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一、定語從句概念
定語從句（attributive clause），顧名思義，就是一個句子作定語從屬于主句。定語一般是由形容詞充當(dāng)，所以定語從句又稱作形容詞從句。另外，定語從句是由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的，故又稱作關(guān)系從句。
定語從句一般放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞之后，這種名詞或代詞被稱作先行詞。請看示例：
The woman who lives next door is a teacher.
先行詞 定語從句
在所有的從句中，算定語從句最難掌握，因為漢語里沒有定語從句，漢語里只有定語，而且總是放在名詞之前來修飾名詞。

二、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系代詞代替前面的先行詞，并且在定語從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，可以作主語、賓語、定語等。常見的關(guān)系代詞有：who, that, which。它們的主格、賓格和所有格如下表所示：
格
先行詞 主格 賓格 所有格
人 who whom whose
物 which which
whose
of which
人、物 that that —

（一）關(guān)系代詞who, whom和 whose的用法
who代替人，是主格，在定語從句中作主語。例如：
An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑師是設(shè)計房屋的人。
I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school. 我將永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記在高一時教我們化學(xué)的那位老師。
Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. 想應(yīng)聘這個職位的任何人都必須先通過電子郵件向我們發(fā)送簡歷。
whom代替人，是賓格，在定語從句作賓語，在非正式英語常可省略。例如：
Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我們在學(xué)校圖書館里遇到的那位先生你認(rèn)識嗎？
This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago. 這是我爸爸十年前教的學(xué)生。
The girl who I saw is called Mary. 我見到的那個女孩名叫瑪麗。（在非正式英語中，主格who代替了賓格whom，亦可省略）
whose一般代替人，有時亦可代替物，是所有格，在定語從句作定語。例如：
The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高級工程師的那個女學(xué)生過去在國外留學(xué)。
Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我們這兒能看到窗戶的那個賓館叫什么名字，你知道嗎？（關(guān)系代詞whose指代先行詞hotel，正式用法應(yīng)該用of which。whose window=the window of which，意思是：the window of the hotel。）
【透視高考題】
真題：Look out! Don’t get too close to the house ______ roof is under repair.
A. whose B. which C. of which D. that (2006福建卷-22)
簡析：考查關(guān)系代詞whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句。whose在這個句子里代替物，whose roof=the roof of which，定語從句用另外一句話表達即為：…The roof of the house is under repair。所以A是正確答案。

（二）關(guān)系代詞which的用法
which代替物，在定語從句作主語或賓語，作賓語時還可省略。例如：
I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.
我不喜歡有不幸結(jié)局的小說。（which可以換成that）
Tom works for a factory which makes watches.
湯姆在一個制表廠工作。（which可以換成that）
（三）關(guān)系代詞that的用法
that既可指人又可指物，在當(dāng)代英語中大多指物，在定語從句作主語或賓語，作賓語時還可省略。例如：
Is she the girl that sells newspapers?
她是賣報紙的那個女孩嗎？（that可以換成who）
Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge?
放在冰箱的冰激凌哪兒去了？（that可以換成which）
Is this the book that you want to buy?
這是你要買的那本書嗎？ （that可以換成which，在定語從句作賓語，還可以省略）

三、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
常用的關(guān)系副詞只有三個：when, where, why，在定語從句中充當(dāng)時間、地點和原因狀語。它們的用法大家不妨記住一個口訣：
the time when
the place where
the reason why
（一）關(guān)系副詞when的用法
關(guān)系副詞when代替的先行詞表示的是時間，when在定語從句作時間狀語。例如：
In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often.
北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。（when先行詞是months）
Do you remember the day when we first went to the Summer Palace?
你還記得我們第一次去頤和園的那一天嗎？（when先行詞是day， 當(dāng)代英語里when可以用that替代，這時關(guān)系代詞that就變成了表示時間的關(guān)系副詞）
I haven’t seen her since the year when I left Tokyo.
自從我離開東京的那一年我就一直沒見到過她。（when先行詞是year，同樣when可以用that代替）
【透視高考題】
真題：Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer ______ it was 20 years ago, ______ it was so poorly equipped.
A. what; when B. that; which C. what; which D. which; that
(2005安徽卷-32)
簡析：考查關(guān)系代詞when引導(dǎo)的定語從句。第一個空填連接代詞what，第二個空前的先行詞是20 years ago，故這個空應(yīng)填表示時間的關(guān)系副詞when。故A是正確答案。

（二）關(guān)系副詞where的用法
關(guān)系副詞where代替的先行詞表示的是地點，where在定語從句作地點狀語。例如：
During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up.
春節(jié)期間，我回到了生我養(yǎng)我的家鄉(xiāng)。（where的先行詞是town）
This is the place where Li Bai once lived.
這是李白曾經(jīng)生活過的地方。（where先行詞是place）
上面這個句子不可以將where改為that，因為that不能作為表示地點的關(guān)系副詞。試比較下句：
This is the place that Li Bai once visited.
這是李白曾經(jīng)游覽過的地方。（that的先行詞同樣是place，但這個that是關(guān)系代詞，在定語從句中作賓語，可以省略，還可以用which替換）
【透視高考題】
真題：If a shop has chairs ______ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.
A. that B. which C. when D. where (2005上海卷-40)
簡析：考查關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)的定語從句。定語從句的意思是說男人可以停留在椅子上休息，顯然是表示地點，故D是正確答案。

（三）關(guān)系副詞why的用法
關(guān)系副詞why代替的先行詞表示的是原因，why在定語從句作原因狀語。例如：
The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.
我打電話給你的原因是想問問你是否收到了我的電子郵件。（why先行詞是reason， 當(dāng)代英語里why可以用that替代，這時關(guān)系代詞that就變成了表示原因的關(guān)系副詞，還可以將why省略）
This is the reason why he came late to school.
這就是他為什么上學(xué)遲到的原因。（why先行詞是reason，why可以用that替代，還可以省略）
注意：如果上面的句子將the reason省略，那么這個句子就變成了（This is why he came late to school. ）表語從句，句子意思絲毫未變。

四、特殊關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的定語從句
as是個比較特殊的關(guān)系代詞，一是用在某些句型搭配里，二是獨立于主句之外。下面分別講解。
（一）在固定搭配as…as, so…as, such…as, the same…as中，as引導(dǎo)定語從句
You may take as many books as you want.
你想要拿多少書就拿多少。（第一個as是副詞，修飾many的；第二個as才是關(guān)系代詞，代替先行詞books，在定語從句中作賓語）
I have got such a computer as yours.
我有一臺你這樣的電腦。（as是關(guān)系代詞，代替先行詞computer，在定語從句中作表語，因為yours后省略了is ）
I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin.
我從未見過像桂林那樣美麗的地方。（as是關(guān)系代詞，代替先行詞place，在定語從句中作表語，因為Guilin后省略了is ）

（二）獨立于主句之外，as引導(dǎo)定語從句
As we know,
the earth turns around the sun. 正如我們所知，地球圍繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)。
As is known to us,
（As we know和 As is known to us均為定語從句，as分別作賓語和主語，替代后面的主句。）
Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part of China.
你知道，臺灣是中國不可分割的一部分。（關(guān)系代詞as指代整個主句，在定語從句中作賓語。）
【透視高考題】
真題1：The Beatles, ______ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.
A. what B. that C. how D. as (2006天津卷-12)
簡析：考查關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的定語從句。as代替先行詞the Beatles同時又在從句中作remember的賓語，as的功能同which，但as有“正如”的意思，故D是正確答案。
真題2：______ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.
A. Which B. When C. What D. As (2004江蘇卷-33)
簡析：考查關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的定語從句。which與as引導(dǎo)定語從句均可代表整個一句話或整個主句，但which不能放在句首，另外as有“正如”的意思，而which卻沒有，故D正確。

五、關(guān)系代詞who, which與that的區(qū)別
（一）關(guān)系代詞who與that的區(qū)別
1. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞用作主語時，多用主格who。例如：
He who loses hope loses all.
失去希望的人就失去一切。（先行詞為代詞he, they, any, all, one等時，多用who）
I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese.
我遇見艾麗斯，她告訴我她在學(xué)漢語。（在非限制性定語從句中，用who）
2. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞用作介詞后的賓語時，用賓格whom，不用that。例如：
The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.
我們校長剛才與他談話的那個人是我們的英語老師。（介詞與關(guān)系代詞緊密相連時，只能用賓格whom，不可用主格who）
注意：介詞與關(guān)系代詞不是緊密相連時，或者說介詞放在句子后面時，這時可以用主格who，也可用that，還可以省略關(guān)系代詞。因此，上面的這句話還可以有如下四種說法：
(1) The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.
(2) The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.
(3) The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.
(4) The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.
第4句簡潔、自然，所以口語中用得最多。
3. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞泛指人時，多用that。例如：
He is a man that is never afraid of failure.
他是個從不怕失敗的人。（that用來泛指人）
4. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞出現(xiàn)在who開頭的疑問句時，應(yīng)用that。例如：
Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English?
用英語同湯姆交談的那個女孩是誰？（避免重復(fù)使用who，以免造成誤解或語義含混不清）

（二）關(guān)系代詞which與that的區(qū)別
1. 當(dāng)先行詞為all, much, little以及不定代詞anything, something, everything等時，關(guān)系代詞多用that。例如：
All that glitters is not gold. 閃閃發(fā)光物，未必盡黃金。
She told me everything that she knew. 她把她所知道的一切都告訴了我。
2. 當(dāng)先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞或限定詞the only, the very, all, every, any, no等時，關(guān)系代詞一般都用that。例如：
This is the best novel that I have ever read. 這是我讀過的最好的一部小說。
He is the only person that has been invited to the ball. 他是惟一應(yīng)邀參加舞會的人。
3. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞出現(xiàn)在which開頭的疑問句時，應(yīng)用that。例如：
Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest? 哪一個是推薦給外賓的賓館？（這里使用that很明顯是為了避免重復(fù)which）
4. 在非限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞一般只用which。例如：
Beijing, which is the capital of the People’s Republic of China, will host the 2008 Olympic Games. 北京是中華人民共和國的首都，將主辦2008年奧運會。
5. 介詞后的關(guān)系代詞用which，而不用that。例如：
She has collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps. 她收集了600張郵票，其中60％是德國郵票。
【透視高考題】
真題1：I saw a women running towards me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction ______ she had come.
A. of which B. by which C. in which D. from which (2006重慶卷-34)
簡析：考查介詞＋關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的定語從句。先行詞為事物時，關(guān)系代詞既可用which，也可用that，但介詞后的關(guān)系代詞卻只能用which。由于詞組為come from，故此句應(yīng)選from which。
真題2：He was educated at a local grammar school, ______ he went on to Cambridge.
A. from which B. after that C. after which D. from this (2005山東卷-30)
簡析：考查介詞＋關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的定語從句。句意是上完中學(xué)后到劍橋大學(xué)深造，所以應(yīng)選after which。如果在空格前加上and，那么就要選B。
真題3：The English play ______ my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.
A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which (2005廣東卷-34)
簡析：考查“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句。表達“在英語劇中”，介詞用in，故選擇C. in which。

六、限制性定語從句和非制性定語從句
限制性定語從句中，從句與其所修飾的先行詞之間關(guān)系很密切，若缺少，句意則不完整，故從句前不用逗號隔開；非限制性定語從句中，從句與其所修飾的先行詞之間關(guān)系不太密切，若缺少，句意則仍完整，故從句前一般都用逗號隔開。試比較以下兩組句子：
The water which has been polluted by the factory is not fit to drink.
被工廠污染的水不宜飲用。（如果缺少定語從句，句子的主要意思會受到影響）
Water, which is a clear liquid, is widely used in our everyday life.
水是一種清澈的液體，在我們的日常生活中應(yīng)用非常廣泛。（如果缺少定語從句，句子的主要意思不會受到影響）
His brother who is nineteen years old is serving in the army now.
他的一個十九歲的哥哥現(xiàn)在部隊服役。（表明他不只一個哥哥）
His brother, who is nineteen years old, is serving in the army now.
他的哥哥，今年十九歲，現(xiàn)在部隊服役。（表明他只有一個哥哥）
【透視高考題】
真題1：The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keep it running, ______ means spending tens of thousands of pounds.
A. who B. that C. as D. which (2006江蘇卷-29)
簡析：考查非限制性定語從句。在非限制性定語從句一般不用that，which可以替代前面整個一句話，因此選D。
真題2：I have many friends, ______ some are businessmen.
A. of them B. from which C. who of D. of whom (2005全國卷I/II-24)
簡析：考查非限制性定語從句。這句話若用并列句表達就可寫成：I have many friends, and some of them are businessmen..因此D是正確答案。

七、定語從句的位置
如前所述，定語從句一般總是直接置于所修飾的名詞或代詞之后。有時候，定語從句與先行詞之間插入了其他的短語，這樣它們被分隔了，這種情況下的定語從句被稱作隔離定語從句。例如：
There was a girl upstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad.
樓上有一個女孩，大喊大叫。很明顯，她瘋了。（定語從句who was shouting and crying修飾the girl，被upstairs所隔開）
A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
明天要來一位新老師教你們德語了。（定語從句置于句末以示強調(diào)）
【透視高考題】
真題：The factory produced half a million of shoes every year, 80% ______ are sold abroad.
A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that (2004遼寧卷-35)
簡析：考查隔離定語從句或非限定性定語從句。形式上看80%把關(guān)系代詞與先行詞分離了，另外，of前后表示部分與整體的關(guān)系，其中80％的鞋子售往國外市場。故A是正確答案。


八、定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別
同位語從句與定語從句從形式上看好像沒什么區(qū)別，實際上從含義和功能上看，還是比較易區(qū)分的。同位語從句的先行詞一般為fact, idea, news, thought, reply, report, problem等抽象名詞，而且關(guān)聯(lián)詞大都為that，在idea, problem等詞后根據(jù)句意可能用到who, when, why, how等其他關(guān)聯(lián)詞。關(guān)聯(lián)詞that在同位語從句中僅僅起連接作用，不作任何成分，但又不可省略。定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞（關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞）在從句中是要充當(dāng)句子成分的且有實際含義。試比較以下兩句：
The suggestion that we should practise speaking English every day came from our monitor.
我們每天都應(yīng)練習(xí)說英語的建議是我們的班長提出來的。（同位語從句）
The suggestion that our monitor put forward at the meeting is very valuable.
我們的班長在會上提出的建議很有價值。（定語從句）
【透視高考題】
真題1：A warm thought suddenly came to me ______ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.
A. if B. when C. that D. which (2006安徽卷-29)
簡析：考查關(guān)聯(lián)詞that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句。先行詞為thought，that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句表達thought的內(nèi)容，由于從句太長，故移至句末以保持句子平衡。C正確，注意不能誤選which。
真題2：We haven’t settled the question of ______ it is necessary for him to study abroad.
A. if B. where C. whether D. that (2006江蘇卷-35)
簡析：考查whether引導(dǎo)的同位語從句。這個句子中的of可以省略，形式上看，of后面的從句為介詞的賓語從句，但實際上of連接的question與whether引導(dǎo)的從句是同位關(guān)系。因此C正確，注意不能誤選if，在表示“是否”含義時，用在介詞后或在同位語從句中不可用if。

九、定語從句與強調(diào)句型的區(qū)別
強調(diào)句型一般總是使用It is…that…這個句式，將被強調(diào)的成分（主語、賓語或狀語）放在句式里。這個關(guān)聯(lián)詞that沒有任何實際意義，僅僅起連接作用，但一般情況下不省略。當(dāng)代英語有一種趨勢：如果強調(diào)的主語是人，則可用who；如果強調(diào)的賓語是人，則可用賓格whom；如果強調(diào)時間狀語，則可用when；如果強調(diào)地點狀語，則可用where。定語從句一般不用It is開頭，而且定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞that在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)句子成分。試比較以下兩個句子：
It is Professor Johnson who is to visit China Agricultural University next week.
是約翰遜教授計劃下周訪問中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)。 （強調(diào)句型，who可以換成that）
This is Professor Johnson, who is to visit China Agricultural University next week.
這是約翰遜教授，他計劃下周訪問中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)。 （定語從句，who不可以換成that）
【透視高考題】
真題：It was with great joy ______ he received the news that his lost daughter had been found.
A. because B. which C. since D. that (2004福建卷-35)
簡析：考查強調(diào)句型。強調(diào)原因狀語，但不能誤選because，強調(diào)句型不管強調(diào)什么成分，都可以用that。故D是正確答案。


十、定語從句專項訓(xùn)練
I. 語法鑒賞。下列這句話的英語表達有8種，它們都正確，請觀察、分析和體會它們在句式、用詞和文體上的區(qū)別。
他出生的那天是元旦。
① The day on which he was born was New Year’s Day.
② The day which he was born on was New Year’s Day.
③ The day that he was born on was New Year’s Day.
④ The day he was born on was New Year’s Day.
⑤ The day when he was born was New Year’s Day.
⑥ The day that he was born was New Year’s Day.
⑦ The day he was born was New Year’s Day.
⑧ When he was born was New Year’s Day.

II. 選擇填空。從A、B、C、D四個選項中選出一個最佳選項填空。
1. Anyway, that evening, ______ I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachel’s place.
A. when B. where C. what D. which (2006湖南卷-30)
2. She was educated at Beijing University, ______ she went on to have her advanced study abroad.
A. after that B. from that C. from which D. after which (2006陜西卷-8)
3. Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from ______ effects the people are still suffering.
A. that B. whose C. those D. what (2005天津卷-13)
4. Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, ______ he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students’ Union.
A. during which time B. for which time C. during whose time D. by that time (2005重慶卷-32)
5. The schools themselves admit that not all students will be successful in the jobs ______ they are being trained.
A. in that B. for that C. in which D. for which (2005江西卷-25)
6. I walked in our garden, ______ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees.
A. which B. when C. where D. that (2005遼寧卷-28)
7. Do you have any idea ______ is actually going on in the classroom?
A. that B. what C. as D. which (2005遼寧卷-28)
8. – Is that the small town you often refer to?
– Right, just the one ______ you know I used to work for years.
A. that B. which C. where D. what (2005福建卷-35)
9. Some researchers believe that there is no debt ______ a cure for AIDS will be found.
A. which B. that C. what D. whether (2005廣東卷-34)
10. ______ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.
A. It B. As C. That D. What (2004北京卷-34)

III. 句型轉(zhuǎn)換。將下列的句子使用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞合并成定語從句。
1. A bus goes to the airport. It runs every ten minutes.
2. Our teacher is talking to an Englishwoman. Do you know her?
3. I’ve got a brother called Tom. He lives in the United States. He’s an engineer.
4. Can you tell me the name of the school? Your father once studied in that school.
5. We met a couple on the highway. Their car had broken down.

IV. 句子改錯。下列的定語從句使用有誤，請改正。
1. The valley in that the town lies is heavily polluted.
2. Is this the shop where sells children’s shoes?
3. This is the place where we first met in.
4. I do not know the reason which she came late
5.There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, of that five are mine.

附定語從句專項訓(xùn)練參考答案
I. 語法鑒賞。
第①句最為正式，第⑧句最為非正式。

II. 選擇填空。
1. 【答案】 D 【簡析】考查關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。從動詞句型tell sb. about sth.可以得知，定語從句中少了賓語，所以選擇which，不能誤選when。
2. 【答案】 D 【簡析】考查介詞＋關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的定語從句。句意為北大畢業(yè)后出國留學(xué)深造，故選after which。
3. 【答案】 B 【簡析】考查關(guān)系代詞whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句。whose在這個句子里代替物，whose effects =the effects of which，意指“洪水的影響”。
4. 【答案】 A 【簡析】考查“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。which替代詞先行詞from 1999 to 2003，在那一段時間里，故用during which time。
5. 【答案】 D 【簡析】考查介詞＋關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的定語從句。根據(jù)詞組train sb. for sth.，故選for which。
6. 【答案】 C 【簡析】考查關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)的定語從句。在花園里，顯然是表示地點，關(guān)系代詞用in which或關(guān)系副詞where。
7. 【答案】 B 【簡析】考查同位語從句。句意是：你知道教室里真正發(fā)生了什么事嗎？根據(jù)句意，從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞應(yīng)使用what。
8. 【答案】 C 【簡析】考查關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)的定語從句。這里替代詞the one實際上指的就是the small town，我過去多年在那里工作過的，故選表示地點的關(guān)系副詞。
9. 【答案】 B 【簡析】考查同位語從句。that引導(dǎo)的從句表明doubt的內(nèi)容。
10．【答案】 B 【簡析】考查關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的定語從句。句意是：正如報紙所報道的，兩國會談?wù)〉眠M展。as在從句中作主語，又代替后面整個主句。

III. 句型轉(zhuǎn)換。
1. A bus which (that) goes to the airport runs every ten minutes.
2. Do you know the Englishwoman our teacher is talking to?
或：Do you know the Englishwoman who (whom/that) our teacher is talking to?
或：Do you know the Englishwoman to whom our teacher is talking?
3. My brother Tom, who lives in the United States, is an engineer.
4. Can you tell me the name of the school where your father once studied?.
5. We met a couple on the highway whose car had broken down.

IV. 句子改錯。
1. The valley in which the town lies is heavily polluted.
或：The valley where the town lies is heavily polluted.
或：The valley which (that) the town lies in is heavily polluted.
或：The valley the town lies in is heavily polluted.


2. Is this the shop which (that) sells children’s shoes?
3. This is the place where we first met.
或：This is the place in which we first met.
4. I do not know the reason why she came late.
或：I do not know the reason that she came late.
或：I do not know the reason she came late.
5. There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, of which five are mine.