關(guān)系分句
關(guān)系分句（Relative Clause)是由關(guān)系詞（Relative Word）引導(dǎo)的分句結(jié)構(gòu)。這種分句結(jié)構(gòu)又稱(chēng)“定語(yǔ)從句”（Attributive Clause），因?yàn)檫@種分句的主要功能是作名詞
修飾語(yǔ)（即“定語(yǔ)”）。但是，關(guān)系分詞除作“定語(yǔ)”外，還可以表示其他意義，因此本書(shū)仍按其結(jié)構(gòu)特征名之為“關(guān)系分句”。
33.1 限制性關(guān)系分句與非限制性關(guān)系分句
關(guān)系分句就其與先行項(xiàng)的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系分為限制性關(guān)系分句（Restrictive Relative Clause）和非限制性關(guān)系分句（Non-restrictive Relative Clause）。限制性關(guān)系分句和它的先行項(xiàng)的所指意義有著不可分割的聯(lián)系，缺少了它，作為先行項(xiàng)的名詞（詞組）便不能明確表示其所指對(duì)象。例如：Here is the boy who damaged the wase.
非限制性關(guān)系分句和它的先行項(xiàng)之間只有比較松散的聯(lián)系，它不是先行項(xiàng)的不可缺少的組成部分，而僅僅是對(duì)先行項(xiàng)提供一些補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。因此，如果省略了一個(gè)非限制性關(guān)系分句，并不影響先行項(xiàng)的所指意義。例如：My cousin,who is an engineer,went to Europe last week.
1)限制性關(guān)系分句
限制性關(guān)系分句在口語(yǔ)中前后沒(méi)有停頓，在書(shū)寫(xiě)中通常不用逗號(hào)。例如：
The man who did the robbery has been caught.
The chair (which )I sat in was a broken one.
Can you show me the house where Shakespeare once lived?
The reason why I was along in the mountains is that I had a difficulty with my guide.
限制性關(guān)系分句通常出現(xiàn)在下列搭配中：當(dāng)名詞中心詞帶有表示類(lèi)別的不定冠詞時(shí)，其后的關(guān)系分句通常為限制性關(guān)系分句。例如：
She was a woman who must be treated decently.
He spoke to me in a tone which I don’t at all like.
當(dāng)名詞中心詞帶有前照應(yīng)定冠詞時(shí)，其后的關(guān)系分句也必定是限制性的。例如：
He is the man who told me the news.
This is the car I brought last year.
當(dāng)名詞中心詞帶有all,any,some,every,no等不定限定詞時(shí)，其后的關(guān)系分句也通常是限制性的。例如：
The first flame from Rainbarrow sprang into the sky,attracting all eyes that had been fixed on the distang conflagration(大火）.
Any man who smokes cigarettes is,the doctors say,risking his health.
Some friends that I made in college were more interested in grades than in learning.
He has read almost every book on linguistics that he could get hold of in the library.
No visitors who come to Beijing would fail to see the Great Wall.
2)非限制性關(guān)系分句
如前所示，非限制性關(guān)系分句和它的先行項(xiàng)之間只有比較松散的關(guān)系。這種分句在口語(yǔ)中有停頓，在書(shū)寫(xiě)中常用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。非限制性關(guān)系分句的引導(dǎo)詞通常是who,whom,whose和which等wh-詞，但也并不絕對(duì)排除that.例如：
The Chairman,who spoke first ,sat on my right.
His speech,which bored everyone,went on and on.
The Chairman’s daughter,whose name is Ann,gave me a patient smile.
She is devilish like Miss Cutter,that I used to meet at Dumdum.
關(guān)系副詞where和when也能引導(dǎo)非限制性關(guān)系分句。例如：
Many of our Welsh people(威爾士人）are going to settle in North Carolina,where land is cheap.
I’m seeing the manager tomorrow,when he will be back from New York.
非限制性關(guān)系分句，就其意義來(lái)說(shuō)，再句中有時(shí)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句。例如：
They had a fine walk too,which had done his liver good.(=They had a a fine walk too,and it had his liver good.)
有時(shí)，非限制性關(guān)系分句在語(yǔ)義上起狀語(yǔ)分句的作用，表示原因、目的 、 結(jié)果 、 條件 、 讓步等意義。例如：
It is in line with the Charter(聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章），which recognizes the value of regional effort to solve problems and settle disputes.(這里的which...相當(dāng)于for it...或as it...的意思，表示原因。）
Chinese delegations have been sent to Asian-African countries,who will negotiate trade agreement with the respective governments.(這里的who will...相當(dāng)于so that they may...的意思，表示目的。）
He would be a rash man,who should venture to forecast the results of this event.(這里的who...相當(dāng)于if he...的意思，表示條件。）
Dr lee,who had carefully read through the instructions before doing his experiments,could not obtain satisfactory results,because he followed them mechanically.(這里的who...相當(dāng)于though he...的意思，表示讓步。）
33.2 關(guān)系詞的選擇
關(guān)系詞（Relative Word）包括關(guān)系代詞（Relative Pronoun）、關(guān)系副詞（Relative Adverb）和關(guān)系限定詞（Relative Determinter），這里主要是將關(guān)系代詞的選擇問(wèn)題。
在關(guān)系分句中，關(guān)系代詞的選擇受到幾種因素的制約。這首先牽涉到先行項(xiàng)的所指意義，是指人還是指物；也牽涉到關(guān)系代詞在分句中的句法功能，是作分句的主語(yǔ)，還是作賓語(yǔ)或者補(bǔ)語(yǔ)；當(dāng)然還要看關(guān)系代詞所引導(dǎo)的分句是限制性關(guān)系分句還是非限制性關(guān)系分句；同時(shí)還要考慮到關(guān)系分句是用于什么語(yǔ)域（Register）或語(yǔ)體（Style），是用于正式場(chǎng)合，還是非正式場(chǎng)合，是用于書(shū)面語(yǔ)，還是用語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)。因此，關(guān)系代詞的選擇帶有一定的復(fù)雜性，必須綜合考慮上述諸種因素加以選擇。
1）在限制性關(guān)系分句中關(guān)系代詞的選擇
這里主要介紹在限制性關(guān)系分句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和介詞補(bǔ)足成分的關(guān)系代詞的選擇問(wèn)題。
a)在限制性關(guān)系分句中作主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞的選擇，按照一般規(guī)則是用who/that指人，用which/that指物。但在實(shí)際使用中，大多數(shù)是用who指人，較少用that；大多數(shù)是用that指物，較少用which；尤其在口語(yǔ)中是如此。例如：
He's the man who lives next door to us.
He drives a car that can travel 150 miles an hour.
b)在限制性關(guān)系分句中，關(guān)系代詞作賓語(yǔ)，正式語(yǔ)體分別用whom，which指人和指物；非正式語(yǔ)體用who，that指人，用that指物，而且通?？梢允÷浴＠纾?/font>
{(whom)}
Where is the man{=(who)}I saw this morning?
{=(that)}
{(whom)}
Is that the man {=(who) }you gave your tickets to?
{=(that) }
{(which)}
Where is the book {=(that)}I bought this morning?
Is that the address{(which)}you sent the telegram to?
{=(that)}
在上述諸例中，現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)強(qiáng)烈傾向于用that和zero，除非在非常正式的語(yǔ)體中才用whom/which。
c）關(guān)系代詞作介詞補(bǔ)足成分，在正式語(yǔ)體中介詞通常前置，這時(shí)不管在限制性或是非限制性關(guān)系分句中都用whom指人，which指物。例如：
James Russell is a man for whom I have the greatest respect.
It is a tribute(貢獻(xiàn)）in which the British-speaking peoples can share irrespective of party or class.
在非正式語(yǔ)體中，通常介詞后置，可用who/that指人，that指物，或者都用zero。例如：
They are the boys(who)/(that) I went to school with.
They case (that) you are referring to is now closed.
在介詞后置情況下如果還用whom/which，那就很不自然。
2）在限制性關(guān)系分句中關(guān)系代詞的其他用法問(wèn)題
在限制性關(guān)系分句中，關(guān)系代詞還有以下用法需加注意：
a）當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在SVC結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)或在there be（存在句）結(jié)構(gòu)中作“實(shí)義主語(yǔ)”時(shí)，通常用that指人或指物，而且通常省略。例如：
Dr Fordham still talks like the man (that) he was ten years ago.
When Lauren was born,Dorothy decided her daughter would be the singer (that)she always wanted to be.
The 9:15 is the fastest train (that) there was ever been.
b)在限制性關(guān)系分句中，有時(shí)為了明確所指對(duì)象避免歧義，對(duì)關(guān)系代詞的選擇必審慎，有時(shí)必須用who（m）指人，用which指物，若用that則不甚恰當(dāng)。試觀察：
There's only one student in the school (that)I wanted to see.
上述句子在語(yǔ)法上能成立的，但含義模糊，that是指student呢，還是指school呢，不清楚。這個(gè)關(guān)系分句的先行項(xiàng)顯然是student，為了明確起見(jiàn)，還是用who/whom為好。又例如：
There were some students at the party who(m) I must shun.
There was a certain Mrs Jones in the village who(m) none of us liked.
如果先行項(xiàng)是個(gè)既指人又指物的并列名詞詞組，則可以用that引導(dǎo)關(guān)系分句為宜。例如：
He talked brilliantly of the man and the books that interested him.
c)當(dāng)先行項(xiàng)為all或其他指物的不定代詞（如anything，something，nothing）時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)通常用that，作賓語(yǔ)用that/zero。例如：
All that live musr die.(生者必有死）
All (that) I want is peace and quiet.
d)當(dāng)先行項(xiàng)指人并帶有only，all，any等限定詞時(shí)，其后用作分句主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞通常用that，在這種搭配中用that比用who普通。例如：
Any boy that wants to succeed must work hard.
Ask Mr Green,or any other person that is likely to know.
e)當(dāng)先行項(xiàng)帶有最高級(jí)修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，其后的關(guān)系代詞通常用that。例如：
Neeton(牛頓）was one of the greatest men that ever lived.
He's the cleverest man that ever taught in our school.
3)在非限制性關(guān)系分句中關(guān)系代詞的選擇
如前所述，在非限制性關(guān)系分句中，通常用who（m)/whose指人，用which指物。例如：
The driver,who was very young,had only just got his license(執(zhí)照）。
This book,which only appeared a year ago,has already gone through several editions.
在非限制性關(guān)系分句中，which的先行項(xiàng)還可以是上文整個(gè)的分句。例如：
He tried to stand on his hands for five minutes,which-as you know-is rather a diffcult thing to do.
which還能指前面句子的一部分：
I have known men far more able than Bowles,but not half so interesting,which is quite a different thing.
在這里，which指的是上文部分內(nèi)容，即指（men）not half so interesting （as Bowles）。以上文整個(gè)分句為先行項(xiàng)的關(guān)系代詞which還可引導(dǎo)獨(dú)立分句，這時(shí)which和that可以交替使用。例如：
Every bottle of "BUZZ"(飲料名）has been tested in our laboratories.Which/That is why we're so sure of our guarantee.
不過(guò)，在這里，that不是關(guān)系代詞，而是指示代詞。
上述這類(lèi)句子有時(shí)也能用which fact，which matter等引導(dǎo)。例如：
He admires Mrs Brown,which fact/matter surprises me. 但這種用法不如用which普通。
4）關(guān)系詞的省略問(wèn)題
引導(dǎo)限制性關(guān)系從句的關(guān)系詞在下列場(chǎng)合可以省略。
a）當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在分句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)：
The table you just saw is made of plastics.
Tom is not the boy I gave the ticket to.
The stranger I spoke to came again.
b)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞that在分句中作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)：
He's changed.He's not the man he was.
It's a puzzle to me what has made him the man he is.
c)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在分句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，只有當(dāng)主句是由it is， that is， there is引導(dǎo)的場(chǎng)合才能省略：
It isn't everybody can learn a foreign language so easily.
That was his brother just went by.
There was someone asked for you,Bill.
上述省略現(xiàn)象通常只見(jiàn)于非正式語(yǔ)體，但在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系代詞的省略并不限于非正式語(yǔ)體：
This is the fastest train there is to Beijing.
He asks for the latest book there is on the subject.
d）三個(gè)關(guān)系副詞when，where，why可以在the time when，the time where，the reason why結(jié)構(gòu)中引導(dǎo)限制性關(guān)系分句，這通常用于正式語(yǔ)體；在非真實(shí)語(yǔ)體中，通常還可以省略關(guān)系副詞when和why：
I shall never forget the day (when)we first met.
I remember the morning (when)he first came to school.
The reason (why)he came so early is her own affair.
也可用介詞后置的方法代替where：
The room he worked in his now kept in good repair.
Do you happen to know anybody in the university this dictionary was compiled at?
如果where的先行項(xiàng)是place一詞，那么關(guān)系分句的句末介詞也可省略：
That's the place he stayed when he was in London.
上述用法也適用于表示方式的the way結(jié)構(gòu)。在正式語(yǔ)體中，以the way 作先行項(xiàng)的限制性關(guān)系分句通常由in which或者that引導(dǎo)。例如：
The way in which you answered the questions was admirable.
但在非正式語(yǔ)體中，通常說(shuō)：
The way you answered the questions was admirable.
33.3 由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的分句結(jié)構(gòu)
這樣的分句結(jié)構(gòu)也有限定和非限定兩種。
1）由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的限定分句
由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的限定分句多用于正式語(yǔ)體。能作這種用法的關(guān)系代詞主要是which，其次是whom，有時(shí)是關(guān)系限定詞whose。例如：
They tried to think of a plan by which they could fulfil their task ahead of time.
He is telling a story of Lei Feng,of whom every of us is proud.
The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.
與關(guān)系代詞搭配的介詞可以是復(fù)雜介詞。例如：
On entering the turbine(渦輪機(jī)）,the gases pass through nozzles(噴嘴）,by means of which they are directed through a ring of blades.
I will now introduce the candidates in support of whom I wish to speak.
在上述用法中，介詞的選擇受到上下文的制約，或與前面名詞詞組的搭配有關(guān)，或與后面動(dòng)詞詞組的搭配有關(guān)。例如：
Radial flow turbines(輻射流渦輪機(jī)）differ in the manner in which the steam flow is arranged.(in the manner)
The material of which the apparatus is made is a good nonconductor(絕緣體）of heat.(is made of)
2)由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的非限定分句
上面講的關(guān)系分句都是限定分句，此外還有由“介詞+which”引導(dǎo)的不定式分句，這也是一種關(guān)系分句，可以說(shuō)是“非限定關(guān)系分句”（Non-finite Relative Clause）。例如：
Geoffery always considered that the bed was a good place in which to read his legal briefs(訴訟簡(jiǎn)報(bào)）.
I had nothing on which to focus.
It is a captivating(扣人心弦的）base from which to explore Atizona's Grand Canyon(亞利桑那州大峽谷）。
He seemed to be looking for words at his desk with which to convey his meaning as precisely as I had done.
At last there was something about which to write home.
上述非限定關(guān)系分句一般用于正式語(yǔ)體；在非正式語(yǔ)體中，通常用不關(guān)系代詞但帶有句末介詞的不定式分句。例如：
At last there was something to write home about.
I had nothing to focus on.
33.4 雙重關(guān)系分句和嵌入式關(guān)系分句
分述如下：
1）雙重關(guān)系分句
雙重關(guān)系分句（Double Relative Clause）指同一個(gè)先行項(xiàng)之后跟有兩個(gè)關(guān)系分句的語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象。
我們知道，一個(gè)先行項(xiàng)之后多數(shù)只跟有一個(gè)關(guān)系分句；在同一個(gè)句子中，即使出現(xiàn)幾個(gè)關(guān)系分句，也往往各有不同的先行項(xiàng)。例如：
The cat killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built.
但是，也有一個(gè)先行項(xiàng)后面出現(xiàn)一個(gè)以上（主要是兩個(gè)）關(guān)系分句的現(xiàn)象。這有兩種情況：一種是，兩個(gè)關(guān)系分句由并列連詞連接，處于同一層次。例如：
You'll easily find us;just look for a house whose windows need washing and whose fence needs repairing!
另一種是，兩個(gè)關(guān)系分句處于不同層次。例如：
She's the only girl I know who can play the guitar.
在上例中，第一個(gè)關(guān)系分句I know修飾 the only girl，第二個(gè)關(guān)系分句who can play the guitar進(jìn)一步修飾the only girl I know 。
關(guān)于兩個(gè)關(guān)系分句中關(guān)系詞的選擇和省略，與一個(gè)關(guān)系分句關(guān)系詞的選擇和省略相仿，但要注意：當(dāng)兩個(gè)關(guān)系分句處在同一層次時(shí)，只能省略第一個(gè)關(guān)系分句中用作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系詞。例如：
The best play( )Shakespeare wrote,but which I haven't read,is probably King Lear.
2)嵌入式關(guān)系分句
嵌入式關(guān)系分句（Embedded Relative Clause）指這樣一種關(guān)系分句，它既是先行項(xiàng)的后置修飾語(yǔ)。同時(shí)又是另一分句結(jié)構(gòu)的賓語(yǔ)。例如：
She has an adopted child who she says was an orphan.
This debate was relayed on the Third Programme which I had no idea anyone listened to at all.
在上述第一例中，who-分句既是an adopted child 的后置修飾語(yǔ)，同時(shí)又是she says 這一分句的的賓語(yǔ)；同樣地，在第二例關(guān)系分句中which anyone listened to at all嵌入在I had no idea ...的結(jié)構(gòu)匯中。這種“嵌入關(guān)系分句”不同于“雙重關(guān)系分句”。
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