征服英語基礎(chǔ)語法52
第24章 定 語
典型例句
192. I want something to eat.我要吃點(diǎn)東西。
193. I was enchanted by the beauty of the scenery.我為美景所陶醉。
194. All that remains for me to do is to say goodbye.剩下我要做的就是告辭了。
195. Did you get the photos that I sent you? 我寄給你的照片收到了嗎?
196. I know the man（whom/who/that）you mean.我認(rèn)識你所指的那個人。
197. She said she had been waiting for an hour，which was true.（=and this was true.）她說她等了一個鐘頭，這是真的。
198. There are some doubts whether John will come on time.約翰是否能按時來還很難說。
24.1 定語表示法
定語用來修飾名詞或代詞。因為它修飾名詞或代詞，而名詞和代詞又可以作主語、表語和賓語，所以定語的位置很靈活。凡是有名詞、代詞的地方都可以有定語。形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、介詞短語、不定式或相當(dāng)于形容詞的詞或短語等都可以擔(dān)任定語：
形容詞：
the cleverest girl in the class班上最聰明的女孩
What a pretty little garden! 多么好看的小花園!
代詞：
You should take my advice.你應(yīng)該采納我的忠告。
Everyone must do his or her best.人人都要盡力。
名詞：
A microwave oven and a dishwasher are domestic appliances.微波爐和洗碗機(jī)是家用電器。
They were in the conference hall.他們在會議廳。
副詞：
Can you pass me that book there? 可否請你把那邊的那本書遞給我?
分詞：
Pressing business matters prevented him from taking a holiday.他因商務(wù)上有緊迫事情而不能去度假。
We must distinguish between the spoken language and written lan-guage.我們必須區(qū)別口語和書面語。
介詞短語：
children under six6歲以下的孩子
the problem of unemployment失業(yè)問題
Is there anything good on the television tonight? —Nothing in par-ticular.今晚電視有好節(jié)目嗎? ——沒有什么特別的節(jié)目。
不定式：
There are several things to be discussed today.今天有幾件事要討論。（不定式的被動語態(tài)）
Is there anything else to discuss? 還有什么事情要討論嗎?
從句：
The fact that you don‘t like her has nothing to do with the matter.你不喜歡她這一事實與此事無關(guān)。
24.2 定語從句
作定語用的從句叫定語從句（Attributive Clauses）。定語從句一般都是由關(guān)系代詞who，whom，whose，which，that或關(guān)系副詞where，when，why引導(dǎo)。
24.2.1 由關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)
Take the book which/that is lying on the table.把桌子上的那本書拿去。
He is the man whose car was stolen.他就是那個汽車被盜的人。
The official who/that used to deal with your business has moved to another branch.過去負(fù)責(zé)處理你的事宜的那個官員調(diào)到另一個分支機(jī)構(gòu)去了。
24.2.2 由關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)
She would like to live in a country where it never snows.她喜歡住在不下雪的地區(qū)。
Sunday is the day when I‘m least busy.星期日是我最不忙的日子。
Is there any reason why（=a reason for which）you can‘t come? 你不能來有什么理由嗎?
24.2.3 定語從句中關(guān)系代詞/副詞的作用
1.充當(dāng)主語的關(guān)系代詞：
人：This is the man who（that）wanted to see you.這就是要見你的那個人。
物：The house which is for sale is at the end of the street.待售的房子在街的盡頭。
所有：The boy whose father complained to me is very stupid.那個男孩非常蠢笨，他的父親曾向我訴苦。
I found the dictionary whose（=of which the）cover has come off.我找到了那本封面脫落的詞典。
2.充當(dāng)賓語的關(guān)系代詞：
人：That is the man（who/whom/that）I met in London last year. 他就是我去年在倫敦碰見的那個人。
物：Was the book（which/that）you were reading a novel? 那本你正在閱讀的書是一本小說嗎?
所有：That is the man whose house was burned down.他就是房子被燒毀了的那個人。（從句的賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z；被動語態(tài)）
【注意】 whom為who賓格形式，在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語；多用于正式用法。whom在大多數(shù)情況下可以省略。
3.充當(dāng)介詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞：
人：The person to whom I complained is the manager.我向他投訴的那個人是經(jīng)理。
These new neighbors，towhom Iwas introducedyesterday，arevery friendly.這些新鄰居都很友好，我昨天被介紹與他們相識。
物：The hotel at which we stayed was both cheap and comfortable. 我們住的那家旅館既便宜又舒服。
所有：She is the lady from whose house the pictures were stolen. 她就是家里藏畫被盜的那位女士。
【注意】 在介詞后只能用關(guān)系代詞which（而不能用that）。這樣用時，which不能省略。這是正式用法，講話時很少用：
This is the pan in which I fried the eggs.這是我煎雞蛋的鍋。
介詞可以挪到從句末尾。這時可以用that代替which：
They‘ve found the gun that she was shot with.他們找到了用來打死她的那枝槍。
This is the pan that/which I fried the eggs in.這是我煎雞蛋的鍋。
當(dāng)介詞置于從句末尾時，關(guān)系代詞通常都省略；但這僅限于限定性定語從句：
This is the pan I fried the eggs in.這是我煎雞蛋的鍋。
4.充當(dāng)狀語的關(guān)系副詞：
地點(diǎn)：This is the building where I work.這就是我工作的大樓。
時間：There are times when joking is not permissible.有些場合是不允許開玩笑的。
原因：That is the reason why I left early.這就是我早退的原因。
24.2.4 限定性定語從句
限定性定語從句（Restrictive Attributive Clauses）是指不帶逗號的定語從句（有時稱為限定性、限制性從句）。限定性定語從句提供有關(guān)主語或賓語的重要信息；這些信息不可略去。修飾人時用who，whom，that；修飾物時用that，which：
She is the girl who（that）lives next door.她就是住在隔壁的那個女孩。
Did you see the letter that came today? 你看到今天送來的信嗎?
It was an agreement the details of which could not be altered.這是一項其細(xì)節(jié)不可更改的協(xié)議。
限定性定語從句的其他用法
1.用that代替when，where，why
that在限定性定語從句中可用來代替when，where，why；相當(dāng)于in which，on which，for which或at which：
The day that he came I was out.他來的那一天我出去了。
The speed（that）she drives，I‘m surprised she hasn‘t killed her-self!以她這個速度開車，她沒有被撞死我才奇怪!
That wasn‘t the reason（that）he lied to you.那不是他對你撒謊的原因。
2.all等詞后面用that
當(dāng)all，any，anything，everything，a few，以及the only one等不表示人的時候，后面常跟that（非which）。這類從句總是限定性的：All that I saw were old.所有我看見的那些都是舊的。
Everything that can be done has been done.能做的一切都做了。
You can‘t believe anything（that）she says.她說的任何話你都不能相信。
當(dāng)all，any和a few指人時，后面須用who：
John was among the few who really understood it.約翰是少數(shù)幾個真正了解它的人之一。
3.最高級后的定語從句
that常用于最高級后面。當(dāng)它作賓語時，亦可省略：
He‘s the greatest man that ever lived.他是有史以來最偉大的人。
This is the most interesting novel（that）I‘ve ever read.這是我讀過的最有趣的小說。
24.2.5 非限定性定語從句
非限定性定語從句（Non-restrictive Attributive Clauses）是指帶逗號的定語從句（有時稱為非限定性、非限制性從句）。非限定性定語從句提供補(bǔ)充性信息；這些信息可以略去。修飾人時只能用who，whom（非that），修飾物時只能用which（非that）：
My wife，who has been abroad recently，hopes to see you soon.我妻子希望不久能見到你，她最近已從海外歸來。
My brother，whom you met the other day，has recently written a book on Indian art.你在數(shù)日前遇到我的兄弟，他最近完成了一本談?wù)撚《人囆g(shù)的書。
The train，which takes only two hours to get there，is quicker than the bus，which takes three.火車到那兒只要兩個鐘頭，比公共汽車快；公共汽車到那兒要3個鐘頭。
The meeting，which was held in the park，was attended by five hundred people.那個會有500人參加，是在公園里舉行的。
These apple trees，which I planted three years ago，have not yet borne any fruit.這些蘋果樹是我3年前種下的，尚未結(jié)果實。
Their house，at which I have often stayed，is in a London suburb.他們的房子在倫敦一個郊區(qū)，我常住在那里。
The minister，to whom I spoke recently，agrees with me.部長同意我的意見，我最近和他談過話。
非限定性定語從句一般是修飾名詞或代詞的，但亦可以修飾整個句子：
It was raining hard，which kept us indoors.雨下得很大，我們只好呆在屋里。
The police arrived，after which（=and after this）the situation be-came calmer.警察來了，這以后局勢就比先前平靜多了。
She may have missed her train，in which case（=if this is true）she won‘t arrive for another hour.她也許沒有趕上那班火車，如果是那樣的話，她再過一小時也到不了。
24.3 同位語
一個名詞或代詞后面有時可以跟一個名詞（或起類似作用的成分），對前者作進(jìn)一步解釋，說明它指的是誰、是什么等，叫同位語（The Appositive）。名詞作同位語的情況最多：
This is Mr.Blake，the Chief Executive Officer of our company.這是我們公司的首席執(zhí)行官，布雷克先生。
You children must learn to say“please”and“thank you”.你們這些孩子必須學(xué)會說“請”和“謝謝”。
Shanghai，the largest city of China，lies at the mouth of the Changjiang River.上海，中國最大的城市，位于長江入?？?。
除了名詞外，形容詞、代詞和數(shù)詞等亦可作同位語：
All Chinese people，old and young，are expecting the happy news.中國人民不分老少都期待著這個喜訊。
Mr. Page will be retiring next week.Pupils of the school，old and new，will be sending him a present to mark the occasion.佩奇先生下星期就要退休了。為了紀(jì)念這個日子，學(xué)校的學(xué)生——無論是老同學(xué)還是新同學(xué)——將送給他一件禮物。
Samuel Clemens，known as Mark Twain，became a famous Ameri-can writer.
塞繆爾•克萊門斯以筆名馬克•吐溫而成為美國著名作家。
She and her husband both like dancing.她和丈夫都喜歡跳舞。
You may leave it to us three.你可以把這事交給我們3個人。
24.3.1 同位語從句
某些名詞如idea（主意），fact（事實），news（消息），rumor（傳聞），hope（希望），belief（信念），thought（思想），doubt（疑問），ques-tion（問題）等后可接由that、連接代詞、連接副詞引導(dǎo)的從句作同位語，稱為同位語從句（Appositive Clauses）：
I‘ve an idea that she likes him better than anyone else.我有個感覺，比起其他人她更喜歡他。
The fact that you haven‘t got these qualifications doesn‘t neces-sarily mean you won‘t be able to enter the university.不具備這些學(xué)歷一事，并不必然意味著你就不能進(jìn)大學(xué)。
Is there any hope that she‘ll recover? 她還有痊愈的希望嗎?
Before Columbus most people held the belief that the earth was flat.在哥倫布之前，大多數(shù)人都相信地球是扁平的。
The question whether we ought to call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor.我們是否應(yīng)該邀請一位專家的問題，由家庭醫(yī)生予以答復(fù)了。
Whether to pay the price demanded was a question that worried him a long time.是否按照所需求的價格付款，這個問題困擾了他很久。
間或這種同位語可以不緊跟在它說明的名詞后面，而被別的詞隔開：
There‘s a rumor circulating（=being spread）that the factory‘s going to shut down.有一個傳聞四處流傳，說工廠要倒閉了。
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