advise sb. to do sth.勸告(建議)某人做某事
eg: My mother advised me to listen to BBC news.
Advise+從句(從句用should+動(dòng)詞原形，should可省略)
eg: She advised me that I (should) study hard.
6.be busy with sth.忙于某事
be busy doing sth.忙于做某事
三、常用詞語(yǔ)和句型
1.fault(性格上)的缺點(diǎn)，毛病，過(guò)錯(cuò)
eg: Talking too much is his greatest fault.
error=mistake(理解，判斷上的)錯(cuò)誤，誤會(huì)
eg: She has an error in judging that man.
2.to be surprised被震驚
to one's surprise出乎某人意料的事
in one's surprise(內(nèi)部)驚奇
3.start with/begin with從……開始
eg: The party started with a song.
end with ...以……結(jié)尾
eg: The trip ended with an unhappy quarrel.
4.drink to sb's health為某人的健康干杯
eg: Let's drink to Micky's health.
四、日常交際用語(yǔ)
Forgive me. I'm very sorry.
Oh, that's all right.
I apologise for ...
Oh, well, that's life.
I'm sorry. I didn't mean to ...
It's OK.
Oops. Sorry about that.
Unit 7 Culture relics
一、語(yǔ)法
The Passive Voice(1)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)是“have/has been+過(guò)去分詞”。如：
Great changes have taken place in China since 1978.
How many new shopping malls have been set up here?
二、聚焦高頻考點(diǎn)
1.include包括；包含。如：
Price $14.90, postage included.
價(jià)格14.90美元，郵資包括在內(nèi)。
He had included a large number of funny stories in the speech.
他在講話中加進(jìn)了許多引人發(fā)笑的故事。
比較以下兩個(gè)句子：
Eight people hurt in the accident, including three children.
Eight people hurt in the accident, three children included.
2.give in“屈服”“投降”。如：
They prefer to die than give in.
give in“(植物等)枯死，成批死去”
The plants gave in to the cold weather.
with the help of ...“在……的幫助下”如：
With the help of the teacher, the students made great progress last term.
bring back“歸還”；“使恢復(fù)”如：
Remember to bring back the book tomorrow.
The letter brought back many memories.
3.begin=start,其后都可以跟不定式或動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)。一般情況下，不定式或動(dòng)名詞可以互換。但以下三種情況只能用不定式：
1)主語(yǔ)是物時(shí)
I started/began to cry/crying.
The flower began/start to come out.
2)當(dāng)begin，start本身是進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)
The teacher was beginning to get angry.
3)當(dāng)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞時(shí)，如realize, understand, know等。
Finally, she began to realize the importance of English.
4.represent代表
We should choose someone to represent us.
5.“及物動(dòng)詞＋名詞＋介詞”這種短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)有兩種形式。一種是短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞當(dāng)作一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞。
eg: They didn't pay any attention to his words.= His words were not paid any attention to.
另一種方式是把短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞看成“動(dòng)詞＋賓語(yǔ)＋介詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。上句可等于: No attention was paid to his words.
6.It+be+adj.+that-clause 這是主語(yǔ)從句句型。主語(yǔ)從句在句中作主語(yǔ)，可置于主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前，但常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把它移到主句之后。如：
It is very important that we study English well.
三、常用詞語(yǔ)和句型
1.lie(lay, lain, lying)躺
eg: Jack was still lying in bed.
Lie還表示保持在某種狀態(tài)或位置
eg: Those towns lay in ruins.
2.keep使某人/物保持某種狀態(tài)
keep the door open
keep the fire burning
keep the child happy
keep on doing繼續(xù)作某事(含強(qiáng)調(diào)重復(fù)性和決心)
No matter what happens, just keep on trying.
Keep doing不停地，不斷地做某事(表示連續(xù)不斷的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)的狀態(tài))
Why did the baby keep crying?
Keep sb./sth. doing sth.使某人/某物繼續(xù)做某事
You have kept me waiting so long!
Keep sb./sth. from doing sth.
Sars keeps many people from traveling.
3.主語(yǔ)+be+ said to be ...據(jù)說(shuō)……
eg: The man is said to be a professor before.
It is said that ...據(jù)說(shuō)……
eg: It is said that there is going to be a storm.
4.happen, take place, break out, belong to等不及物動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
四、日常交際用語(yǔ)
What shall we put in?
Let's put in ...
What/How about ...?
Can't we put in ...?
Maybe we could put in ...
Why not ...?
Should we put in ...?
I'd like to choose ...
Why don't you ...?
I'd like to ...
Why not ...?
Unit 8 Sports
一、語(yǔ)法
The Passive Voice(2)
一般將來(lái)時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞“be+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成，其時(shí)態(tài)則通過(guò)be的不同形式體現(xiàn)出來(lái)。將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由will/shall+be+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成，表示某事將要被干。一般將來(lái)時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的各種句式：
主語(yǔ)+will/shall+be+過(guò)去分詞+其它成分
The flower will be watered tomorrow.
主語(yǔ)+will/shall not+be+過(guò)去分詞+其它成分
The flower will not be watered tomorrow.
Will/Shall+主語(yǔ)+ be+過(guò)去分詞+其它成分
Will the flower be watered tomorrow?
When will the flower be watered?
二、聚焦高頻考點(diǎn)
1.would rather和動(dòng)詞原形連用。否定形式為would rather not do sth.如：
I would rather leave now.
would rather do ... than do ...表示寧愿做什么而不愿做什么
如：They would rather die than surrender.
would rather和句子連用。通常動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí)，是虛擬語(yǔ)氣。在表示以前的動(dòng)作時(shí)，用had done。如：
I'd rather you went home now.
I'd rather he hadn't done that.
2.join in多指參加小規(guī)模的活動(dòng)如“球賽，游戲”等。如：
Come on, join in the ball game.
He's going to join in the talk tonight.
take part in 指參加會(huì)議或群眾性活動(dòng)等，著重說(shuō)明句子主語(yǔ)參加該項(xiàng)活動(dòng)并在活動(dòng)中發(fā)揮作用。如：
We'll take part in social practice during the summer vacation.
They often take part in outdoor activities.
Part前有形容詞修飾時(shí)，要用不定冠詞。如：
Lincoln took an active part in politics.
3.stand for代表，特征。如：
What do GRE stand for?
The dove stands for peace.
stand for贊同，支持，擁護(hù)。如：
Almost everyone in the world stand for peace.
stand for容忍。如：
She can't stand for his rudeness.
4.the same as意為“同……一樣”。如：
Many of the sports were the same as they are now.
the same ... as意為“與……一樣”，后跟從句。指的是兩樣?xùn)|西。如：
The pen is the same as you bought yesterday.
the same ... that意為“與……一樣，后跟從句。指的是同一件東西。如：
That's the same pen I lost.
5.prefer ... to ... 喜歡……而不喜歡……(to是介詞)
eg: I prefer swimming to running.= His words were not paid any attention to.
prefer后可直接加名詞，代詞，動(dòng)名詞等；prefer to后跟動(dòng)詞原形。如：
Which one do you like, tea, milk or coffee?
I prefer milk.
Do you want to take a taxi?
No, I prefer to walk.
Do you like swimming?
Yes, but I prefer playing running
6.every可與表示數(shù)量的詞連用，表示時(shí)間或空間的間隔。如：
Every four years athletes from all over the world take part in the Olympic Games.
I usually go to the cinema every three days(every third day).
Every后可接few, 但不能接a few, 因every一詞已包含a之意；every后也不能接some, several, many等詞。every后接序數(shù)詞時(shí)，則修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。
7.from/in/on/at/about/+which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞which, whom在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，介詞一般放在關(guān)系代詞之前，有時(shí)也放在定語(yǔ)從句后面。
The train on which I was traveling was late.
The house in which the old man lived was on fire last night.
The old Olympic Games from which the modern games came began around the year 776 BC in Greece.
8.more ... than有兩種含義：一是普通的比較級(jí)；另一種表示“與 其說(shuō)是……”, “是……而不是”，指對(duì)同一事物的兩種屬性進(jìn)行選擇。
She is more diligent than wise. 與其說(shuō)她聰明，不如說(shuō)她勤奮。
三、常用詞語(yǔ)和句型
1.prefer ... to ...喜歡……而不喜歡……, to是介詞
I prefer swimming to running.
Prefer后可跟名詞，代詞，動(dòng)名詞
Would you like to take a taxi?
No, I prefer walking.
Prefer to后跟動(dòng)詞原形
I prefer to swim.
Which one do you like, tea, milk or coffee?
I prefer milk.
2.do one's best to sth.=try one's best to sth.盡某人最大努力做某事
As your best friend, I surely will try my best to help you.
As long as you try your best, you'll succeed.
3.such as 意為“例如，諸如”，與for example相似，但for example后常接完整的句子,只舉一個(gè)例子，而such as后常接兩個(gè)或以上的詞或詞組。
eg: He knows several foreign languages, such as French and Japanese.
4.mean to do sth.: 打算作某事
What do you mean to do with it?
mean doing sth.: 意味著做某事
That means wasting time.
5.win后接戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，比賽，獎(jiǎng)品等名詞作賓語(yǔ)，不能接競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手作賓語(yǔ)；而beat后常接競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手，意為“打敗, 擊敗”。
win a race/a battle/a prize/a medal
beat the team/the country
四、日常交際用語(yǔ)
Which do you like, ... or ...?
What's your favourite sport?
Which sports do you like best?
Which do you prefer, ... or ...?
What about ...?
Are you interested in ...?
Sure. I love sports.
Yes, very much./No, not really.
Shooting, I think.
I like ... best.
I prefer ... to ...
I like watching it.
I'd rather watch it than play it.
Unit 9 Technology
一、語(yǔ)法
The Passive Voice(3)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成是：be(is, am, are)+being done，表示某事現(xiàn)在正在被做或現(xiàn)階段進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作，但不一定發(fā)生在說(shuō)話的這一時(shí)刻。如：
The problem is being discussed now.
She is being questioned where she has been in the past two days.
The phones are being used as cameras and radios.
二、聚焦高頻考點(diǎn)
1.remind提醒；使記起，常與介詞of, about連用。如：
The letter reminded me of him.
Please remind me about it if I forget it.
He reminded me that I had done that before.
2.in case of 以防；如果，萬(wàn)一。如：
In case of fire, ring the alarm bell.
Today I will bring an umbrella with me in case of fire.
in the case of 至于；就……來(lái)說(shuō)。如：
In the case of a student, smoking is very harmful.
3.take over接手；接管。如：
Alan will take over the farm after his father's death.
I had to take over his work because he was sent to the hospital.
4.make+it+形容詞+(for sb.)+to do sth.“使某人做某事……”。能用此型的常見動(dòng)詞有：find, feel, think, consider等。如：
The computer makes it possible to get in touch with faraway world.
Marx found it important to learn Russian.
5.dare做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，否定句和疑問句不用do; 第三人稱單數(shù)不加-s，后接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式，主要用于否定，疑問，條件和表示懷疑的句中。如：
She daren't go out alone at night.
Listen, if you dare speak to me like that again, you'll be sorry.
dare做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，除了具有一般實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)外，在否定，疑問句中dare后的to可省略。如：
She didn't dare (to) tell her parents what had happened.
I wonder how she dared (to) do that.
6.whatever引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。Whatever的含義為anything that，意為“所……的任何(一切)事(東西)”；具強(qiáng)調(diào)意義。
You can buy whatever you want.
7.stay/keep in touch with sb.保持聯(lián)系；強(qiáng)調(diào)原本認(rèn)識(shí)和聯(lián)系的延續(xù)性。
Now, many young people stay/keep in touch with their friends by internet.
三、常用詞語(yǔ)和句型
1.on the go忙碌，到處跑，如：
My mum is on the go all day.
Children are always on the go.
2.agree同意；贊成；答應(yīng)
She agreed to my idea.
她同意我的想法。
I quite agree with what you say.
你所說(shuō)的我很贊成。
agree on sth 表示雙方達(dá)成協(xié)議
The two sides have agreed on the date of the meeting.
agree with一致；相符合
agree with sb.同意某人的話；適宜健康；與……相宜
The liquor did not agree with me.
這酒不適合我喝。
3.come up with 趕上，走近; 想出，提出
eg: Finally, I came up with the travelers.
He soon came up with a good idea.
4.seem, appear, look“看起來(lái)似”，區(qū)別是：
seem暗示有一定根據(jù)的判斷，這種判斷往往接近事實(shí)。后接不定式或從句。
Her health seems to be worse.
It seemed that something was wrong.
look著重由視覺得出的印象
Her mother looks young.
四、日常交際用語(yǔ)
Absolutely.
I disagree.
That's exactly what I was thinking.
I'm afraid I don’t agree.
That's a good point.
Well, it depends.
That's just how I see it.
Well, I don't know.
That's worth thinking about.Well, I'm not so sure about that.
What does it look like?
What size is it?
How much will it cost?
What is it used for?
Unit 10 The world around us
一、語(yǔ)法
Review Direct and Indirect Speech
直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)的相互轉(zhuǎn)換
1.若直接引語(yǔ)為陳述句，則間接引語(yǔ)需改為由that所引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：
The man said,"I am hungry."
The man said that he was hungry.
2.若直接引語(yǔ)為祈使句，則間接引語(yǔ)需改為動(dòng)詞不定式，原動(dòng)詞say也要改為可以帶動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞如tell, ask, order, advise等。如：
1)The teacher said,"Be careful with your spelling."
The teacher told us to be careful with our spelling.
2)"Don’t stick out your heads as the bus goes."said the driver.
The driver told us not to stick out our heads as the bus went.
3.若直接引語(yǔ)為一般疑問句，則間接引語(yǔ)需改為由if, whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，原動(dòng)詞say也要改為ask. 如：
1)"Is this pen yours or hers?"she asked.
She asked me if/whether that book was mine or hers.
2)The taxi driver said to the man,"Could you tell me the way to the bus station?"
The taxi driver asked the man if/whether he could tell him the way to the bus station?
4.若直接引語(yǔ)為特殊疑問句，則間接引語(yǔ)需改為以這個(gè)特殊疑問詞為連接代詞或連接副詞所引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：
1)"What are you going to do next Sunday morning?"Jack asked me.
Jack asked me what I was going to do the next Sunday morning.
2)The boy asked,"How do you know the rule of that game?"
The boy asked how I knew the rule of that game.
二、聚焦高頻考點(diǎn)
1.die out“消失，滅亡，消亡”，如：
This kind of bird is dying out.
This king of bird has died out.
2.be/get used to“習(xí)慣于……”，如：
I have got used to the life here since I've been here for five years.
used to“（過(guò)去）常常……”, 只用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)，只能與動(dòng)詞原形連用，表示“過(guò)去常做某事，現(xiàn)在已不做了”。如：
Tom used to work on a farm.
3.as,like表示“像，如同”時(shí)的區(qū)別
like用于說(shuō)明相似關(guān)系，即兩者在形態(tài)上或性質(zhì)上有相似之處，但不等同。as指“身份”或“資格”等，意為“作為，看作”等，用于說(shuō)明同一關(guān)系，即兩者實(shí)為一體。如：
Like Lei Feng he has done a lot of good deeds.
She worked for a year in the countryside as an ordinary peasant.
4.care for“關(guān)心，照料，喜歡，愿意”；做“關(guān)心，照料”時(shí)，一般用于肯定句或疑問句。如：
When you're out, who will care for your children?
care about“關(guān)心，計(jì)較，在乎”
He doesn't care about his clothes too much.
三、常用詞語(yǔ)和句型
1.endanger危害，危及，endanger one's life危及生命。如：
Smoking a lot will endanger your health.
2.adapt使適應(yīng)，使適合；改編
adapt to適應(yīng)……
You should adapt to the new life style here.
Adapt yourself to the new climate.
adapt sth. (for sth.) (from sth.)如：
This novel has been adapted for radio from the Russian original.
3.pick up(從收音機(jī)里)接收到或聽到
My radio can pick up English programmes very clearly.
pick up拾起，撿起某物
She picked up her ticket.
pick up中途搭載某人，開車去接某人
I'll pick you up tonight.
4.devote ... to致力于；獻(xiàn)身于。to后跟名詞，代詞或動(dòng)名詞。
She devoted herself to her career.
The young doctor devoted all her time to helping her patients.
四、日常交際用語(yǔ)
Why ...?
Because/As/Since ...
Because of ..., I ...
If ..., then ...
As a result of ...
It follows that ...
It will cause ...
It will lead to ...
Unit 11 The sounds of the world
一、語(yǔ)法
The Passive Voice in Different Tense
綜合運(yùn)用各種時(shí)態(tài)中的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，如：New buildings are built every year.
2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)，如：That room was painted last night.
3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)，如：This problem will be discussed tomorrow.
4.過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，如：He said the trees would be planted next year.
5.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，如：Those houses have been built this week.
6.過(guò)去完成時(shí)，如：He said that the work had been finished.
7.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，如：The old building is being repaired.
8.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，如：The new tool was being made.
二、聚焦高頻考點(diǎn)
1.satisfy 滿足；使?jié)M意；符合(要求)。如：
We must satisfy the people’s needs.
I'm satisfied with the new house.
2.pick cotton/apples/tea leaves“摘棉花，蘋果，茶葉”
pick sb's pocket“竊取某人口袋中的東西”
pick out 選出；挑出
pick out a new bike
pick out a beautiful tie for sb.
3.advice為不可數(shù)名詞，a piece of advice
give advice on ...就……給某人提出建議
My teacher gave me some advice on how to learn English well.
4.turn into“把……變成”；有時(shí)表示“改寫；翻譯”如：
You are able to turn failure into success.
Can you turn it into Japanese?
三、常用詞語(yǔ)和句型
1.practise 實(shí)行，實(shí)踐。如：
You should practice what you tell others to do.
Practise doing練習(xí)。如：
He is practising playing the piano.
2.in common “共同的，共用的”
We had all things in common at that time.
The swimming pool is used in common by all the children in the school.
3.make records/make a record“錄制唱片”
She likes making records of her songs.
4.on the other hand另一方面
I want to go to the party, but on the other hand I ought to be studying.
5.beat(n.)一擊；有規(guī)律的敲擊聲
a drumbeat鼓點(diǎn)聲
a heartbeat心跳聲
beat(v.)敲打
The rain was beating against/on the deck.
beat(v.)表示連續(xù)的拍打
四、日常交際用語(yǔ)
Maybe we could ...?
Well, but what about ...?
Can I ask you for some advice?
I suggest (that) ...
What can you suggest?
Maybe it would be better to ...
Have you considered doing ...?
That's a good idea.
Can you help me ...?
How about ...?
That's a good idea/suggestion.
Unit 12 Art and literature
一、語(yǔ)法
Review the Attributive Clause
復(fù)習(xí)定語(yǔ)從句的用法。
關(guān)系代詞：指人：who, whom, whose, 指物：which, whose, 指人或物：that
1.關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)，如：
The woman who/that came to see me is a friend of mine.
2.關(guān)系代詞在句中作賓語(yǔ)，如：
Where is the boy (who/whom/that) I saw this afternoon?
3.關(guān)系代詞whose, of which在從句中作定語(yǔ)。如：
Here comes the man whose mother is a doctor.
This is the house of which the door broke last night.
4.在句中作狀語(yǔ)，由when, why, where來(lái)引導(dǎo)。如：
That is the day when I met him.
That is the place where I was born.
That is the reason why she was late for school.
二、聚焦高頻考點(diǎn)
1.share(屬于或由某人做的)部分，一份，如：
We gave each of the five children an equal share.股份；股票
Do not part with the shares on any account.無(wú)論如何不要放棄這些股票。
(常與in連用)共用；分?jǐn)偅还灿?/p>
We shared the sweets. 我們分吃了糖果。
They share their joys and sorrows. 他們同甘共苦。
2.come across“(偶然)遇見或發(fā)現(xiàn)”
I came across an old friend of yours the other day.
I came across the new book here.
3.sound like聽起來(lái)像；feel like感到像；smell like聞起來(lái)像
That sounds like a good idea.
What does the perfume smell like?
The material feels like silk.
4.be about to ... when “正要做……突然”；如：
We were about to leave when it started to rain.
Can you turn it into Japanese?
三、常用詞語(yǔ)和句型
1.trick戲法；把戲；花樣。如：
I can do magic tricks.
play a trick on sb.惡作劇，開某人玩笑。如：
Children will play a trick on their teacher.
2.treat“對(duì)待；看待”treat ... as ...把……當(dāng)作……
You should treat him fairly.
The old man treated the boy as his son.
treat請(qǐng)客；款待
Whose turn is it to treat next?
3.have trouble (in) doing sth.
= have problems (in) doing sth.
= have difficulties (in) doing sth.
The little child has trouble in dressing himself.
be in trouble 處于困境中
It seems he is in trouble.
trouble sb. to do sth.
What is troubling your mother?
4.believe后可跟名詞，表示“相信”；后接從句或復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示“認(rèn)為；料想；相信”
I believe his words.
We believe that she will succeed.
believe in表示“信奉；信仰”和信任(have trust in)
They believe in God.
I believe in having plenty of exercise.
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