蔡軍
中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院
阜外醫(yī)院
蔡軍 楊喬西
導(dǎo)語:
歲序更迭,華章更新。轉(zhuǎn)眼間,2023年翩然將至。
回望2022年,傳播性較強的新冠奧密克戎變異毒株造成我國多地疫情的反復(fù),疊加國內(nèi)疫情防控政策趨嚴(yán),為心血管領(lǐng)域?qū)W術(shù)交流與技術(shù)發(fā)展帶來不少制約因素,不過我國心血管人依舊本著為人民的健康保駕護航的醫(yī)者精神,攻堅克難,完成了一個個驕人成績。不僅如此,在國內(nèi)外眾多專家學(xué)者同仁的合力推動下,世界心血管領(lǐng)域也有著巨大發(fā)展,各類新技術(shù)、新理念、新研究成果依舊如雨后春筍,層出不窮。
值此辭舊迎新之際,嚴(yán)道醫(yī)聲網(wǎng)特邀領(lǐng)域內(nèi)資深專家結(jié)合過往一年工作經(jīng)歷,盤點2022年度領(lǐng)域重大進展,在累累碩果中細數(shù)這一年的奮斗時光。
回首這一年,國內(nèi)外高血壓研究者在新藥研究、器械治療、基層干預(yù)等領(lǐng)域取得了多個突破。2022年歲末之際,讓我們共同回顧過去一年高血壓領(lǐng)域的重大進展,共同找尋高血壓研究的未來道路。
——TIME研究提示早晨或夜間服降壓藥對心血管結(jié)局事件影響無顯著差異
正常血壓節(jié)律是“杓型曲線”,即血壓在睡眠時較低,并在醒來后達到峰值?!胺氰夹?span>曲線”的夜間高血壓與清晨高血壓是心血管不良結(jié)局的兩個重要預(yù)測因子1, 2,因此2022 HOPE亞洲專家共識強調(diào)了降低清晨高血壓和夜間血壓管理的重要性3。而研究表明夜間服用抗高血壓藥物有助于維持正常血壓節(jié)律4,因此有假說認為夜間服用抗高血壓藥物可能會改善心血管結(jié)局。
但這兩項研究由于在設(shè)計和實施過程中存在諸多問題,其結(jié)果可信度較低7, 8。
在今年歐洲心臟病學(xué)會(ESC 2022)上公布了由Thomas M MacDonald團隊完成的TIME隨機對照臨床研究結(jié)果。該試驗是在英國進行的一項前瞻性、實效性研究,招募21104例至少服用一種降壓藥物的成年高血壓患者,隨機分配到早晨(06:00~10:00)或夜間(20:00~00:00)服用所有常規(guī)降壓藥物兩組。主要終點為血管性死亡或因非致命性心肌梗死或非致命性卒中而住院的復(fù)合終點,中位隨訪時間為5.2(IQR 4.9~5.7)年。
該研究結(jié)果也同期發(fā)表在Lancet雜志上9。
圖1 TIME研究主要復(fù)合終點事件的累積風(fēng)險
但TIME研究并未探討不同降壓藥物在早晨或夜間服用是否對于心血管結(jié)局具有不同影響,而正在進行的BedMed(NCT02990663)和BedMed-Frail(NCT04054648)研究將為該領(lǐng)域提供更充足的證據(jù)。
1953年Smithwick和Thompson外科醫(yī)師發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)臟神經(jīng)切除術(shù)可以有效地控制血壓11,但由于外科手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大、并發(fā)癥多,獲益小于損傷而未能廣泛開展。
近年來隨著介入技術(shù)的發(fā)展,經(jīng)導(dǎo)管腎動脈去交感神經(jīng)消融術(shù)(Renal denervation, RDN)再一次進入人們的視野。
2009與2010年未設(shè)盲的SYMPLICITY HTN-112和HTN-213研究發(fā)現(xiàn)RDN術(shù)后六個月時診室收縮壓血壓分別降低了25 mmHg和33 mmHg,效果令人振奮。但2014年具有假手術(shù)組的SYMPLICITY HTN-314的6個月隨訪陰性結(jié)果又使得RDN研究陷入低谷。為進一步證明RDN手術(shù)的有效性與安全性,近年又開展了多項服用15, 16或未服用17-19藥物情況下系列RDN臨床研究。
本年度美國心臟病大會(ACC 2022)公布的是在服用藥物情況下的進行RDN手術(shù)的一項研究——SPYRAL HTN-ON MED研究3年長期隨訪結(jié)果。
由此得出結(jié)論:腎動脈去交感神經(jīng)消融術(shù)可持續(xù)且具有臨床意義地降低高血壓患者的血壓,無嚴(yán)重不良事件,且與所服用的抗高血壓藥物無關(guān)。
該試驗結(jié)果也同期發(fā)表在Lancet雜志上20。
圖2 Spyral HTN-ON MED Pilot研究3年隨訪24小時動態(tài)收縮壓(A)與舒張壓(B)變化
Lancet同期發(fā)表的述評指出21,三年隨訪后RDN較假手術(shù)組多降低的10mmHg的動態(tài)收縮壓可轉(zhuǎn)化為心血管結(jié)局事件的顯著降低,而且這種血壓的降低是持續(xù)全天候的,這對于難治性高血壓、頑固性高血壓以及不愿或不能耐受抗高血壓藥物的患者是一種有效的、可替代的干預(yù)措施。
由此可見,RDN降低高血壓患者血壓的安全性和有效性已被多項研究證實,且不會與藥物治療相互影響。我們期待在未來看到RDN作為高血壓患者的第三種治療方法,為提升血壓控制率,減少心血管事件與疾病負荷提供一條新的路徑。
——醛固酮合成酶抑制劑Baxdrostat治療頑固性高血壓的II期試驗
前期研究探究了鹽皮質(zhì)激素受體阻斷劑在治療高血壓中的作用28,但因反應(yīng)性醛固酮增加等不良反應(yīng)而受到限制。醛固酮合酶控制醛固酮的合成,因此可以作為治療高血壓的藥理學(xué)靶點。但由于醛固酮合酶與催化皮質(zhì)醇合成的酶11β-羥化酶存在93%的序列相似性,因此如何高選擇性抑制醛固酮合成成為關(guān)鍵問題。在臨床前和I期臨床研究中,Baxdrostat作為高選擇口服小分子醛固酮合酶抑制劑,顯著降低了血漿醛固酮水平但并未降低皮質(zhì)醇水平29。
但由于本項研究未與現(xiàn)有降壓藥進行對比,且受試者均為腎功能正?;颊?,因此還需要進一步更大規(guī)模的研究來評估其有效性與安全性。
——雙內(nèi)皮素拮抗劑aprocitentan治療難治性高血壓III期試驗(PRECISION研究)
前期有研究表明內(nèi)皮素受體拮抗劑bosentan35和darusentan36具有降壓作用。aprocitentan是一種每日一次的口服活性雙內(nèi)皮素A、B受體拮抗劑,在II期臨床研究中,單藥治療的aprocitentan在10~25 mg劑量時有較好的降壓療效和較低的鈉水潴留發(fā)生率37,此次III期臨床研究——PRECISION研究采用12.5mg和25mg兩種劑量。
該研究結(jié)果也同期發(fā)表在Lancet雜志上38。
圖4 PRECISION研究中無人值守的坐位收縮壓隨時間變化
——妊娠期輕度慢性高血壓的治療(CHAP研究)
2015年CHIPS研究結(jié)果表明,妊娠合并輕中度高血壓的患者經(jīng)隨機分組,與不嚴(yán)格管理血壓(舒張壓控制目標(biāo)為100 mmHg)組相比,嚴(yán)格管理血壓(舒張壓控制目標(biāo)為85 mmHg)組能降低孕婦發(fā)展為嚴(yán)重高血壓的風(fēng)險,對胎兒生長無不良影響,但產(chǎn)后28天內(nèi)的妊娠結(jié)局無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異46。而CHAP研究團隊前期發(fā)現(xiàn)妊娠期輕度慢性高血壓患者不良妊娠結(jié)局比正常血壓妊娠女性高,且呈血壓依賴性增加47。
今年ACC大會公布了CHAP(Chronic Hypertension and Pregnancy)研究結(jié)果。
該研究為多中心、隨機、開放標(biāo)簽、對照研究,納入2408例妊娠合并輕度慢性高血壓且胎齡小于23周的單胎胎兒的患者,隨機分為使用降壓藥的積極治療組(目標(biāo)血壓低于140/90 mmHg)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療組(血壓達160/105 mmHg時才使用降壓藥),主要終點事件包括重度子癇前期、小于35周有醫(yī)學(xué)指征的早產(chǎn)、胎盤早剝和胎兒/新生兒死亡組成的復(fù)合終點。結(jié)果表明,積極治療組在隨機分組到分娩期間的平均血壓水平低于對照組(129.5/79.1 mmHg vs. 132.6/81.5 mmHg),積極治療組與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療組的事件發(fā)生率風(fēng)險比為HR=0.82(95% CI 0.74~0.92),其中在重度子癇前期及小于35周的早產(chǎn)終點事件上積極治療組顯著獲益,且達到安全性終點(圖5)。
該研究結(jié)果也同期發(fā)表在NEJM雜志上48。
CHAP研究結(jié)果表明,對于妊娠期輕度慢性高血壓患者,積極降壓治療(目標(biāo)血壓小于140/90 mmHg)能夠顯著降低妊娠相關(guān)終點事件,而不增加小于胎齡兒的發(fā)生風(fēng)險。
圖5 CHAP研究中主要終點和安全性終點
Nature Reviews Cardiology同期發(fā)表的述評指出49:未來本研究的長期療效將會進一步揭示積極降壓治療在妊娠期慢性高血壓中的作用。
——氯噻酮與氫氯噻嗪治療高血壓的心血管結(jié)局比較(DCP研究)
早期研究表明,氯噻酮在高血壓患者中優(yōu)于氫氯噻嗪51, 52,2017年ACC/AHA高血壓管理指南也基于早期研究及相關(guān)經(jīng)驗優(yōu)先推薦氯噻酮53,但臨床醫(yī)師出于對低鉀血癥的擔(dān)憂而更多使用氫氯噻嗪。而近期多項觀察性研究表明氯噻酮與氫氯噻嗪無明顯差異54, 55,因此亟需一項大型隨機臨床試驗來比較氯噻酮和氫氯噻嗪的優(yōu)劣以指導(dǎo)臨床用藥。
AHA2022大會公布的DCP(Diuretic Comparison Project)研究是一項前瞻性、多中心、開放標(biāo)簽、雙臂平行的隨機臨床研究,納入主要以年齡超過65歲的美國退伍軍人構(gòu)成的13523例高血壓患者,隨機分配至氫氯噻嗪組(25或50 mg/d)或氯噻酮組(12.5或25 mg/d)。主要終點是非致死性心血管事件或非癌癥死亡的復(fù)合終點。心血管事件定義為非致死性卒中、心肌梗死、因不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛行緊急血運重建或發(fā)生急性心力衰竭。
結(jié)果顯示,在2.4年的平均隨訪期內(nèi),氯噻酮組(10.4%)和氫氯噻嗪組(10.0%)的主要終點事件發(fā)生率幾乎相同(HR=1.04,95%CI 0.94~1.16)(圖6),主要終點的各組分事件發(fā)生率也相似。在安全性方面,氯噻酮組低鉀血癥發(fā)生率(6.0%)高于氫氯噻嗪組(4.4%)。
該研究結(jié)果也同期發(fā)表在NEJM雜志上56。
DCP研究表明與臨床中常用的氫氯噻嗪相比,氯噻酮并沒有降低主要心血管結(jié)局或非癌癥死亡的發(fā)生率。
圖6 DCP研究中主要結(jié)局的Kaplan-Meier生存曲線
——中國農(nóng)村以鄉(xiāng)村醫(yī)生為主導(dǎo)的多方位血壓控制干預(yù)(CRHCP研究)
由中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院孫英賢教授牽頭的CRHCP(China Rural Hypertension Control Project)研究以探索鄉(xiāng)村醫(yī)生主導(dǎo)的高血壓綜合干預(yù)的有效性。該研究是在中國326個鄉(xiāng)村開展的整群隨機試驗,納入33995例年齡大于40歲、未經(jīng)治療血壓超過140/90 mmHg或治療后血壓超過130/80 mmHg的高血壓患者,按照1:1比例隨機分為接受鄉(xiāng)村醫(yī)生主導(dǎo)的“干預(yù)組”和接受常規(guī)血壓控制方式的“常規(guī)組”,每6個月隨訪一次患者的血壓等情況,主要終點為高血壓控制情況(第一階段:隨訪18個月);心肌梗死、卒中、心力衰竭或心血管疾病死亡組成的復(fù)合終點(第二階段:隨訪36個月)。
該研究隨訪18個月的第一階段結(jié)果于去年AHA2021大會公布并于今年發(fā)表在Lancet雜志上61。
今年AHA 2022大會公布的CRHCP研究36個月結(jié)果顯示,干預(yù)組和常規(guī)護理組的平均收縮壓分別降低30.9 mmHg和7.8 mmHg,兩組的舒張壓分別降低14.8 mmHg和4.9 mmHg(圖7)。干預(yù)組的主要復(fù)合終點發(fā)生率(1.98%)顯著低于常規(guī)護理組(2.85%)(HR=0.69,95%CI 0.63~0.76),全因死亡率也顯著降低(HR 0.85,95%CI 0.75~0.96)。
CRHCP研究36個月結(jié)果顯示,在資源欠缺的村莊,由鄉(xiāng)村醫(yī)生主導(dǎo)的高血壓干預(yù)在降低CVD和全因死亡方面效果顯著。
圖7 隨訪36個月干預(yù)組和對照組血壓控制情況
——中國心臟健康飲食對降低中國成年人血壓的作用(DECIDE-Diet研究)
研究人員結(jié)合該研究結(jié)果估計,如果能夠堅持CHH飲食,能夠減少20%的心血管疾病,減少28%的心衰,以及13%的全因死亡率。
圖8 DECIDE-Diet研究兩組收縮壓及舒張壓變化
——血管內(nèi)壓力反射放大技術(shù)治療頑固性高血壓:CALM-FIM研究的3年結(jié)果
通過植入式電刺激器激活壓力反射能夠降低血壓41,69,是通過降低交感神經(jīng)活性治療高血壓的一種方式。曾研究的雙側(cè)頸動脈竇水平電壓力刺激器CVRx Rheos系統(tǒng)因手術(shù)并發(fā)癥以及電池壽命短問題而未能通過FDA批準(zhǔn)70。MobiusHD是來自歐洲和美國的研究者基于此原理開發(fā)的一種頸內(nèi)動脈植入物,不通過電刺激,而是通過被動機械刺激壓力感受器來降低血壓71。
CALM-FIM研究為前瞻、非隨機、首次人體應(yīng)用研究。納入47例頑固性高血壓患者,MobiusHD設(shè)備被置入患者單側(cè)頸內(nèi)動脈,結(jié)局指標(biāo)是植入后3年不良事件的發(fā)生率,以及診室血壓、24小時動態(tài)血壓、抗高血壓藥物的變化。
前期隨訪(6個月,n=30)結(jié)果表明,診室血壓降低24/12mmHg(95% CI:13~34/6~18mmHg),24小時動態(tài)血壓降低21/12mmHg(95% CI:14~19/7~16mmHg),該研究結(jié)果同期發(fā)表在Lancet雜志上72。長期隨訪(3年)結(jié)果表示,診室血壓降低30/12 mmHg(95% CI:21~38/8~17mmHg)(圖8)。術(shù)后 30 天內(nèi)發(fā)生了5次不良事件(低血壓2例;高血壓1例;間歇性跛行1例,傷口感染1例),短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作2次。植入2年后發(fā)生2次卒中和1次短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作,該研究結(jié)果同期發(fā)表在JACC Cardiovascular Intervention雜志上73。
圖9 CALM-FIM研究的3年隨訪血壓結(jié)果
CALM-FIM研究表明:基于MobiusHD器材的EVBA技術(shù),通過3年隨訪觀察證實其可有效降低血壓,安全性可接受,未來還需要進一步通過隨機假手術(shù)對照試驗來評估設(shè)備的風(fēng)險-收益情況。
——初級醫(yī)療機構(gòu)特征與高血壓知曉率、治療率和控制率相關(guān)--中國PEACE-百萬人群項目初級衛(wèi)生保健調(diào)查
有利于高血壓防控的基層醫(yī)療機構(gòu)系統(tǒng)特征包括:
設(shè)置與公衛(wèi)或醫(yī)療服務(wù)質(zhì)量掛鉤的績效獎金(治療率OR=1.39,95% CI 1.07~1.80)
可通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)診患者(治療率OR=1.41,95% CI 1.14~1.73;控制率OR=1.17,95% CI 1.03~1.33)
實施家庭醫(yī)生簽約服務(wù)模式(知曉率OR=1.13,95% CI 1.00~1.28;控制率OR=1.30,95% CI 1.15~1.46)
而不利于高血壓防控的特征包括:
政府差額撥款模式(知曉率OR=0.88,95% CI 0.78~0.99)
存在影響日常工作的經(jīng)濟問題(知曉率OR=0.81,95% CI 0.72~0.92;控制率OR=0.84,95% CI 0.75~0.94)
醫(yī)生基本工資與門診和收住院人數(shù)掛鉤(控制率OR=0.85,95% CI 0.76~0.95)
該結(jié)果也同期發(fā)表在Lancet Glob Health雜志上76。
向上滑動閱覽
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專家簡介
蔡軍
中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院阜外醫(yī)院(點擊進入專家個人主頁)
主任醫(yī)師、教授、博士生導(dǎo)師。擔(dān)任海醫(yī)會高血壓專業(yè)委員會主任委員,中國醫(yī)師協(xié)會高血壓專業(yè)委員會副主任委員,中國醫(yī)師協(xié)會高血壓質(zhì)控工作委員會主任委員,中華醫(yī)學(xué)會心血管病學(xué)分會委員兼高血壓學(xué)組副組長。榮譽:國家杰出青年基金、科技部中青年科技創(chuàng)新領(lǐng)軍人才、教育部新世紀(jì)優(yōu)秀人才、中國青年科技獎等。
楊喬西
中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院阜外醫(yī)院(點擊進入專家個人主頁)
博士研究生在讀
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