exercise for an hour every day and hopes that the students will be fit, be able to work fifty years and enjoy the whole life.
?、?The Ministry of Education calls on students to work out for an hour every day, in the hope that they will have good health to work fifty years and enjoy the whole life.
?、?It is the Ministry of Education that calls on students to work out for an hour every day. In this way, not only will they have good health to work fifty years but also they will enjoy the whole life.
句①采用的是簡(jiǎn)單、直截了當(dāng)?shù)谋磉_(dá)方法；句②用了較高級(jí)的in the hope that…；句③使用了強(qiáng)調(diào)句型和倒裝句。
(4)
① Most of us can not operate a computer or surf the Internet without a mouse.
?、?Most of us can’t operate a computer without a mouse. Neither can we surf the Internet.
③ For most people, it’s almost impossible to operate a computer without a mouse, let alone surf the Internet.
三個(gè)句子中的第②、③分別用了倒裝句和不定式作主語(yǔ)及較高級(jí)的詞匯“let alone”。
由此可見(jiàn)，雖然表示的意思相同，但表達(dá)的方法不同，給人的感覺(jué)就不同。每組句子中的第一個(gè)句子比較簡(jiǎn)單，多使用了初中所學(xué)的詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu)；后面的句子多使用了高中所學(xué)的詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu)，大大地提高了文章的檔次。更重要的是，體現(xiàn)了文章的得體性和流暢性，給人賞心悅目的感覺(jué)。
3. 使用多種關(guān)聯(lián)詞
要使句子與句子之間的意思互相連接，就需要有關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)。關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)會(huì)幫助讀者推斷出文章接下來(lái)將會(huì)發(fā)生什么。常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有表示時(shí)間順序的(firstly, secondly, finally, now, in the end…)，有表示原因或結(jié)果的(for one thing, therefore, as a result…)，有表示句子間對(duì)照關(guān)聯(lián)的(in contrast, however, instead, on the contrary…)，還有表示附加信息的(in addition, furthermore, on top of..., moreover…)。使用關(guān)聯(lián)詞的文章，行文連貫、條理清楚。
請(qǐng)看2006年高考江蘇書(shū)面表達(dá)的一段：
Firstly, they should be polite and friendly to the athletes and visitors from all over the world, and avoid improper behaviour. Secondly, they should stick to their posts, offering good services, satisfying any reasonable needs and being ready to help those in difficulty, and never fail to do their duty. Thirdly, they should introduce the Chinese culture and history to foreigners so that they may know China better and never say or do anything that harms the image of our motherland.
這是典型的使用有表示時(shí)間順序的關(guān)聯(lián)詞的例子。
再看下面兩個(gè)使用關(guān)聯(lián)詞的例子。
?、?But still some disagreed. For one thing, “Shan-zhai” products are poor in terms of functions, quality and after-sale services. For another, floods of “Shanzhai” products are like junks, which have had a great effect on some industries and infringe intellectual property rights.
?、?Cheating in exams influences the study atmosphere and results in an unfair competition, destroying the creativity of those bright students and ruining their self-confidence. What is worse, it is also harmful to the development of our society.
Measures should be taken to prevent cheating. A severe punishment should be put into practice. On the other hand, great efforts should be made to make students understand what kind of person the society needs and educate them to be honest. Honesty is a basic virtue of a human being. Let’s work hard and say no to cheating!
這兩段分別使用了for one thing…for another, what’s worse, on the other hand，使上下文連貫。
4. 使用名言、諺語(yǔ)
根據(jù)實(shí)際情況恰到好處地使用名言、諺語(yǔ)可點(diǎn)綴文章，使文章更具有說(shuō)服力，起到畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛的作用。如：
① However, there is a long way to go in order to realize my dream. I know very well that I can not succeed without painstaking efforts. No pains, no gains. So I must try my best to work hard at my lessons and achieve good grades so as to attain my goal. Besides, I must have a kind heart and courage so that I can be gentle and polite to those I am to serve. Nothing is too difficult if you put your heart into it.
?、?Loving music is a good thing. When we are tired, music helps us relaxed and refreshed. When we are in low spirits, music helps us cheer up. However, it’s no good listening to music while doing homework because we can’t concentrate on our lessons. As a saying goes, “A man cannot serve two masters.” What’s more, spending too much time listening to music with earphones on may be harmful to our ears. So choosing the proper time and the proper way is a good choice.
這兩段使用了 No pains, no gains (一份耕耘，一份收獲), Nothing is too difficult if you put your heart into it (世上無(wú)難事，只要肯登攀)，A man cannot serve two masters (一仆不能二主/一心不能二用)，直接點(diǎn)題，可提高文章的檔次。平時(shí)要注意積累，用時(shí)會(huì)信手拈來(lái)。
三、注意篇章結(jié)構(gòu)
為使文章符合邏輯的發(fā)展，我們要合理布局文章結(jié)構(gòu)。首先，在文章思路、組織材料、敘述順序等方面要有一定的條理性。其次，根據(jù)需要，安排好段落，各段之間要層次分明，也要重視每一段的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾，開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)往往是總起句，結(jié)尾語(yǔ)往往是總結(jié)句。
近幾年江蘇高考的書(shū)面表達(dá)文章往往可分成三段：開(kāi)頭的簡(jiǎn)述、中間的要點(diǎn)陳述部分和結(jié)尾的自我發(fā)揮部分。如：2009年江蘇的書(shū)面表達(dá)：
The mouse is a most effective device used by people to communicate with a computer．
For most people, it’s almost impossible to operate a computer without a mouse, let alone surf the Internet. A well-chosen mouse is really handy, flexible and convenient in controlling the screen. With the functions of inserting, deleting, moving and copying, it enables us to edit test, browse web page and download what we want. It can even bring us a flood of music, movies and PC games. Just imagine, all this can be done with a cute mouse.
A convenient tool can certainly make our work easier, but it doesn’t always help in a positive way. Too much ready information on our fingertips leaves little room for knowledge pursuing. Too many ready answers make us less excited in finding truth. Relying too much on mouse clicking makes us lazier and less creative both mentally and physically.
總之，只要注意了條理性、準(zhǔn)確性、得體性、流暢性、簡(jiǎn)潔多樣性(不重復(fù))，再加上思想性、美觀性(指的是卷面書(shū)寫(xiě)規(guī)范、清楚、干凈、整潔)，一篇賞心悅目的書(shū)面表達(dá)就會(huì)渾然而成。
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