1個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)解決不了的問題，就先放一邊，明天再繼續(xù)。 ——Bill Steinkraus
9
如果馬匹不能學(xué)著聽從你的扶助，對(duì)雙方都沒好處。
訓(xùn)練馬匹需要愛（有時(shí)甚至是強(qiáng)硬的愛），它不是人與馬打架。如果你看見有些人總是在跟他們的馬斗爭時(shí)，其實(shí)是他們沒有真正理解其中的奧秘，那些可憐的馬也不能理解騎手在做什么。你需要不斷的去學(xué)習(xí)最基本的騎乘要點(diǎn)并練習(xí)，直到你真正理解它們，讓它們?yōu)槟闼谩?/span>
使用扶助應(yīng)收放自如。
要明白主動(dòng)扶助與被動(dòng)扶助。馬匹服從扶助后，應(yīng)立即減輕扶助對(duì)馬的壓力，這對(duì)馬匹來說也是明確的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。只有這樣馬匹下一次才會(huì)更快的回應(yīng)你的扶助，這也是Bill所提倡的馬匹自我承載的基礎(chǔ)。
過猶不及。
這里指的是“頸部給韁”這件事，對(duì)于初級(jí)騎手以及那些正在調(diào)教新馬的騎手來講，給長韁是對(duì)的，也是恰當(dāng)?shù)摹＿^了這一階段，跳障礙時(shí)則需要“擇度給韁”，如“短給韁”和“自動(dòng)給韁”。給韁不需要太夸張，更不應(yīng)該胡亂給韁。
12
騎馬時(shí)要經(jīng)常帶著鞭子，慢慢的你就很少需要它了。
這是一個(gè)不言而明的道理，在任何騎乘與調(diào)教過程中，你都應(yīng)當(dāng)知道鞭子的不同使用方式，騎手需要讓馬學(xué)著接受他的馬鞭。只要每天騎馬時(shí)你帶著鞭子，而不去濫用它，馬匹自然而然會(huì)接受。
13
如果你已經(jīng)反復(fù)嘗試去完成一個(gè)動(dòng)作或練習(xí)，卻做不到，那就試試其它方法，甚至是正好相反的方法。
對(duì)于騎馬這件事，我們所有人很容易變得墨守成規(guī)，思維狹窄。打開你的思路，運(yùn)用你的想象力，嘗試并接受改變。
14
這項(xiàng)建議需要你不斷通過策騎不同的馬匹來積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)。有些人與馬匹遇到問題時(shí)喜歡回避，有些人則不知道什么時(shí)候該停下來。這兩種人一個(gè)像鉆孔機(jī)一樣無節(jié)制地消耗馬匹的體力與精力，另一個(gè)像馬匹殺手，都不可取。
15
如果我知道在某個(gè)問題上我會(huì)遇到阻力，那么我會(huì)先設(shè)置好相似的場(chǎng)景，通過練習(xí)解決問題。比如，先讓馬匹試著跳過一個(gè)小水坑，如果它做到了，那么以后的利物浦與開放水障也不會(huì)是什么問題。
16
1個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)解決不了的問題，就先放一邊，明天再繼續(xù)。
這是我從Bill那學(xué)到的。在日常訓(xùn)練時(shí)，即便遇到問題，我也很少會(huì)騎一匹馬超過50分鐘。把你的自負(fù)放到一邊，把馬牽回馬房休息，明天再試，或許你還可以換換另一種方法。
17 快捷解決問題的方法是事先避免可能性問題的發(fā)生。
這樣的例子不勝枚舉，如：上馬前仔細(xì)檢查你的鞍具裝備；確保上馬前腳蹬均已放下，且是適合你的蹬帶長度；調(diào)整腳蹬時(shí)不脫蹬；當(dāng)你準(zhǔn)備加速時(shí)，要收短韁時(shí)刻保持與馬嘴的聯(lián)系……
18
馬匹跳障礙時(shí)，不要做別的，順著它即可。
在障礙賽上，我們看到騎手的動(dòng)作與舞步賽上相比有過之而無不及。“隱形輔助、馬匹自我承載、等你的馬匹”等都是經(jīng)驗(yàn)之談。認(rèn)真思考這些話并努力踐行。
19
避免過度訓(xùn)練或枯燥的路線讓馬匹失去良好跳躍的欲望，若馬匹不愿去嘗試，騎手也很難取得零罰分。
這應(yīng)該是Bill給予你的最好的一條忠告了。最壞的事情就是你將馬匹訓(xùn)練得身心俱疲。一旦馬匹失去“嘗試”的欲望，除了讓它恢復(fù)活力別無他法。但這可能需要數(shù)周、月甚至難以恢復(fù)到從前。最出色的騎手出自活力充沛的良駒。
20
障礙桿掉到地上之前，永遠(yuǎn)不要灰心放棄。
每位騎手都希望努力取得零罰分，所有冠軍騎手都會(huì)設(shè)法避免打落障礙，不論他們的起跳點(diǎn)有多近。簡直太神奇了！
21
年輕馬就如同小孩子——要給予足夠的愛，但是不要給它們?nèi)魏螜C(jī)會(huì)鉆空子。
愛，但一定要和紀(jì)律相結(jié)合，這在訓(xùn)練馬匹時(shí)是必不可少的。否則不服從、抗拒、逃避等惡習(xí)便會(huì)像野草一樣瘋長。
22
訓(xùn)練時(shí)可以追求極致；比賽中只求無憾。
美國騎手，經(jīng)常被歐洲的對(duì)手們嘲笑為：在唯美中死去。確實(shí)是這樣。雖然我們的技術(shù)與風(fēng)格更勝一籌，但他們通常是更強(qiáng)勁的競(jìng)爭者。
23 不要和燕麥過不去。
許多馬等不到功成名就的一刻，“超越馬匹本身”能力的訓(xùn)練不可能將馬匹訓(xùn)練好。
24
越努力，越幸運(yùn)。
現(xiàn)今的社會(huì)上，你會(huì)在晚餐桌上聽到許多人在談?wù)撍麄冊(cè)隈R術(shù)比賽中的設(shè)想——去贏地區(qū)賽，全國比賽，去參加大獎(jiǎng)賽，甚至參加奧運(yùn)會(huì)。通常這類人只是“口頭的巨人”，只有“行動(dòng)派”才有可能真正達(dá)到那些目標(biāo)。
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馬術(shù)教學(xué)課堂 | 準(zhǔn)備投身馬術(shù)行業(yè)？（二）20條George Morris的建議
Two Dozen of Bill Steinkraus’ Useful Aphorisms（2）
No. 9. If the horse can't learn to accept what you are doing, it isn't any good.
Training horses is love (sometimes tough love), not war. When you see someone always fighting with their horses, they don't understand. And neither do the poor horses. Study and practice classic techniques until you understand them and they work for you.
No. 10. Once you've used aid, put it back.
This has to do with active versus passive aids. Once the horse has responded and yielded, relax the pressure. That is the reward. Then he'll look to respond quicker the next time. Bill's advice is the basis of self-carriage.
No. 11. You can exaggerate every virtue into a defect.
I'm sure Bill was thinking of the 'crest release.' I know I am. The long crest release is a virtue far beginner riders or when working with very green horses. After that, there are better ways to use your hands when jumping, such as the 'short release' and the 'automatic release'(the following hand). The crest release is exaggerated and often used grotesquely.
No. 12. Always carry a stick, then you will seldom need it.
This is a truism if I ever hard one, For any serious riding or schooling, you should know how to use it in a variety of ways. Any and every horse can be taught to accept a stick if you carry it every day and don't abuse him with it.
No. 13. If you've given something a fair trial and it still doesn't work, try something else-even the opposite.
We all lend to be set in our ways and narrow-minded when working with horses. Be open-minded and imaginative, and be willing to change.
No. 14. Know when to start and when to stop. Know when to resist and when to reward.
This piece of advice takes lots of experience dealing with lots of different horses. Some people hateto confront an issuehead-on with a horse. Some people don't know when to stop.They're drillers and killers. They're the worst.
No. 15. If you're going to have a fight, you pick the time and place.
I'm constantly setting up situations where I know I'll get small resistances so can break them up. Just a simple thing, like getting a horse through a puddle. Once that is accomplished, the liverpool and the open water won't be such a task.
No. 16. What you can't accomplish in an hour should usually be put off until tomorrow.
This is a great piece of advice I learned from Bill. I rarely ride a horse more than 50 minutes, if that, in training. Put your ego aside and put your horse back in the barn and try again tomorrow. Perhaps try a different tactic.
No. 17. You can think your way out of many problems faster than you can ride your way out of them.
A few examples of this are : Check your tack thoroughly before mounting. Make sure your off stirrup is down before mounting and that your stirrups are approximately your length.Keep your foot in the stirrup when adjusting the irons. Always have a short rein with a feel of your horse’s mouth before going to a faster pace. I could go on,and on,and on.
No. 18.When the horse jumps,you go with it, not the other way around.
Excess motion in the hunter/jumper ring is equally,if not more,appalling than in the dressage ring. Invisibility of aids,self-carriage and wait for your horse are all truisms.Learn what those terms mean and practice the principles.
No. 19.Don’t let over-jumping or dull routine erode the horse’s desire to jump cleanly.It’s hard to jump clear rounds if the horse isn’t trying.
This is probably the best single piece of advice Bill could give you.Drilling a horse until he is stale and sore is the worst thing you can do .Once a horse has lost his“try”,there is noting you can do except let him freshen up.And that can take weeks months or never. The cleanest jumper is a fresh horse.
No. 20.Never give up until the rail hits the ground.
One often has to fight to jump clear.All winning jumper riders somehow know how to leave the jumps up,no matter how tight a spot they get in.What Margie Engle!
No. 21.Young horses are like children -give them a lot of love, but don’t let them get away with anything.
Love,coupled with discipline,is the sine qua non of horse training. Disobedience ，resistances and evasions tend to grow like weeds.
No. 22.In practice,do things as perfectly as you can;in competition, do what you have to do.
Americans have always been child？ by their European counterparts about dying in their beauty.And rightly so. Often our technique and style are better,but they,as a rule,are tougher competitors.
No. 23. Never fight the oats.
Many horses cannot stand prosperity. It is impossible to train a horse who is always 'above himself.'
No. 24. The harder you work, the luckier you get.
Nowadays, a lot of people talk over dinner about where they hope Lo gel in the horse game-win the ASPCA Maclay Finals, be amateur-owner hunter champion at Devon (Pa.), ride grand prix, or get on the Olympic team. Usually those are the “talkers”. It's the 'workers' who attain those lofty goals.
Aren't Bill Steinkraus' aphorisms wonderful？They are little gems. pearls of wisdom that keep you on the right track. That’s why I hadCoshare them with you.
George H. Morris:美國著名的馬術(shù)騎手、教練和裁判員，曾任美國場(chǎng)地障礙國家馬術(shù)隊(duì)領(lǐng)隊(duì)及總教練。1960年羅馬奧運(yùn)會(huì)代表美國隊(duì)獲團(tuán)體銀牌。數(shù)十次國家冠軍隊(duì)成員，贏得過傳統(tǒng)大賽德國亞琛及加拿大卡爾加里的冠軍。14歲就成為最年輕的美國國家隊(duì)冠軍。2006年FEI世界馬術(shù)大會(huì)個(gè)人和團(tuán)體銀牌，曾帶領(lǐng)美國隊(duì)獲得2004年雅典奧運(yùn)會(huì)和2008年北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)團(tuán)體金牌。他的學(xué)生遍及世界各地，取得過不計(jì)其數(shù)的世界馬術(shù)障礙賽冠軍，其中包括著名的美國騎手 Beezie Madden 和德國騎手 Meredith Michaels-Beerbaum。Morris 還曾被英國馬術(shù)雜志《馬術(shù)師實(shí)踐》譽(yù)為世紀(jì)騎手，深受馬術(shù)圈內(nèi)人士的敬重。
George Morris自述在成長過程中，曾聽到、看到并多次運(yùn)用到許多Bill的騎乘格言金律，這也一直幫助他，讓他保持良好的騎馬與教學(xué)狀態(tài)。他記述了24條Bill非常實(shí)用的格言金律，并結(jié)合親身實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)寫了這篇文章，希望對(duì)騎手們有所助益。
本篇文章由2006—2008北京奧組委馬術(shù)項(xiàng)目主管 Michelle 編譯，旨在將George Morris的先進(jìn)教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)介紹給中國馬業(yè)同仁和關(guān)注馬術(shù)文化的大眾，原刊載于《馬術(shù)》雜志2012年8月刊。
文/ George H. Morris
圖/依米影像、網(wǎng)絡(luò)
本文已獲得George H. Morris先生授權(quán)編譯。
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