一、 what is 簡(jiǎn)單句?
二、簡(jiǎn)單句的分類
主謂結(jié)構(gòu)
主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)
主系（謂）表結(jié)構(gòu)
主謂雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)
主謂賓賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)
1. 主謂2. 主謂賓3. 主謂表主謂賓和主謂表的區(qū)別：主謂賓的謂語(yǔ)是實(shí)意動(dòng)詞，主謂表的謂語(yǔ)是系動(dòng)詞。系動(dòng)詞
be
感官動(dòng)詞：look, smell, taste, sound, fell;
變化： become, get; (turn)
保持： keep, stay, remain;
4. 主謂雙賓5. 主謂賓賓補(bǔ)
I bought him (is) a dog. 雙賓It makes him (is) happy. 賓補(bǔ)
加be動(dòng)詞在兩個(gè)詞間，如果意思是對(duì)的，就是賓補(bǔ)，如果意思是不對(duì)的就是雙賓。
三、句子的成分詞性的問(wèn)題1. 謂語(yǔ)1) 謂語(yǔ)的成分 不是所有動(dòng)詞都能當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能做謂語(yǔ)，實(shí)意動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞才能做謂語(yǔ)。實(shí)意動(dòng)詞就是主謂賓，系動(dòng)詞就是主謂表。
光是實(shí)意動(dòng)詞或系統(tǒng)詞不能做謂語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)還必須有時(shí)態(tài)。有時(shí)態(tài)的實(shí)意動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞才能充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)。
2) 動(dòng)詞能不能多？謂語(yǔ)只能是動(dòng)詞，動(dòng)詞只能做謂語(yǔ)。所以我們要把一句話當(dāng)中所有不做謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)椴皇莿?dòng)詞。分析長(zhǎng)難句第一步先找到動(dòng)詞。變成不是動(dòng)詞有3種方法a. V + ing （主動(dòng)）b. V + ed （被動(dòng)）c. V + to do （目的）這三個(gè)共同的名字就非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。e.g.He beating my shoulder, saying nothing, departed.Loving me is hugging （embracing）me.
I love you, you love me. (錯(cuò))I loving you, you love me. (對(duì)) 這種句型也叫做獨(dú)立主格。兩個(gè)子句的主語(yǔ)是不一致的。
什么叫獨(dú)立主格？多個(gè)句子合并為一個(gè)句子的時(shí)候，多個(gè)句子間用逗號(hào)分隔，留一個(gè)句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞存在，其他的句子的動(dòng)詞，全部改為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。（這是用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的方法合并句子，還有其他的方法，比如用連詞，）
I am a teacher, I enjoy singing songs. （錯(cuò)）Being a teacher, I enjoy singing songs. (正確，主語(yǔ)一致，可省略。其實(shí)這也是獨(dú)立主格的另外形式，分詞作狀語(yǔ)。）
3） 動(dòng)詞能不能少？絕對(duì)不能，當(dāng)一句話需要?jiǎng)釉~而又沒(méi)有動(dòng)詞的時(shí)候，永遠(yuǎn)都加be動(dòng)詞，be動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有意思。You mother must very beautiful. （錯(cuò)，沒(méi)有動(dòng)詞，must是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。）You mother must (be) very beautiful. （對(duì)）
I against you. （錯(cuò)，against 是一個(gè)介詞）I am against you. （對(duì)）
謂語(yǔ)的總結(jié)：一句話當(dāng)中，有且只能有一個(gè)有時(shí)態(tài)的實(shí)意動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞的存在，并且充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)。
二、主語(yǔ)1. 主語(yǔ)的成分能充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的成分： 名詞，代詞，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，從句
從句就是：引導(dǎo)詞 + 句子Handsome and strong are his nature. (錯(cuò)，handsome和strong是形容詞，且后面不能加ing)Being handsome and strong is his nature. (沒(méi)有動(dòng)詞而且需要加動(dòng)詞的時(shí)候，用be動(dòng)詞，且be動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有意思。當(dāng)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)使用單數(shù)。)
2. 主語(yǔ)能不能少？答： 絕對(duì)不能。沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)怎么辦？
A) it (天氣，溫度有關(guān)）
B) there be 有(exist, remain, seem)There remain a sea of individuals have passion for me. (錯(cuò)）There remain a sea of individuals having passion for me. （對(duì)）
C) 被動(dòng)當(dāng)一句話沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)，當(dāng)想到使用人稱代詞主語(yǔ)，立即把它寫成被動(dòng)。作文中，所有用人稱代詞打頭的句子，都可以考慮寫成被動(dòng)。Authorities should be proposed to adopt action.Confidence is claimed exceedingly crucial by an increasing amount of individuals.
以下3種情況沒(méi)有被動(dòng)：I) 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞的后面有介詞的時(shí)候，這個(gè)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)。(look at ..., go to school, etc.II) 所有的系動(dòng)詞都沒(méi)有被動(dòng)。（e.g. look, feel）III) 當(dāng)have翻譯成有的時(shí)候，沒(méi)有被動(dòng).
D) 人稱代詞 (I, you, we)避免用人稱代詞當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，這樣的作文比較優(yōu)美。If there seems a dream, glories （= success） are supposed to be attained.
三、賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)的成分：名詞，代詞，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，從句
四、表語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)的成分：名詞，代詞，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，從句，形容詞，介詞短語(yǔ) (I am in the room.)
時(shí)態(tài)略。
一、什么是并列句I love you, you love that dog. (錯(cuò))I love you. you love that dog. (對(duì))I loving you, you love that dog. (對(duì))I love you but you love that dog. （對(duì)）
留一個(gè)作為主句，剩下全部作為從句。誰(shuí)的意思最重要，作為主句，其他作為從句。Although I love you, you love that dog.
并列句：就是在兩句話中間加個(gè)連詞。
二、常見(jiàn)的連詞1. 平行關(guān)系： and, not only...but also2. 轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系： but, yet, while, whereas3. 遞進(jìn)（順承）關(guān)系： then4. 因果關(guān)系： for, so; (because可以當(dāng)連詞，但是更多情況是做原因狀語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞, therefor常做副詞使用)5. 選擇關(guān)系： or
寫作中，只要上下句中有邏輯關(guān)系，就要用邏輯關(guān)系詞。邏輯關(guān)系詞有：連詞，副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)
邏輯關(guān)系詞包括：連詞，副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)平行：similarly, equally, likewise, at the same time轉(zhuǎn)折：however, nevertheless, on the contrary, conversely, unfortunately, by contrast (=but)順承：besides, furthermore, moreover, additionally因果： thus, therefor, as a result, consequently，subsequently選擇：alternatively
Romance has evaporated but she still keeps the past in mind. （對(duì)）Romance has evaporated, but she still keeps the past in mind. （對(duì)）(當(dāng)使用連詞的時(shí)候，前面的句末加逗號(hào)沒(méi)有關(guān)系）Romance has evaporated, by contrast she still keeps the past in mind. （錯(cuò)）(逗號(hào)不能連接兩個(gè)句子；介詞短語(yǔ)不能連接兩個(gè)句子)Romance has evaporated. by contrast she still keeps the past in mind. (對(duì)）（逗號(hào)改成句號(hào)）Romance has evaporated, and by contrast she still keeps the past in mind. (對(duì)）（逗號(hào)改成句號(hào)）
連詞和其他邏輯關(guān)系詞的區(qū)別在于，連詞前有無(wú)逗號(hào)均可。其他邏輯關(guān)系詞前面一定是句號(hào)或者是加連詞and。
There seem a host of companies coming from a long distance, and consequently I feel exceedingly delighted.
I failed to pass CET4. Consequently, I shed tears alone in the rain, and similarly, you came to me then beat my shoulder, telling me 'there seems no destination in life.'
一、名詞能做什么成分？可以充當(dāng)：主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)， 同位語(yǔ)
Teamwork plays crucial role on the road to glories.Teamwork, a Chinese conventional virtue, plays crucial role on the road to glories.
二、什么是名詞性從句什么是從句？ 就是：引導(dǎo)詞 + 句子（主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)）
什么是名詞性從句：1. What I saw is attractive. （主語(yǔ)從句）2. I appreciate what she said. （賓語(yǔ)從句）3. Gump is who we should learn from. （表語(yǔ)從句）4. I enjoy the part that a feather is flying in the sky. （同位語(yǔ)從句）
名詞在句子中能夠充當(dāng)什么成分，從句在句子中也能夠充當(dāng)什么成分，這就是名詞性從句。主語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。
三、名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞1. That he has got divorced is my fault.2. Whether has he got divorced is obvious. （錯(cuò)） Whether he has got divorced is obvious. （對(duì)）3. Who will he marry is a secret. （錯(cuò)） Who he will marry is a secret.（對(duì)）
按照從句的類型分為3類：1. that: 當(dāng)從句是陳述句時(shí)，并且that在從句中沒(méi)有意思，也不充當(dāng)成分。2. whether: 當(dāng)從句是一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，whether在從句中不充當(dāng)成分，但是意思可以翻譯為“是否”。3. 所有的特殊疑問(wèn)詞：當(dāng)從句是特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，所有引導(dǎo)詞都充當(dāng)了成分，并且有他確定的意思。
并且英語(yǔ)中所有的從句，都應(yīng)該是陳述句的形式。
Why they left hometown for Tibet keeps a mystery. (錯(cuò))(hometown是可數(shù)名詞，可數(shù)名詞永遠(yuǎn)不能單獨(dú)使用)Why they left the hometown for Tibet keeps a mystery. (對(duì))
Someday, one will find that career, kinship and friendship are more indispensable than romance.
The point seems when wealth become available for you. (錯(cuò)) (應(yīng)該用將來(lái)時(shí)，注意：wealth不可數(shù)，所以become不要加s)The point seems when wealth will become available for you. (對(duì)）
That ladies tend to be right proves common knowledge. (從句做主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)）
四、名詞性從句在寫作中的使用1) 主語(yǔ)從句滿分句型是， 把主語(yǔ)從句放到句末，用it做形式主語(yǔ)。It... that ...It is apparent that... 顯然易見(jiàn)，眾所周知It looks beyond dispute that... 顯而易見(jiàn)，眾所周知It has been widely accepted that... 顯而易見(jiàn)，眾所周知It is universally acknowledged that... 顯而易見(jiàn)，眾所周知It keeps my argument that... = I think that... 我認(rèn)為
2) 同位語(yǔ)從句The matter makes us delighted.The matter that he manages to find a girlfriend makes us delighted. (manage to 成功性很大，try to 成功性較小)
同位語(yǔ)從句既可以緊跟名詞，也可以放到句后。
Nothing can hide the truth that he is getting old.
The news that her husband passed away spread the whole village. (錯(cuò))The news that her husband passed away was spread the whole village. (對(duì))
The truth demonstrates that kids should never be spoiled by their superiors. The truth that flowers in the greenhouse fail to undergo storm demonstrates that kids should never be spoiled by their superiors. (錯(cuò)) (可數(shù)名詞不能單獨(dú)使用) The truth that flowers in the greenhouse fail to undergo storms demonstrates that kids should never be spoiled by their superiors. （對(duì)）
The point of the issue seems who should be responsible for the decline of ethics. (表語(yǔ)從句）
The truth that I fail to be outgoing never (not) having passion for communicating with others manifests that the job doesn't fit me. Consequently, I make a decision to quit.
能用短語(yǔ)堅(jiān)決不用單詞
多句合并成一句的時(shí)候，可以使用：連詞，獨(dú)立主格（非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞），從句。The most urgent problem is that superiors should be on alert, inspiring their kids to take part in meaningful activities to become a part of the class.
一、什么是定語(yǔ)二、定語(yǔ)的成分1. 形容詞2. 名詞3. 介詞短語(yǔ) The n out of the window heard the sigh of the youngster. （介詞短語(yǔ)一定放在后面）4. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 The singing n lost his life.5. 從句6. 代詞 my, you, his
三、定語(yǔ)的位置定語(yǔ)的位置：前小后大，當(dāng)一個(gè)單詞放在名詞前，多個(gè)單詞放在名詞后。
The youngster grasp romance was declined. (錯(cuò))The youngster grasping romance was declined.
A rose as white as clouds remains available for me.
The discarded rose looks red.
This proves a fiction about n and rose.
四、定語(yǔ)從句1. 構(gòu)成: n + 引導(dǎo)詞 + 句子2. 引導(dǎo)詞b) 物：that, which, whose (what 一般引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句）c) 時(shí)間： that, which, whend) 地點(diǎn)： that, which, wheree）原因：that, which, why
a) 人: who whom, whose, （that也可以，但用在非正式文體中）
I will never forget the day when I met you. (that = which, 在定語(yǔ)從句中) (不能是that，因?yàn)槭且粋€(gè)代詞，而從句不缺主謂賓）I will never forget the day that we spent.
You had better have no reason why you are late. (從句完整，不用that, which, 他們是代詞，從句不缺成分?？梢杂酶痹~)要看兩個(gè)詞1) 先行詞2) 引導(dǎo)詞能在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?/p>
定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞，還可以按照引導(dǎo)詞本身的詞性來(lái)分類：1）代詞 （在從句中，一定要充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的成分，who, whom, that, which）2） 副詞（在從句中不能充當(dāng)任何主干成分(主謂賓)，where, when, why）3）形容詞（在從句中修飾離他最近的那個(gè)名詞， whose）
The senior citizen passed away on the day when her son arrived.
The gift that the prince sent to me (介詞短語(yǔ)不能做賓語(yǔ)) never fails to fascinate me.The gift sent by the prince never fails to fascinate me. (不用定語(yǔ)從句改寫后）
五、定語(yǔ)從句的特殊用法1. 如果先行詞和引導(dǎo)詞之間有介詞的話，人不用who, 只能用whom，物不用that, 只能用which.I will never forget the day I met you on.I will never forget the day on which met you. (介詞后面只有用名詞，代詞which也是名詞。)
Old fish is a man we should learn from.Old fish is a man from whom we should learn.
2. that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，如果在從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，that可以省略。3. 區(qū)別the same...as; the same...thatHe is the same man as I love. （as翻譯成像）He is the same man that I love. （that翻譯成是）
4. 區(qū)別限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句限制：先行詞和引導(dǎo)詞間沒(méi)有逗號(hào)。非限制: 。。。有逗號(hào)。
限制和非限制定語(yǔ)從句，在分析長(zhǎng)難句的時(shí)候，非限制性相當(dāng)于插入語(yǔ)，可以不看。I love Liu, who is gorgeous.I love Liu who is gorgeous.
5. Which引導(dǎo)的非限定定語(yǔ)從句，可以修飾前面整一句話。As也可以。但是As可以放在句首，也可以放在句末。which只能放在句末。Respecting senior citizens keeps a Chinese conventional virtue, which has been known for years.Respecting senior citizens keeps a Chinese conventional virtue, as has been known for years.As has been known for years, respecting senior citizens keeps a Chinese conventional virtue.
最好用which, as還需要進(jìn)行判斷是不是狀語(yǔ)從句。
六、定語(yǔ)從句在寫作中的使用
作用主要是可以把句子拉長(zhǎng)。長(zhǎng)短結(jié)合。長(zhǎng)的盡量不要超過(guò)25個(gè)單詞。Raising pets can reduce loneliness.Raising pets cute as well as loyal can reduce loneliness.Raising pets cute as well as loyal can reduce loneliness of senior citizens.Raising pets cute as well as loyal can reduce loneliness of senior citizens who have no offspring to take care of them.
Reading books can decrease pressure.Reading books such as Little Prince, Gone with the Wind and I have a Dream can decrease pressure.Reading books such as Little Prince, Gone with the Wind and I have a Dream can decrease pressure of all children and adults.
Wuzhen lying near the river from BJ to HZ is a water town of ZJ province.
多句寫為一句I went to the library yesterday. A girl sat in front of me. Her boyfriend looked like Wu.I went to the library yesterday. A girl sat in front of me whose boyfriend looked like Wu.I going to the library yesterday, A girl sat in front of me whose boyfriend looked like Wu. (錯(cuò)，went變成going是不行的，可以加when變?yōu)闋钫Z(yǔ)從句)When I went to the library yesterday, A girl sat in front of me whose boyfriend looked like Wu. (對(duì))
方法有：a. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（獨(dú)立主格）；b. 加連詞；c. 從句
He appearance looks indecent.He whose appearance looks indecent keeps noble in his mind.
Those who have spared no efforts to realise their dreams fail to feel pitiful although he they never succeed, which is of great significance.
Students failing to concentrate in class but wishing to pass the examination find that the consequence is less impressive.
一、什么是狀語(yǔ)
狀語(yǔ)就是在一句話當(dāng)中，修飾實(shí)意動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞，以及整個(gè)句子的成分就是狀語(yǔ)
二、狀語(yǔ)的成分1. 副詞2.介詞短語(yǔ)3. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。He runs, smiling.4. 從句
形容詞只作兩個(gè)成分：表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)；形容詞只能修飾名詞；副詞可以修飾任何成分，除了名詞不能修飾。
三、狀語(yǔ)的位置狀語(yǔ)的位置可以隨便放。
四、狀語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞：becausewhereseeing that （因?yàn)?..）...
狀語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞，是按照引導(dǎo)詞本身意思分類。
1. 時(shí)間： when, while (當(dāng)while翻譯成“當(dāng)...的時(shí)候”，從句必須用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài); while還有“但是”，“雖然...盡管”), as, before, after, since, the moment(可以當(dāng)引導(dǎo)詞，翻譯成“一...就” = as soon as), by the time, until, not...until
a. 狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)態(tài)的問(wèn)題:When romance comes, I will hold her hands.在所有狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果主句的動(dòng)作和從句的動(dòng)作都未發(fā)生的話，主句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)（主將從現(xiàn)）。
When love came, I failed to hold her hands.已經(jīng)發(fā)生，改用什么時(shí)態(tài)就用什么時(shí)態(tài)。
b. 區(qū)別until和not untilI will depart until she comes. (錯(cuò)）I will not depart until she comes. (對(duì)） depart是短暫性動(dòng)詞I will wait until she comes. (wait是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)
看主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是短暫性謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，還是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如果是瞬間動(dòng)詞就用not...until, 如他是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞就用until.I didn't realise the greatness of mothers until I grew up.
When I was a kid, I enjoyed his songs. When a kid, I enjoyed his songs. (when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，如主句和從句主語(yǔ)一致，并且從句有be, 此時(shí)，從句的主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞可以同時(shí)省略。)
2. 地點(diǎn):whereThe tree grows healthily in wet places.The tree grows healthily where it is wet.
做地點(diǎn)的狀語(yǔ)一般都是介詞短語(yǔ)，很少是從句。
3. 原因:A. because, as, in that; seeing that, considering that, now that, given that, since (有“因?yàn)椤钡囊馑?，也有時(shí)間的'自從...以來(lái)'的意思)B. for （連詞）C. because of; due to; owning to; thanks to; for the sake of; as a result of; (都是介詞短語(yǔ)，后面跟名詞，不能跟句子)
e.g.He had a car accident because he was careless. （連詞）He had a car accident for he was careless. （連詞）He had a car accident because of his careless. (介詞短語(yǔ)）He had a car accident because of being careless. (非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）
4. 目的:A. to; in order to; so as to; + 動(dòng)詞原形B. so that, in order that + 句子
We will ascend higher so as to overlook farther (far的比較級(jí)）. （接動(dòng)詞） We will ascend higher so in order that we overlook farther. （接句子）
5. 結(jié)果:so...that, such...that 如此...以至于so后面跟形容詞或副詞such后面跟名詞
只要出現(xiàn)形容詞或副詞的地方，都可以寫成so...that, such...that句型.Life proves so short that every moment ought to be cherished.
6. 讓步:although, though, even though, even if, as, while
特殊用法：while 翻譯成“雖然，盡管”意思的時(shí)候，只能放在句首。as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，從句的表語(yǔ)可以放在句首，構(gòu)成部分倒裝。As he looks young, he keeps/becomes knowledgeable.Young as he looks, he keeps/becomes knowledgeable.
Pets, in the evening, exert great influence on the rest of their owners and neighbours although they might accompany senior citizens.
7. 方式:as, the way, as if/though 好像，似乎 （方式狀語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞）
She looks as if she were made of ice. (用were表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣）She talks with me as if she were my mother.
方式介詞短語(yǔ)（by/by means of/...）
8. 條件:suppose that（假設(shè)）, supposing that，if, unless, provided that（= if）, as long as (只要), so long as（只要）
I will never give up so long as there is a ghost of hope.
9. 比較:A. as...as... 從句的引導(dǎo)詞
You are as beautiful as me. (錯(cuò)， 因?yàn)闆](méi)有從句)You are as beautiful as I am. (對(duì)）You are as beautiful as I. (對(duì)）
B. 比較結(jié)構(gòu) thanYou are more beautiful than I.
五、狀語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)從句在寫作中的作用I love you.I love you virtually. (副詞）I love you for my whole life. （介詞短語(yǔ)）
作文中任何一句話的旁邊，都可以加一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)的成分，把句子拉長(zhǎng)。
One can live as a pig lives does, on the contrary, you He will never be as delighted as it.
Because Teachers' Day approaches, I, by the chance, show my appreciation to teachers offering me first aid.
Wearing my own shoes proves not only convenient but also ensures a point that the feeling of others can be ignored. (Wearing my own shoes是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)）
It has been validated by numerous facts that glories belong to these who spare no efforts, which looks beyond dispute. (beyond dispute, 顯而易見(jiàn)的)
My meaning is that environmental contamination becomes a universal issue throughout the world.
句子加長(zhǎng)：I love my mother.I, a youngster on campus, love my mother.I, a youngster on campus, love my mother who gave me life.Although she enjoys play Majiang, I, a youngster on campus, love my mother who gave me life.
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