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Teens and screens

青少年與屏幕

本文英文部分選自經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人Leaders版塊

Cutting adolescents’ use of smartphones and social media is a poor solution to their problems

減少青少年使用智能手機(jī)和社交媒體，并不是解決他們問題（自殺，抑郁癥等）的一個(gè)好辦法。

First they went for tobacco, coal and sugar. Now they are targeting smartphones and social media. On January 6th two large investors in Apple demanded that the technology company must help parents curtail their children’s iPhone use, citing research into the links between adolescent social-media habits and risk factors for suicide, such as depression. Old and new media abound with reports about phones’ addictive, mind-warping properties. On the school run, parents compare tactics for limiting screen time.

從前的年輕人們喜歡抽煙、燒烤和糖?，F(xiàn)在，他們卻沉迷于智能手機(jī)和社交媒體。1月6日，蘋果公司的兩大投資者（持股20億美元）要求蘋果公司必須幫助家長(zhǎng)限制孩子使用iPhone的時(shí)間，他們?cè)艘豁?xiàng)研究為證，該研究表明青少年使用社交媒體習(xí)慣與自殺風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素（如抑郁癥）之間存在關(guān)聯(lián)。無論新舊媒體，有很多報(bào)道都聲稱，手機(jī)讓青少年上癮，并扭曲他們的心靈。在上下學(xué)接送時(shí)，家長(zhǎng)們常交流著限制孩子們使用手機(jī)時(shí)間的好方法。

Something has made today’s teenagers different from teenagers in the past. As well as being far more temperate and better behaved, they seem more anxious and unhappy. School surveys by the OECD, a club of mostly rich countries, suggest that 15-year-olds find it harder to make friends. In America—though, phone bashers should note, not in the rich world as a whole—suicides of young people are up.

今天的青少年與過去的青少年有所不同。他們性格更加溫和，行為更加有禮，但同時(shí)，他們也變得更加焦慮，沒那么快樂。經(jīng)合組織（OECD）是一個(gè)主要由富裕國(guó)家組成的俱樂部，它對(duì)當(dāng)今學(xué)校的調(diào)查顯示15歲的孩子很難交到朋友。但是在美國(guó)，手機(jī)抵制者們應(yīng)該注意到，不是所有發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家青少年的自殺率都在上升。

Before stampeding for the off switch, parents and others should ask two questions. First, are iPhones, Instagram and so on actually to blame for adolescents’ problems? Second, will curtailing their use do much good? On the available evidence, the answers are, respectively, maybe and no.

在草率地關(guān)機(jī)處理之前，父母和其它人應(yīng)該考慮這兩個(gè)問題。首先，Iphone， Instagram 等等真的應(yīng)該對(duì)青少年的問題負(fù)責(zé)嗎？第二，限制使用時(shí)間就會(huì)使事態(tài)大為改觀嗎？從現(xiàn)有證據(jù)來看，答案分別是也許該負(fù)責(zé)和不會(huì)有改觀。”

Some studies of Britain and America, which conduct large surveys of young people, have found correlations between heavy technology use and unhappiness. Correlation is not causation, however: it could be that unhappy people seek refuge online. And the correlations are very weak. Only about 1% of the variability in young people’s mental wellbeing can be explained by social-media or smartphone use. One British study suggests that eating breakfast regularly is more than three times as important.

一些對(duì)英國(guó)和美國(guó)進(jìn)行大規(guī)模調(diào)查的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，重度使用科技產(chǎn)品和不幸福之間存在相關(guān)性。然而此相關(guān)性并不是因果關(guān)系，可能是不開心的人上網(wǎng)尋求心靈的庇護(hù)。況且，該相關(guān)性也很弱。只有大概1%的年輕人，會(huì)因社交媒體和智能手機(jī)的使用而導(dǎo)致心理健康失衡。一項(xiàng)英國(guó)研究表明按時(shí)吃早飯對(duì)心理健康的重要性是不使用社交媒體和智能手機(jī)的三倍多。

Perhaps technology has messed up all young people, even those who abstain from it. Maybe it makes everyone feel left out, or thwarts all intimate connections: if your friend is always looking at her phone, it may not matter much whether you are. But if the effects are so amorphous it is hard to know what to do. Should parents gang up on teenagers as a group and enforce a universal crackdown? Should they deal with the inevitable charge of unfairness by applying the same restrictions to themselves? Good luck with that.

或許科技讓所有的年輕人都陷入困境，就連那些拒絕科技的人也無法幸免。也許是它讓每個(gè)人都感到被孤立了，或者讓所有的親密關(guān)系都變得不那么重要了：如果你的朋友一直看手機(jī)，那你看不看都無關(guān)緊要了。手機(jī)對(duì)生活的影響難以名狀，使人無從下手解決。父母?jìng)兪欠駪?yīng)該聯(lián)手對(duì)付青少年，對(duì)他們實(shí)行全面的鎮(zhèn)壓？當(dāng)未成年人指責(zé)家長(zhǎng)處事不公時(shí)，家長(zhǎng)又是否能夠以身作則？祝你好運(yùn)！

Parents who worry about their teenager offspring(which is to say, all parents) can do something, however. Prod them out the house, and worry a bit less about what they get up to. There is plenty of evidence for the cheering effects of hanging out with friends. Yet youngsters are doing less of this. Overprotective parents are probably one reason.

不過，那些擔(dān)心青少年的父母（就是說所有的父母）也并非無計(jì)可施。不要把孩子圈在家里，不要太過于操心他們?cè)诿π┦裁?。大量的例子表明與朋友們外出玩耍會(huì)對(duì)孩子產(chǎn)生積極的影響，然而年輕人現(xiàn)在較少這樣做了，很大程度上的一個(gè)原因是父母的過度保護(hù)。

Social pressure is another. It is revealing of broader attitudes that, in Britain, “teenagers hanging out on the streets” is a standard measure of anti-social behaviour. The authoritative Crime Survey of England and Wales asks people whether it is a problem where they live, alongside things such as drug dealing and burnt-out cars. That the rate of adolescent hanging-out has dropped from 33% to 16% in ten years may please criminologists, but is unlikely to signal happier teenagers.

另一個(gè)原因來自于社會(huì)壓力。更廣泛的看法顯示，在英國(guó)，“青少年在街上閑逛”是反社會(huì)行為的一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)量度。英格蘭及威爾士官方犯罪調(diào)查，詢問了人們?cè)谧∷蛘咧苓吺欠癜l(fā)現(xiàn)諸如毒品交易和燒毀車輛等行為后得出數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)論，青少年閑逛的比率在十年內(nèi)從33%下降到了16%，這或許讓犯罪學(xué)家感到很高興，但卻不意味著青少年會(huì)更加快樂。

Put them to work

使之生效

A last cause of teenage angst could be the economy and the job market. The great recession hit young people harder than others. Some teenagers believe they face crushing competition, not only from their peers but from foreigners and robots. All the more reason for governments to work on improving schools and to get rid of job protection for older workers. Teenagers, for their part, could probably handle a bit more work. Even though homework is associated with higher test scores, it declined by an hour a week across the OECD between 2003 and 2012, from six hours to five. Some put in that much time on their phones in a single day.

青少年焦慮的最后一個(gè)原因可能來自于經(jīng)濟(jì)和求職市場(chǎng)。大蕭條對(duì)青少年打擊更沉重，一些青少年認(rèn)為他們面臨的激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，不僅來自同齡人，也來自于外國(guó)人和機(jī)器人。政府更加有理由致力于改善學(xué)校教育，減少對(duì)年長(zhǎng)雇員的工作保障。對(duì)于青少年來說，他們很可能需要做更多努力。盡管家庭作業(yè)與高分掛鉤，但在2003年到2012年間，經(jīng)合組織國(guó)家中每周的作業(yè)時(shí)間減少了一個(gè)小時(shí)，即從六個(gè)小時(shí)變成了五個(gè)小時(shí)。因此一些青少年每天會(huì)把大量時(shí)間用在玩手機(jī)上。

翻譯組：

Cece，女，消防工作者，CATTI三筆

Wesley,  男，自由職業(yè)，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人愛好者

 Aileen，女，大四數(shù)學(xué)狗  經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人愛好者

校核組：

Samantha，女，外企低管，鄧倫未婚妻

Cyrus，男， 口譯民工，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人愛好者