定語從句是歷年高考的重點,主要考查常見關系代詞和關系副詞的用法,比如which/that/as/ when/where的用法及區(qū)別性的選擇等,及與其他從句如名詞性從句的區(qū)別等。在高考的中主要體現在語法填空,短文改錯,完型填空等中。
考向一常見關系代詞的基本用法
1. that
可指人或物;在定語從句中作主語,賓語,表語。指人時,相當于who或 whom;指物時,相當于which。不能引導非限制性定語從句;不可置于介詞后作賓語。
2. which
指物;在定語從句中作主語,賓語。如:
The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.(主語)
3. who, whom, whose
(1)who: 主格, 在從句中作主語,只可指人
(2)whom: 賓格,在從句中只能作賓語; 只可指人
(3)whose: 表所屬關系,在從句中作定語。譯為:某人的,某物的
(4)whose + 名詞 =the + n. + of which (某物的) = he + n. + of whom (某人的)
注意:
① 關系代詞作介詞賓語 (在定語從句中,介詞提前時,介詞后:表人用 whom;表物用 which)
② 關系代詞在定語從句中用作介詞賓語時, 介詞可放于從句之首, 也可放于從句之末. 但以放于句首較為正式.(介詞前置,必須注意不影響動詞詞組的含義。關系代詞who 和 that 用作介詞賓語時, 介詞必須放在句末。)
4. as
as 引導定語從句, 在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語
(1)如為限制性的,多用于the same …as ; the same as(與……相同);such …as …(如此,這樣); as many/much as(和……一樣多);so/as …as(與……一樣)等結構中。如:
(2)如為非限制性的,as還可以單獨引導一個定語從句,代替整個主句,這種定語從句可置于句首,句中或句尾,譯為"正如,這一點"。(動詞常為know, see, expect, point out, etc.)
As we all know, smoking is harmful to one's health . (as 作賓語)眾所周知,吸煙有害健康。
考向二that、 which只能用其中一個的情況
1. 只能用that,不能用which的情況
(1)先行詞是all,something,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,few等不定代詞或先行詞被all,any,every,no,little,much,some等詞修飾。
?All the people that come from the country work much harder.
所有來自農村的人工作都更努力得多。
(2)先行詞被序數詞、 形容詞最高級、 the only, the very, the last等修飾時, 關系代詞通常只用that, 不用which.如:
?The first English novel that I read was Cities.
我讀的第一本英文小說是《城市》。
?This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.
這是我見過的最激動人心的足球比賽之一。
?This is the only thing that we can do now.
這是我們現在惟一能做的事情。
(3)先行詞既有人又有物時, 關系代詞只用that, 不用which.如:
?The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.
我們所有人都欽佩你告訴我的那位科學家和他所取得的成就。
?The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace. 外國游客高度贊揚了他們在少年宮所看到的少先隊員以及他們的表演。
(4) 關系代詞在限定性定語從句中作表語并帶有類比含義時, 通常只用that, 不用which.如:
?He is no longer the star that he was.
他不再是過去的那位明星了。
?Our school is no longer the school that it used to be.
我們的學校不再是以前的那所學校了。
(5) 句中其他位置已出現which, 為避免重復, 不用which而用that引導限定性定語從句。如:
?Which is the car that has overtaken us?超過我們的是哪輛車?
2. 只用which,不能用that的情況
(1) 在介詞提前到關系代詞之前形成“介詞+關系代詞”結構來修飾表事物的先行詞時, 關系代詞必須用which.如:
?The house in which we live is very large. 我們住的房子非常大。
?This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking.
這就是老師正在談及的那本參考書。
注意:如果介詞不放在修飾事物的限定性定語從句的句首, which就可換為that, 如:
?This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion. 這就是我們已經多次討論過的問題。
(2) 先行詞為“those+表事物的復數名詞”時, 關系代詞通常只用which而不用that.例如:
?Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior.
學生應牢記那些規(guī)范自己的行為準則。
?A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published.
書店應該經營新出版的各種暢銷書。
(3)當先行詞指物,關系詞在句中作主語或賓語,引導非限制性定語從句的關系詞只能用which,而不用that。
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