肺癌是全球范圍內(nèi)人群中發(fā)病率第一,死亡率第一的惡性腫瘤?,F(xiàn)代影像學技術(shù)(包括傳統(tǒng)影像學以及功能影像學)的發(fā)展,可以早期篩查發(fā)現(xiàn)肺結(jié)節(jié),并良惡性判斷,進而準確分期,及時療效評估等等,這些信息反饋給肺科醫(yī)生(包括內(nèi)科,外科,腫瘤科等),整體上提高了肺癌的預后。在期間,經(jīng)常聽到一個詞語是癌性淋巴管炎,下面一起看看。
癌性淋巴管炎,carcinomatous lymphangitis,指各種癌細胞轉(zhuǎn)移到肺內(nèi)淋巴管的改變,包括乳腺癌,肺癌,胃癌,結(jié)直腸癌,甲狀腺癌,宮頸癌,前列腺癌,胰腺癌等。一般指肺癌肺內(nèi)淋巴管內(nèi)播散。其實,肺癌常見的轉(zhuǎn)移是淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(包括肺門和縱隔淋巴結(jié)),表現(xiàn)為形態(tài)增大/腫大伴強化,攝取FDG明顯增高。那么,癌細胞如何進入肺內(nèi)淋巴管呢?
一條途徑是逆流,癌細胞經(jīng)淋巴干道轉(zhuǎn)移到縱隔淋巴結(jié),再逆行到肺門淋巴結(jié),淋巴結(jié)受累腫大,使相應的肺門淋巴引流受阻而再次返流進入肺內(nèi)淋巴管。另一條途徑突破,癌細胞經(jīng)血行轉(zhuǎn)移到肺部小動脈內(nèi)形成癌栓,并穿過血管進入肺間質(zhì)和淋巴管內(nèi)而播散。后一種途徑可能是主要的,癌細胞在淋巴管內(nèi)增殖,引起淋巴引流受阻,淋巴管擴張,局部可出現(xiàn)間質(zhì)性肺水腫,另外,癌細胞促進成纖維反應引起肺間質(zhì)增生,以及癌細胞在肺間質(zhì)增殖,導致間質(zhì)性病變發(fā)生。這些病理改變,常見于淋巴管及結(jié)締組織豐富的支氣管血管周圍,小葉間隔及胸膜下區(qū)域。
Carcinomatosis lymphangitis is infiltration and obstruction of the pulmonary lymphatic system. It can occur with all malignancies but is most common with adenocarcinomas particularly breast, lung, colon and stomach. Most common symptoms are breathlessness, cough and haemoptysis.
其實,所謂的癌性淋巴管炎是肺轉(zhuǎn)移癌的一種,指癌細胞沿淋巴管生長、蔓延,淋巴管內(nèi)充滿癌細胞,淋巴管周圍纖維組織增生,病變從肺門向外周擴散。如果仔細辨析,癌性淋巴管炎是一個描述不準確的詞語,因為癌細胞淋巴管轉(zhuǎn)移的病理改變是癌浸潤,不是炎性病變,可稱淋巴管炎性癌,或者淋巴管炎性癌轉(zhuǎn)移。
Lymphangitic carcinomatosis, or lymphangitis carcinomatosa, is the term given to tumor spread through the lymphatics of the lung and is most commonly seen secondary to adenocarcinoma.
癥狀,由于淋巴管性癌轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生于肺間質(zhì),引起肺間質(zhì)病變,影響血氣交換,患者可能要有呼吸困難和氣促等癥狀。
Clinical presentation is variable. Some patients experience dyspnea and abnormal pulmonary function tests early in the course of the disease, well before any radiographic abnormalities are evident, whereas others remain asymptomatic until much later.
影像學,主要指高分辨薄層CT(HRCT),可見肺內(nèi)網(wǎng)狀結(jié)節(jié)影,支氣管束增粗,小葉間隔呈串珠形增厚,這些區(qū)域一般攝取FDG增高。
The detection sensitivity of focal pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis
close to a primary malignant tumor however may be low in FDG-PET.
HRCT典型的表現(xiàn)包括肺血管增粗、支氣管壁增厚、小葉間隔及胸膜增厚,邊緣表現(xiàn)為不規(guī)則、結(jié)節(jié)狀或串珠狀(部分為肺內(nèi)淋巴結(jié))。淋巴管內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移是肺癌轉(zhuǎn)移的一個方面,一般提示病情進展較快,其他可有肺門和縱隔淋巴結(jié)腫大(40-50%),胸膜下結(jié)節(jié),葉間裂隙增厚,胸腔積液(胸膜轉(zhuǎn)移)等等。
In most cases, lymphangitic carcinomatosis progresses rapidly and patients deteriorate.
小葉間隔增厚,表現(xiàn)為結(jié)節(jié)狀或者不規(guī)則狀。Typically the appearance is that of interlobular septal thickening, most often nodular and irregular, although smooth thickening may also sometimes be seen.
小葉間隔增厚
支氣管血管間質(zhì)增厚,通常是不規(guī)則和結(jié)節(jié)性的,可向肺門延伸。Thickening of the bronchovascular interstitium is usually irregular and nodular, with changes seen extending towards the hilum .
支氣管血管間質(zhì)增厚
鑒別診斷,小葉間隔增厚不僅見于淋巴管炎性癌轉(zhuǎn)移,也見于其他肺間質(zhì)改變的病變,包括結(jié)節(jié)病(上葉多為結(jié)節(jié)型),病毒性肺炎,肺水腫(雙側(cè)及重力分布),放射性肺炎,淋巴細胞性間質(zhì)性肺炎(lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (LIP)。
百度百科,癌性淋巴管炎
https://radiopaedia.org/articles/lymphangitic-carcinomatosis
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/18-FDG-PET-CT-fusion-images-axial-and-sagittal-slices-a-d-Right-upper-lobe-mass-with_fig9_335845187
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