李忱,劉晉河,董振華
中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院中醫(yī)科,北京100730
【關(guān)鍵詞】輔助性T細(xì)胞17;調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞;免疫調(diào)節(jié);類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎
輔助性T細(xì)胞17(T helper cell 17,Th17)和調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(regulatory T cells,Treg)是近年來發(fā)現(xiàn)的兩類CD4+T細(xì)胞亞群,目前認(rèn)為Th17具有明顯促進(jìn)炎癥的作用,引起組織炎性病理損傷;而Treg細(xì)胞具有抑制免疫反應(yīng)的作用,維持機(jī)體的免疫耐受,兩者對立統(tǒng)一,維持著機(jī)體平衡。Th17/Treg細(xì)胞平衡在自身免疫性疾病,尤其是類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎免疫調(diào)節(jié)中的作用越來越受到各國學(xué)者的關(guān)注,本文對其近年來的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)是典型的自身免疫性疾病,表現(xiàn)為慢性炎癥性關(guān)節(jié)滑膜炎、骨和關(guān)節(jié)軟骨破壞。RA發(fā)病是一個(gè)慢性炎癥過程,提示其關(guān)節(jié)過度炎癥反應(yīng)和抑制炎癥調(diào)控缺乏,即免疫調(diào)節(jié)紊亂是本病發(fā)生、發(fā)展的核心環(huán)節(jié)。目前,涉及Th17和Treg細(xì)胞的RA研究越來越多。1999年Aarvak等[1]首先在RA患者滑膜和滑膜液中發(fā)現(xiàn)T細(xì)胞增殖可產(chǎn)生白細(xì)胞介素-17(interleukin-17,IL-17)。其后Wang等[2]也在RA患者血清中發(fā)現(xiàn)Th17細(xì)胞增多。Miossec等[3]認(rèn)為Th17細(xì)胞通過活化炎性關(guān)節(jié)中的巨噬細(xì)胞、樹突細(xì)胞或成纖維樣滑膜細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生IL-17,而加重關(guān)節(jié)炎性損傷。既往研究已證實(shí),RA滑膜組織培養(yǎng)可以產(chǎn)生IL-17[4-5],而IL-17可以誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生前炎癥因子,包括腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、IL-6、IL-1β、趨化因子和金屬蛋白酶等,引起強(qiáng)烈的炎癥反應(yīng),造成軟骨和骨破壞;并且IL-17升高水平與受累關(guān)節(jié)損害的嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān)[6]。Kirkham等[7]研究表明,隨著RA患者滑膜組織中IL-17水平升高,RA疾病活動(dòng)度也隨之升高。Th17細(xì)胞除促進(jìn)IL-17分泌外,還可促進(jìn)IL-21產(chǎn)生,后者也對RA發(fā)病具有一定作用。在RA早期階段,患者血清、滑膜和滑膜液中IL-21表達(dá)上調(diào),進(jìn)而可促進(jìn)破骨細(xì)胞生成,引起骨破壞[8]。可見,Th17細(xì)胞促進(jìn)分泌的不同效應(yīng)分子可以協(xié)同增加RA的活動(dòng)性,并可吸引更多的效應(yīng)T細(xì)胞到炎癥組織,引起組織病理損傷。
近年來關(guān)于RA與Treg細(xì)胞相關(guān)的研究也是熱點(diǎn),但結(jié)論不盡相同。van Amelsfort等[9]和M?tt?nen等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與正常人相比,RA患者外周血和滑膜液中Treg細(xì)胞明顯升高;而另外一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)活動(dòng)期RA患者外周血Treg細(xì)胞減少,且Treg細(xì)胞功能存在缺陷[11-13]。目前多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為Treg細(xì)胞可以抑制RA患者的免疫反應(yīng)。Ehrenstein等[12]從活動(dòng)性RA患者外周血分離出Treg細(xì)胞,發(fā)現(xiàn)Treg細(xì)胞可抑制T細(xì)胞增殖能力,具有免疫抑制作用。但Peluso等[14]研究顯示Treg細(xì)胞不能抑制免疫反應(yīng),這可能是因?yàn)門reg細(xì)胞不能抑制Th17細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生IL-21所致。既往Valencia等[15]研究認(rèn)為TNF-α可以下調(diào)叉頭狀螺旋轉(zhuǎn)錄因子3(fork helix transcription factor 3,F(xiàn)oxP3)表達(dá),而抑制Treg細(xì)胞活性,使Treg細(xì)胞失去抑制炎癥細(xì)胞因子分泌和增殖的能力。近期Nie等[13]研究提示在RA患者,TNF-α對FoxP3表達(dá)無調(diào)節(jié)作用,而是通過蛋白磷酸激酶1(protein phosphokinase 1,PP1)表達(dá)上調(diào),減少FoxP3磷酸化而抑制Treg細(xì)胞的功能,該實(shí)驗(yàn)表明RA滑膜液中TNF-α可致Treg細(xì)胞功能缺陷。
根據(jù)以上結(jié)論,有學(xué)者認(rèn)為Th17和Treg平衡異常可能是導(dǎo)致RA發(fā)病的重要因素,建議以Th17細(xì)胞和Treg細(xì)胞比例評估免疫異常。Wang等[2]研究表明,相對于正常人,活動(dòng)性RA患者Th17/Treg細(xì)胞比例明顯升高。在局部存在炎癥細(xì)胞因子的微環(huán)境下,Th17細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生IL-17,引起明顯的炎癥反應(yīng),并使Treg細(xì)胞功能受損,失去免疫控制作用。最近研究也提示,Th17/Treg細(xì)胞平衡通過TNF-α調(diào)控,TNF-α可同時(shí)誘導(dǎo)Treg細(xì)胞功能受損,并引起Th17細(xì)胞分化[13]??梢姡谘装Y細(xì)胞因子微環(huán)境下,TNF-α具有改變Treg細(xì)胞和Th17比例的功能。
Th17細(xì)胞增多,Treg細(xì)胞功能障礙,Th17/Treg細(xì)胞平衡紊亂,均可致RA發(fā)生和進(jìn)展,為此控制RA發(fā)病機(jī)制中的前炎癥微環(huán)境,調(diào)整Th17/Treg細(xì)胞平衡,實(shí)施明確的靶向治療,是RA免疫治療的主要方向。以Th17/Treg細(xì)胞平衡為目標(biāo)的治療,可以在不同層面,包括細(xì)胞因子、細(xì)胞、信號通路進(jìn)行靶向調(diào)控,目前一些目標(biāo)靶向治療藥物已用于以RA為代表的自身免疫性疾病。
細(xì)胞因子靶點(diǎn)治療
抗TNF-α治療:TNF-α影響Th17細(xì)胞分化作用的機(jī)制尚不明確,但TNF-α可誘導(dǎo)包括滑膜細(xì)胞等多種細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生IL-6,抗TNF-α治療可以減少IL-6產(chǎn)生。目前包括英夫利昔單抗(infliximab)、依那西普(etanercept)或阿達(dá)木單抗(adalimumab)等多種TNF-α抑制劑已廣泛用于RA治療[16]。抗TNF-α治療可以改善RA局部前炎癥微環(huán)境,抑制炎癥進(jìn)展;也可作用于Treg和Th17細(xì)胞,調(diào)整Th17/Treg細(xì)胞平衡,改善RA患者的癥狀并延緩病程。Valencia等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn)英夫利昔單抗可逆轉(zhuǎn)Treg細(xì)胞免疫抑制功能,使其不能抑制效應(yīng)細(xì)胞增殖效應(yīng)的免疫反應(yīng);還可以通過減少PP1表達(dá),使FoxP3磷酸化增多,重建Treg細(xì)胞的免疫抑制功能;此外,還可引起Th17細(xì)胞減少[13]。Nadkarni等[17]研究也表明,RA患者經(jīng)英夫利昔單抗治療后,可以通過轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)依賴的方式,產(chǎn)生一種新的Treg細(xì)胞,使Treg細(xì)胞功能缺失得以重建。相似研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),阿達(dá)木單抗可以通過對IL-6增殖的調(diào)控,使FoxP3+細(xì)胞增加,從而抑制Th17細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生[18]。目前越來越多的研究支持并證實(shí)抗TNF-α治療后,Treg細(xì)胞增多而Th17細(xì)胞減少,通過調(diào)整Th17/Treg細(xì)胞平衡,使疾病得到改善[12,15,18-19]。
抗IL-6治療:托珠單抗是抗IL-6受體的重組人源化IgG1亞組單克隆抗體,托珠單抗通過抑制IL-6與跨膜及可溶性IL-6受體結(jié)合,阻斷IL-6介導(dǎo)的信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),從而可有效改善RA患者的炎癥和關(guān)節(jié)破壞,目前已用于RA臨床治療[16]。RA患者Th17/Treg細(xì)胞平衡失調(diào)可以通過托珠單抗介導(dǎo)的IL-6信號通路阻斷得以糾正。Tanaka[20]研究顯示,經(jīng)托珠單抗治療后,RA患者外周血Treg/Th17細(xì)胞比例有所升高,并接近對照組正常人水平。這些結(jié)果均提示阻斷IL-6功能可以影響Th17細(xì)胞和Treg細(xì)胞間的平衡。2013年歐洲抗風(fēng)濕病聯(lián)盟已經(jīng)將托珠單抗作為類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎治療的一線生物制劑[21-22]。
抗IL-17治療:IL-17蛋白家族成員和受體家族成員多,因此有很多潛在的治療靶點(diǎn),其中最好的選擇是單克隆抗體直接與IL-17A和IL-17A受體(IL-17A receptor,IL-17AR)作用的治療。目前2種可以直接對抗IL-17的抗體已用于臨床試驗(yàn),包括全人源化的IL-17A特異性抗體ixekizumab和人源化抗IL-17單克隆抗體secukinumab。在RA患者臨床試驗(yàn)中,靜脈給予ixekizumab或secukinumab,可在1周后顯著改善美國風(fēng)濕病學(xué)會(huì)(American College of Rheumatology)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(ACR20)和疾病活動(dòng)度評分28(disease activity score 28,DAS28)的臨床相關(guān)評估指標(biāo)和減少C反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)等炎性指標(biāo);而不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率,secukinumab與安慰劑組基本一致[23-24]。然而,目前臨床試驗(yàn)僅聚焦在臨床參數(shù)的改善,IL-17抑制效應(yīng)是否源于Th17/Treg細(xì)胞平衡的改變尚未進(jìn)行評估。
細(xì)胞靶點(diǎn)治療
通過調(diào)節(jié)Th17/Treg細(xì)胞平衡,抑制前炎癥細(xì)胞因子釋放,可間接影響RA患者的預(yù)后。RA免疫治療的另一個(gè)潛在靶點(diǎn)是直接作用于細(xì)胞,通過控制Th17細(xì)胞和Treg細(xì)胞的發(fā)展和相互作用,減少炎癥,控制疾病。
以Th17細(xì)胞為靶點(diǎn):一個(gè)潛在的靶點(diǎn)是抑制Th17細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)錄因子維A酸相關(guān)核孤兒受體(retinoidrelated orphan nuclear receptor,RORγt),而抑制Th17細(xì)胞分化。目前,該途徑已經(jīng)被作為靶點(diǎn),應(yīng)用人工合成的小鼠和人類細(xì)胞配體SR1001(1個(gè)高親和性的人工合成RORγ配體)抑制Th17分化及其功能,并能減輕實(shí)驗(yàn)性自身免疫性腦脊髓炎的嚴(yán)重程度[25]。
以Treg細(xì)胞為靶點(diǎn):轉(zhuǎn)染多克隆Treg細(xì)胞已經(jīng)證實(shí)對改善膠原性關(guān)節(jié)炎(collagen induced arthritis,CIA)大鼠有效[26]。但針對轉(zhuǎn)染多克隆Treg細(xì)胞,有抗原特異性問題,需要重建完全的免疫耐受。這些細(xì)胞能否應(yīng)用到人類,困難在于是否可以轉(zhuǎn)染足夠多的抗原特異性Treg細(xì)胞和是否有能力消除抗原特異性引起的免疫不耐受。近期利用T細(xì)胞受體基因轉(zhuǎn)移的方法,可以短期快速產(chǎn)生大量的抗原特異性Treg細(xì)胞,這將是轉(zhuǎn)化醫(yī)學(xué)研究提供給RA的一種新療法[27]。
信號通路靶點(diǎn)治療
信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)與轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription,STAT3)和STAT5是分別控制Th17和Treg細(xì)胞分化的2個(gè)重要信號通路。在RA患者外周血和滑膜液中分離和提取CD4+T細(xì)胞,利用小分子干擾核糖核酸(small interfering RNA,siRNA)抑制STAT3可以顯著減少Th17細(xì)胞和顯著增加Treg細(xì)胞;抑制STAT5可以得到相反的效果[28]。未來,該信號通路也許可作為分子靶向水平控制RA炎癥的有效途徑。
目前已經(jīng)證實(shí)Th17/Treg細(xì)胞在RA發(fā)展中起重要的免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用,Th17細(xì)胞引起炎癥及免疫反應(yīng),Treg細(xì)胞則抑制免疫反應(yīng)和維持免疫耐受。針對RA治療,已經(jīng)從傳統(tǒng)的緩解病情抗風(fēng)濕藥(disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs,DMARDs)轉(zhuǎn)向生物制劑靶向治療,維持自身Th17/Treg細(xì)胞平衡,減少致病性Th17細(xì)胞與增加保護(hù)性Treg細(xì)胞,對于防止RA進(jìn)展和惡化將具有重要意義。
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通信作者:劉晉河電話:010-69155332,E-mail:liujh1105@aliyun.com
【中圖分類號】R593.2;R392.3
【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼】A
【文章編號】1674-9081(2016)01-0053-04
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-9081.2016.01.011
(收稿日期:2014-06-05)
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