主謂一致是指“人稱”和“數(shù)”方面的一致關(guān)系。一般情況下,主謂之間的一致關(guān)系由以下三個原則支配:
語法一致原則、意義一致原則、就近原則。
“主謂一致”考查內(nèi)容涉及名詞單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)作主語、不可數(shù)名詞作主語、不定式作主語、并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語、特殊名詞作主語時與謂語動詞的一致等。
1.某些集體名詞,如family,team等作主語時,如果作為一個整體看待,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式,如果就其中一個個成員而言,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。比如:
His family is a happy one.他的家庭是一個幸福的家庭。
The whole family are watching TV.全家人都在看電視。
這類名詞有audience,class,club,company,crew,enemy,crowd,government,group,party,public,team等。名詞population一詞的使用情況類似。
“a group(crowd) of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”等短語之后的謂語動詞也同樣可用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù),前者強調(diào)整體,后者強調(diào)各個部分。
2.某些集體名詞,如people,police,cattle等,只當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)看待,謂語動詞必須用復(fù)數(shù)。
The police are searching for the thief.警察正在搜捕那個賊。
3.單、復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語時,謂語動詞應(yīng)根據(jù)意義決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。比如:
A sheep is over there.那邊有只羊。
Some sheep are over there.那邊有些羊。
4.名詞所有格之后的名詞被省略,這種情況一般只指商店、工廠、住宅等,作主語時,動詞一般用單數(shù)。比如:
The doctor’s is across the street.診所在街道的對面。
My uncle’s is not far from here.我叔叔家離這兒不遠(yuǎn)。
常見的省略名詞有the baker’s,the barber’s,the carpenter’s,the Zhang’s等。
表示店鋪的名詞,一般作集體名詞看待,但用作主語時,謂語動詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)。比如:
Richardson’s have a lot of goods to sell.理查德店有很多貨物要賣。
5.當(dāng)名詞詞組中心詞為表示度量、距離、金額、時間、書名等復(fù)數(shù)名詞時,往往可以根據(jù)意義一致的原則,把這些復(fù)數(shù)名詞看作一個整體,謂語用單數(shù)形式。比如:
Three years has passed since then.自從那時到現(xiàn)在,三年已經(jīng)過去了。
Three years has passed since then.自從那時到現(xiàn)在,三年已經(jīng)過去了。
6.不定代詞each,every,no所修飾的名詞即使以and或逗號連接成多主語時,謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式。比如:
Each boy and each girl wants to go to the cinema.孩子們都想去看電影。
7.如果主語有more than one...或many a...構(gòu)成,盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容,但它的謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式。比如:
More than one student has read the book. 很多學(xué)生讀過這本書。
但是,“more +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one”結(jié)構(gòu)之后,謂語動詞一般多用復(fù)數(shù)形式。比如:
More members than one are against your plan. 許多成員反對你的計劃。
8.一些有兩個部分構(gòu)成的名詞表示衣物或工具作主語時,謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。比如:
glasses,clothes,trousers,shoes,compasses,chopsticks,scissors等。
但如果主語用“a kind of,a pair of ,a series of等加名詞”構(gòu)成時,謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。比如:
A pair of shoes was on the desk.
桌子上有一雙鞋。
9.this kind of book=a book of this kind
(這種書),其謂語動詞用單數(shù);
短語this kind of men=men of this kind=these kind of men(口語)(這一類人),但this kind of men的謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
men of this kind和these kind of men的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù),all kinds of后跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。比如:
This kind of men is dangerous.
這一種人很危險。
Men of this kind are dangerous.這種類型的人很危險。
10.復(fù)數(shù)形式的單、復(fù)數(shù)同形名詞作主語時,按意義一致原則,用作單數(shù)意義時,謂語用單數(shù)。
反之,謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。這類名詞有means(方法),works(工廠),species(種類),Chinese,Japanese等。比如:
The (This) glass works was set up in 1980. 這家玻璃廠建于1980年。
The(These)glass works are near the railway station.這些玻璃廠在火車站附近。
當(dāng)它們前面有a,such a ,this,that修飾時,謂語用單數(shù);有all,such,these,those修飾時,謂語用復(fù)數(shù);但means,no means,the means等詞前沒有以上修飾詞時,可用作單數(shù),也可用作復(fù)數(shù)。
11.如果名詞詞組中心詞是all,most,half,rest等詞語,所指的復(fù)數(shù)意義,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;反之,用單數(shù)。比如:
All of my classmates like music.
我的同學(xué)都喜歡音樂。
All of the water is gone.
所有的水都沒了。
12.在主謂倒裝的句子中,謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語一致。比如:
Between the two windows hangs a picture.兩窗戶間掛著一幅畫。
1.用and或both...and連接并列主語,謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。比如:
Plastics and rubber never rot.
橡膠和塑料永不腐爛。
Walking and riding are good exercises.
散步和騎車是很好的運動。
但是,并列主語如果指的是同一個人、同一事物或同一概念時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式,這時and后面的名詞沒有冠詞。比如:
To love and to be loved is great happiness.愛與被愛是種幸福。
Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.早睡早起是種好習(xí)慣。
A knife and fork is on the table.桌子上有副刀叉。
2.當(dāng)主語后面跟有as well as,as much as,no less than,along with,with,like,rather than,together with,but,except,besides,including,in addition to等引導(dǎo)的詞組時,其謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)據(jù)這些詞前面的主語而定。比如:
The teacher as well as the students was reading in the library.老師和學(xué)生都在圖書館里看書。
3.以or,either...or,neither...nor,not only...but also等連接的名詞(代詞)作主語時,謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)根據(jù)就近一致的原則。比如:
Tom or his brothers are waiting in the room.湯姆和哥哥們在房間里等著。
1.名詞性物主代詞作主語時,既可以用作單數(shù),也可以用作復(fù)數(shù),這取決于它所代替的是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。比如:
Ours (Our Party) is a great party.我們的黨是個偉大的黨。
2.such,the same起指示代詞作用時,應(yīng)根據(jù)其所指的內(nèi)容來決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。如:
Such is our plan.那就是我們的計劃。
Such are his words.那就是他的話。
3.關(guān)系代詞who,that,which等在定語從句中作主語時,其謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。例如:
Those who want to go please put up your hands.想去的請舉手。
Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun.人類使用的一些能源來自太陽。
4.疑問代詞who,what,which作主語時,謂語動詞可根據(jù)說話人所要表達(dá)的意思決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
Who lives next door? It is Xiao Liu.誰住在隔壁?是小劉。
What produce(s) heat? 什么產(chǎn)生熱量?
5.不定代詞any,either,neither,none,all,some,more等作主語時,有以下兩種情況: 單獨作主語時,視其在文中的意義,動詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
Now all has been changed.現(xiàn)在都變了。
All are present.所有人都到場了。
either,neither單獨作主語時,謂語通常用單數(shù)。但后接of時,若of的賓語為不可數(shù)名詞,動詞當(dāng)然用單數(shù)形式,若of的賓語為復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞時,動詞可以是單數(shù),也可以是復(fù)數(shù),在正式文體中,單數(shù)形式的動詞更常用。例如:
Do(es) any of you know his address?
你們當(dāng)中有誰知道他的地址嗎?
None of them has (have) seen the film.
他們當(dāng)中沒人看過這部電影。
1.“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語以及由“a lot of,lots of,plenty of,a large quantity of,a heap of,heaps of,half of+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語作主語時,其謂語動詞要與短語中of后面的名詞的數(shù)保持一致,這是因為短語中后面的名詞是中心詞,而短語中前面的量詞是修飾語。如:
About three fourths of the earth’s surface is covered with water.地球表面大約四分之三的部分被水覆蓋。
Three fifths of the workers here are women.這個地方五分之三的工人是婦女。
和這種情況類似的還有“a number of+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”,但是“the number of+名詞”的中心詞卻是number,試比較:
A number of students have gone home.許多學(xué)生都回家了。
The number of pages in this book is two hundred.這本書中的頁碼是二百。
注意:(large)quantities of修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞,其短語作主語時,謂語動詞一般用復(fù)數(shù), Quantities of food (nuts) were on the table.大量的食物在桌子上。
短語in quantity,in large quantities意為“大量”;in small quantities意為“少量”。
2.a great deal of ,a large amount of修飾不可數(shù)名詞,其短語作主語時,謂語動詞通常用單數(shù);large amounts of修飾不可數(shù)名詞,其短語作主語時,謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)。如:
Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.大量的錢花在了這座橋上。
3.表示數(shù)量的one and a half后,名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式,但是其短語作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如:
One and a half bananas is left on the table.桌子上有一個半香蕉。
4.half of,(a) part of修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)及不可數(shù)名詞時,謂語動詞用單數(shù),修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
如果主語由“the+形容詞(或過去分詞)”結(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)任時,謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù),這類詞有the brave,the poor,the rich,the blind,the young,the old,the sick,the dead,the deaf and dumb,the oppressed,the injured,the wounded,the unemployed等。
但也有少數(shù)的過去分詞與定冠詞連用時指個別,則用單數(shù)。比如:
The blind study in special schools.盲人在特殊的學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)。
1.由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句,謂語動詞通常用單數(shù),但所指的具體內(nèi)容是復(fù)數(shù)意義時,謂語動詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
What we need is more time.我們所需要的是更多的時間。
What we need are doctors.我們所需要的是醫(yī)生。
2.在“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that/which”引導(dǎo)的從句結(jié)構(gòu)中,關(guān)系代詞who/that/which的先行詞是靠近它的復(fù)數(shù)名詞而不是one,因此,從句中的動詞應(yīng)是復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
This is one of the most interesting stories that have been told. 這是講過的最有趣的故事之一。
但是當(dāng)one之前有the only等修飾語時,關(guān)系代詞的先行詞是one,而不是靠近它的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,因此從句的動詞應(yīng)是單數(shù)形式。如:
She was the only one of the girls who was late.她是惟一一位遲到的女生。
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