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【高一】定語從句知識點深入解析(后附習(xí)題)



同學(xué)們,定語從句是高中階段的難點,大家要記住下面的語法規(guī)則,并且需要通過以后的練習(xí)來逐漸透徹掌握。學(xué)習(xí)中肯定會遇到一些困難,不好弄懂的知識點一定要結(jié)合例句細心多看幾遍。




1定語從句基本概念


在復(fù)合句中,修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。


引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。


被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。定語從句一般放在先行詞的后面。


2定語從句的關(guān)系詞


引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。


常見的關(guān)系代詞包括that, which, who(賓格whom,所有格whose),as 等。


關(guān)系副詞包括where, when, why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語從句之間起連接作用,同時又作定語從句的重要成分。


3定語從句的分類


根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系,定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。


1.限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號分開,從句不可省去。例如:


Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.

任何有責任感的人都不會做這樣的事。


2.非限制性定語從句主句與從句之間有逗號分開,起補充說明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。例如:


The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.

這幢房子很漂亮,是我們上個月買的.


注意:非限定性定語從句中不能使用關(guān)系代詞 that。


4關(guān)系代詞的用法


1.that


that既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語,作賓語可省略。例如:


Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.

瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂。(that作主語)


The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.

我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍色的。(that作賓語)


2.which


which 用于指物,在句中作主語、賓語或表語,作賓語可省略。例如:


The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火車站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。(作主語)


The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.

我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。(作賓語)


3.who, whom


who, whom 用于指人,who 用作主語和表語,whom用作賓語。在口語中,有時可用who代替whom,也可省略。例如:


The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.

經(jīng)常在英語方面幫助我的那個女孩是英國人。(who 作主語)


Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?

正在與李明談話的老師是誰?(whom 作賓語)


4.as


①引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句時,指與先行詞相似的人或物,必須用于 such/so...as...或 the same...as...結(jié)構(gòu)中,例如:


Such people as were mentioned by him were honest.

被他提到的這樣的人是誠實的。


Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem as none of us worked out.

上學(xué)期我們數(shù)學(xué)老師出了一道我們沒有一個人會的數(shù)學(xué)題。


This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.

這是和我昨天買的包一樣的包。


②引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時,只能修飾句子,可置于被修飾句子后面、前面或主謂之間,翻譯成“正如...那樣”例如:


The earth moves around the sun, as we all know.

As we all know,The earth moves around the sun.

The earth, as we all know, moves around the sun


③在非限制性定語從句中,which和as引導(dǎo)定語從句時的區(qū)別:

a. which引導(dǎo)的從句不能放在主句前,而as引導(dǎo)的從句則既可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后,還可以放在主謂之間。


b.as和which都可以指代一個句子,但as有“正如”、“就像”之意,which則沒有此含義。


c.as 引導(dǎo)的非限定定語從句只能修飾句子,which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句可以修飾句子,也可以修飾名詞。

注意:


1.當定語從句中含有介詞,介詞放在句末時,who,whom, that,which可省略,但介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時,只能用“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:


This is the house in which we lived last year.

這是我們?nèi)ツ昃幼〉姆孔印?/p>


Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.

請告訴我你從誰那借的這本英文小說。


2.含有介詞的固定動詞詞組中,介詞不可前置,只能放在原來的位置上。例如:

This is the person whom you are looking for.

這就是你要找的那個人。



3.關(guān)系詞只能用that的情況:

①先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾,或本身是序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時,只能用that,而不用which.例如:


He was the first person that passed the exam.

他是第一個通過考試的人。


當先行詞指人時,偶爾也可以用關(guān)系代詞who。


②被修飾的先行詞為all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代詞時,只能用that,而不用which.例如:


Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?

你在商店里有什么東西要買嗎?


當先行詞指人時,偶爾也可以用關(guān)系代詞who。


③先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等詞修飾時,只能用that,而不用which.例如:


This is the same bike that I lost.

這就是我丟的那輛自行車。


注意: 當先行詞指人時,偶爾也可以用關(guān)系代詞who。例如:

Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting.

王華是我們學(xué)校唯一將會出席這個會議的人。


④先行詞里同時含有人或物時,只能用that.例如:


I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.

我能清楚記得我在那個房間所見到的人和一些照片。


⑤以who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句,為避免重復(fù),只能用that.例如:


Who is the girl that is crying?

正在哭泣的那個女孩是誰?


⑥主句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu),修飾主語的定語從句用that,而不用which.例如:


There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.

桌子上那本書是湯姆的。


4.關(guān)系詞只能用which,而不用that 的情況:

①先行詞為that, those時,用which, 而不用that.例如:


What’s that which is under the desk?

在桌子底下的那些東西是什么?


②關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時,用which,而不用that.例如:


This is the room in which he lives.

這是他居住的房間。


③引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,用which, 而不用that.例如:


Tom came back, which made us happy.

湯姆回來了,這使我們很高興。


5關(guān)系副詞的用法


1.when指時間,其先行詞表示時間,在句中作時間狀語。例如:


This was the time when he arrived.

這是他到達的時間。(when=at which)


2.where指地點,其先行詞表示地點,在句中作地點狀語。例如:

This is the place where he works.

這是他工作的地點。(where=at /in which)


3.why 指原因,其先行詞是原因,起原因狀語作用。例如:


Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.

沒人知道他為什么上學(xué)總遲到。(why=for which)



【小試身手】

1.—Do you know the man ______is talking with your father?

—Yes, he’s our headmaster.

A. he

B. who

C. which

D. whom


2. Is this the river _____I can swim?

A. which

B. in which

C. that

D. the one


3. This is the best hotel in the city _____I know.

A. where

B. which

C. that

D. it


4. Can you lend me the dictionary ______the other day?

A. that you bought

B. you bought it

C. that you bought it

D. which you bought it


5. Anyone ______with what I said may put up you hands.

A. which agrees

B. who agree

C. who agrees

D. which agree


6. My watch is not the only thing ______ is missing.

A. that

B. it

C. which

D.who


7. The man ______coat is black is waiting at the gate

A. who’s

B. whose

C. that of which.

D. whom


8. The girl ______ is reading under the tree _____my sister.

A. which; is

B. whom; was

C. who; is

D. who; was


9. I love places ______the people are really friendly.

A. that

B. which

C. where

D. who


10. The world ______ is made up of matter.

A. in that we live

B. on which we live

C. where we live in

D. we live in



key:

1-5BBCAC

6-10 ABCCD


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