編者按/Editorial
Journal of Diabetes 9 (2017) 814-816
HbA1c > 9%時胰島素是首選治療方法嗎?
Is insulin the preferred treatment for HbA1c >9%?
Zachary Bloomgarden
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
美國臨床內(nèi)分泌醫(yī)師協(xié)會與美國糖尿病協(xié)會針對2型糖尿?。═2D)患者的治療策略與指南分別為當HbA1c水平超過9.0%1與超過10%2時強烈推薦使用胰島素治療。盡管在這兩套推薦指南中都附加說明了胰島素治療特別適合那些“有癥狀”的患者,亦即那些有尿頻、明顯口渴、食欲增加、體重減少以及酮癥的患者,這樣陳述的臨床定義可能并不十分明確,但是值得注意的是在這兩份聲明中都認為在這種情況下使用胰島素治療特別有益。然而,由于降糖治療藥物選擇的多樣性,關(guān)于重新考慮胰島素使用時機的爭論日益引起人們的興趣。
我們應(yīng)該記得,在英國前瞻性糖尿病研究中單純飲食控制可使HbA1c從9%降到7%3。既往從未使用過藥物治療的T2D患者使用以二甲雙胍為基礎(chǔ)的2種口服降糖藥物治療后HbA1c經(jīng)常都會出現(xiàn)令人驚訝的顯著下降;最近有一份研究報告顯示,即使基線時HbA1c>11%,使用二甲雙胍聯(lián)合一種磺脲類藥物、吡格列酮或者西格列汀治療后,患者的HbA1c從11.6%降到了6.0%4。在一項為期32周的研究中,發(fā)現(xiàn)基線時平均HbA1c為8.9%的患者聯(lián)合使用羅格列酮與二甲雙胍治療后平均HbA1c下降了2.3%,而在基線時HbA1c為11.8%的開放標簽隊列中HbA1c降到了7.8%5。在一項使用二甲雙胍聯(lián)合西格列汀治療的研究中,經(jīng)安慰劑校正后患者的平均HbA1c從基線時的8.8%下降了2.1%,基線時HbA1c>9%的患者其HbA1c下降了2.6%,在基線HbA1c為11.2%的開放標簽隊列中HbA1c下降了2.9%6。在一項二甲雙胍初始聯(lián)合鈉-葡萄糖共轉(zhuǎn)運體2(SGLT2)抑制劑達格列凈治療的研究中也能夠看到相似的結(jié)果,患者的HbA1c水平從基線的9.1%下降了2%7。雖然這些雙藥聯(lián)合口服治療方案比單藥治療更加有效,但是聯(lián)合治療方案并不會導致降低HbA1c的療效直接累加,這是因為基線HbA1c水平更低導致預期的HbA1c降幅減少了8。類似這種情況還有一個例子,基線HbA1c>9%的患者每日使用300 mg的坎格列凈治療后HbA1c水平從9.6%下降了1.8%9,然而基線時HbA1c為10%的患者每日使用300 mg的坎格列凈或者2 g的二甲雙胍治療后HbA1c下降了2%;聯(lián)用兩種藥物后卻使HbA1c的降幅略低于3%,這似乎與第二種藥物導致患者的HbA1c從8%左右(第一種藥物導致HbA1c從10%下降了2%)進一步小幅下降相一致。既往已有研究報告,在達格列凈治療的基礎(chǔ)上加用每周一次艾塞那肽治療,發(fā)現(xiàn)達到的累加效應(yīng)也同樣較小,兩種藥物分別導致HbA1c從基線時的10.0%-10.1%各自下降了1.9%與1.6%,聯(lián)用這兩種藥物后HbA1c下降了2.2%11。
然而,有人可能會認為這些治療方法的療效要劣于胰島素治療后預期的HbA1c降幅,這使我們想起了對于HbA1c>9%的T2D患者來說胰島素應(yīng)該是,也確實是首選的治療。相反,一些直接比較基礎(chǔ)胰島素與胰高血糖素樣肽-1(glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)受體激動劑(receptor agonists,RA)的研究結(jié)果表明,使用后一種藥物治療后患者的獲益可能更大。糖尿病治療藥物的使用研究(The Diabetes Therapy Utilization):在每周一次使用艾塞那肽干預治療的研究12(Researching Changes in HBA1C, Weight, and Other Factors Through Intervention with Exenatide Once Weekly,DURATION-3)以及利拉魯肽在糖尿病患者中的療效與作用研究13(Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes,LEAD-5)中,分別將艾塞那肽QW以及利拉魯肽與甘精胰島素進行了比較,研究患者治療前后的HbA1c、體重以及其他指標的變化。在那些研究中,基線時HbA1c水平處于最高四分位參與者的HbA1c分別≥9.0%和≥8.9%,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)與甘精胰島素相比,GLP-1RA可分別導致HbA1c進一步下降0.3%與0.2%14。在另外一項研究中,既往接受口服降糖藥物治療的T2D患者加用利拉魯肽治療與加用甘精胰島素治療相比,基線時HbA1c就處于最高四分位(平均值為10.6%)患者的HbA1c都下降了3.1%15。在艾塞那肽QW研究中,基線時HbA1c處于9.0%-9.4%組、9.5%-9.9%組、10.0%-10.4%組、10.5%-10.9%組甚至是處于≥11.0%組的研究參與者使用該藥物治療后HbA1c的降幅都超過了相對應(yīng)的甘精胰島素治療組12。在一項基線HbA1c為8.5%的研究中也報告了艾塞那肽QW降低HbA1c的療效同樣也優(yōu)于甘精胰島素16。對另一種每周注射一次的GLP-1RA(亦即杜拉魯肽)進行的6個相關(guān)研究所做的個體患者meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn),基線HbA1c為10%的患者預計的HbA1c降幅可達到近2.5%17,而一項直接比較杜拉魯肽與甘精胰島素的研究結(jié)果也顯示前者降低HbA1c的療效更優(yōu)18。使用GLP-1RAs治療的另外一個優(yōu)點是它們可導致體重下降19,而胰島素治療后卻導致體重增加。一種令人感興趣的潛在聯(lián)合治療方案就是聯(lián)合使用GLP-1RA與噻唑烷二酮進行治療。在一項納入了101名既往接受磺脲類與二甲雙胍治療后患者的基線HbA1c仍然>10%的研究中,將進一步加用艾塞那肽QW以及吡格列酮進行治療與加用基礎(chǔ)-餐時胰島素治療進行了比較,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)HbA1c從基線時的>11%分別下降了>4%與<>
我們能得出什么結(jié)論?應(yīng)該將HbA1c=11%作為新的“使用胰島素”閾值嗎?胰島素是我們治療T2D藥物庫中的重要組成部分,許多患者肯定需要使用它來治療,但是目前的治療藥物還包括了二甲雙胍、基于腸促胰島素的治療藥物、SGLT2抑制劑,并且可能還要加上噻唑烷二酮,在很多情況下我們應(yīng)該重新考慮使用胰島素來進行治療。雖然對于真正未控制的糖尿病患者來說胰島素毫無疑問是必需的,但是我們希望可以更好更準確地定義它的適應(yīng)癥。
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Journal of Diabetes(主編: 寧光(中國),Zachary T. Bloomgarden(美國))主辦,記錄糖尿病臨床研究的足跡,推進中國逾億位糖尿病患者的診治!
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