賓語從句(object clauses)
1、概述
用作賓語的從句叫做賓語從句。賓語從句的位置與陳述句基本結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語相同。賓語從句可作謂語動詞的賓語，也可以作介詞和非謂語動詞（動詞不定式、動名詞、分詞）和某些形容詞的賓語。賓語從句可以由從屬連詞that whether、if，關(guān)系代詞what, who, whose, which和關(guān)系副詞when、where、how、why等引導(dǎo)。
He said he wanted to go to town. 他說他想去城里。
I hope you'll be better soon.我希望你能很快好起來。
I’m so glad that you were able to come to this party.
你能設(shè)法抽空出席這個交際會，我很高興。
I know nothing about it except what I have read in the papers.
除了在報上讀到的以外,我對這件事一無所知。
Most of the Chinese people usually go to work on the bike except when it rains.
除了雨天,大多數(shù)中國人一般都騎自行車上班。
He asked me whether she was coming. 他問我，她來還是不來。
2、作動詞賓語
（1）由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時，只起引導(dǎo)詞作用，在句中不做成分，在口語和非正式文體中常省去。
I think (that) he'll be right in a few days.我認(rèn)為他幾天后就會好的。
I wish （that） she would understand me.我希望她理解我。
（2）由關(guān)系代詞what, who, whose, which引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，在句中作成分，即主語、賓語、表語和定語，關(guān)系代詞在句中不能省略。
A computer can only do what you have instructed it to do．計算機只能按人的指令去做。
Do you know whom they are waiting for?你知道他們在等誰嗎？
He asked whose dictionary it was.他問這是誰的字典。
He can't tell which method they will use for the experiment.
他不能斷定他們會用哪一種方法做實驗。
（3）關(guān)系副詞when，where，how，why等引導(dǎo)賓語從句。
關(guān)系副詞 when，where，how，why 既有疑問意義，又起連接作用，而且在賓語從句中充當(dāng)各種狀語，分別表時間、地點、方式、原因。在句中不能省略。
Please tell me when we shall discuss our plan.請告訴我我們將何時討論計劃。
I don't know where we are going to have the meeting.我不知道我們將在哪里開會。
Will you tell me how I can get to the station？你能告訴我如何能到車站嗎？
Do you know why he said that?你知道他為什么說那件事嗎？
I remember when this used to be a quiet village．我記得這里曾經(jīng)是一個僻靜的村莊。
（4）由從屬連詞whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。
I wonder whether (if) daughters are valued as much as sons in the countryside.我想知道在農(nóng)村女兒是否和兒子一樣受到重視。
I don't know whether (if) you are willing to help me.我不知道你是否愿意幫我。
注意：whether 和if的區(qū)別，請參考概述部分。
（5）動詞+間接賓語+賓語從句。
動詞如：advise, ask, inform, promise, question, remind, show, teach, tell, warn等，賓語從句前可以有一個間接賓語，這個賓語有時可以省略，有的不能省略。
He has informed me when they are to discuss my proposal.
他已經(jīng)通知我們將什么時候討論我的建議。(me不可省略)
She promised (us) that she would give us more help later on.
她答應(yīng)以后給我們更多的幫助。(us可省略)
3、作介詞賓語
It depends on whether he is coming or not.這要看他是否會來。
I was curious as to what we could do next.我想知道下一步我們該做什么。
注意：that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句只在in, but, except, besides等少數(shù)介詞后作賓語，形成固定搭配，in that在于（因為），but that要不是(只是)，except that除了……。
The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.所得稅過高是有害的，因為它可能使人不愿多賺錢。
His paper is perfect except that there were some misprints.
除了一些印刷錯誤之外，這篇論文很好。
4、作形容詞賓語。
No one can be sure what man will look like in a million years．
誰也不知道一百萬年后人類會變成什么樣子。
I am not certain whether I have met him before.我不能肯定從前是否見過他。
I'm sorry (that) you're ill.你病了，我很難過。
注意：that引導(dǎo)的從句在下列形容詞后面作賓語，that可以省略。anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content, proud等。
I'm sure (that) he'll help you.我確信他會幫助你。
I'm glad (that)he has passed the exam.我很高興，他考試及格了。
5、it充當(dāng)形式賓語，真正的賓語---賓語從句后置。
正如我們常用it充當(dāng)形式主語代替主語從句一樣，我們也常用it用作形式賓語代替賓語從句，把真正的賓語從句后置。特別是帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中that不可省略。有下列幾種情況：
（1）在believe, consider, declare, estimate, fancy, feel, find, guess,hear, imagine, know, make, prove, reckon, think, understand 等動詞接復(fù)合賓語（賓語＋賓補）時，要用it作形式賓語。
We find it difficult that we should finish the work on time．我發(fā)現(xiàn)我們按時完成工作有困難。
She thinks it wrong that he didn't answer the phone．她認(rèn)為他不接電話是不對的。
（2）在like，enjoy，love,hate,take 等表“喜怒哀樂”的動詞，后若要跟賓語從句時，需跟形式賓語 it。
I hate it when people talk with their mouths full.我不喜歡人們滿口飯說話。
I like it that everyone passed the exam．都通過了考試我很喜歡。
（3）由動詞和介詞構(gòu)成的短語動詞后接 that 賓語從句時，要用形式賓語。
We are thinking of it that we'll lend you some money．我正在考慮借給你錢的事。
I shall see to it that he is taken good care of when you are absent.
你不在的時候我負(fù)責(zé)把他照顧好。
（4）用于“動詞+賓語+介詞短語”的句型中。
Keep it in mind that you have to be home by ten o’clock.要記住你得十點鐘之前回家。
We took it for granted that he would come.我們認(rèn)為他來是當(dāng)然的。
6、不可直接跟that從句的動詞。
下列動詞不可直接接that從句：ask, refuse, let, like, cause, force, condemn, admire, celebrate, entreat, dislike（厭惡）, overlook, love, help, take, forgive, bid, hate, hear（聽見）, see（看見）, want（想要） 等，但可用it, the fact做媒介，后接that從句；或接動名詞、不定式。
He overlooked it that he had made another mistake.(正確) 他忽視了一件事，他又犯了一個錯誤。
He overlooked the fact that he had made another mistake. (正確)
He overlooked that he had made another mistake.(錯誤)
I admire it that they won the match. (正確)
I admire the fact that they won the match. (正確) 我很羨慕，他們贏得了比賽。
I admire that they won the match. (錯誤)
7、that引導(dǎo)賓語從句的省略。
（1）主句謂語動詞是agree, argue, hold, learn, maintain, observe, contend, conceive, reckon, remark, state, suggest, assume, announce, calculate, indicate等時，其后賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that一般不可省略；主句謂語動詞是hear, know, say, see, confess consider, declare, understand, propose等時，其后賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略，也可以不省略；主句謂語動詞是think, suppose, believe, presume, dare say等時，其后賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略。
He suggested that we should set off at 8 o’clock tomorrow morning.
他建議我們明天早晨8點走。(that不可省略)
I think (that) this is very important.我認(rèn)為這很重要。(that可省略)
（2）當(dāng)一個句子很復(fù)雜，句中有多個狀語時，that不可省略；或者一個句子有多個并列的賓語從句時，特別第一個賓語從句特別長，后面的賓語從句的that不可省略；謂語動詞與that從句之間有插入語時，that不可省去。
He said you needn't worry and that he would help you .
他說你沒有必要著急，他會幫助你的。（said之后可省去that，但第二個that不可省去）
We decide, as he has suggested, that we will start out tomorrow.
就像他建議的那樣，我們決定明天動身。
8、否定轉(zhuǎn)移與省略
（1）如果主句的謂語動詞是“think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, reckon, imagine等，主語是第一人稱的一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，其后的賓語從句如含有否定意義，一定要把否定詞一道主句謂語上，從句謂語動詞用肯定形式。
I don’t think he can do it better than me.我想他不會比我干得好。
I don’t believe he treated the child like that.我相信他不會那樣對待孩子的。
（2）如果think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, reckon, imagine等前有副詞或表示強調(diào)的do, does, did；或者同其它詞構(gòu)成并列謂語；或者不以現(xiàn)在時出現(xiàn)；或者用作插入語中。這時候不用否定轉(zhuǎn)移。
I really expect she didn’t say that to him.我確實希望她不和他說那件事。
I think and hope that he won’t be deceived by the man.我認(rèn)為也希望他不會被那個人欺騙。
（3）think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, reckon, imagine等此類動詞后，在簡略答語中，用 so 替代前文肯定的賓語從句；若替代一個否定的賓語從句，用 not 或 not…so 替代前文整個從句。
-I believe we've met somewhere before．我認(rèn)為我們從前在哪見過。
-No，I don't think so．沒有，我認(rèn)為我們以前沒見過。
-Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend？你認(rèn)為這周末會下雨嗎？
-I believe not．我認(rèn)為不會。
注意：hope 只能說 I hope not 一種形式，因為 hope 不能否定轉(zhuǎn)移。
9、時態(tài)的呼應(yīng)與語序。
在賓語從句中只能用陳述句語序，時態(tài)呼應(yīng)上要遵循以下三條原則：
（1）如果主句謂語是一般現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r，賓語從句的謂語可根據(jù)意思的需要使用任何一種時態(tài)。
Can you make sure where Alice has put the gold ring？你能確定愛麗絲把金戒指放到什么地方了嗎？
They have no idea at all where he has gone．他們一點也不知道他去了哪。
Do you know who he was talking with at eight last night？你知道他昨晚和誰一起說話嗎？
（2）如果主句謂語是一般過去時，賓語從句要用表示過去的某一時態(tài)。
He said he would come to see us the next day.他說他明天將來看我們。
I wanted to know whether he had been to Beijing.我想知道他是否去過北京。
（3）如果賓語從句是表示客觀事實、真理等，不管主句是什么時態(tài)，賓語從句一律用一般現(xiàn)在時。
Dick asked Lucy how old she is．迪克問露斯她多大了。
The teacher said the sun rises in the east．老師說太陽從東方升起。
要點
一、高中賓語從句要點之時態(tài)的呼應(yīng)
1. 如果主句是一般現(xiàn)在時、一般將來時或祈使句時,賓語從句可根據(jù)情況使用各種時態(tài)。例如:
I hear she is here today(she was here yesterday/she will be here tomorrow.)
2. 如果主句是一般過去時,賓語從句應(yīng)使用過去時態(tài)的某種形式。例如:
He said he was watching TV(he had swept thefloor/ he would play football after school)。
3. 如賓語從句所敘述的是客觀事實、自然現(xiàn)象或科學(xué)真理等,從句不受主句時態(tài)限制,仍用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如:
Our teacher told us that light travels fasterthan sound.
二、高中賓語從句要點之引導(dǎo)詞的使用
1. 當(dāng)賓語從句由陳述句變化而來時,用that來引導(dǎo)從句,that常無具體意義,一般可省略。例如:
Lin Tao thought(that)the TV play was veryboring.
2. 當(dāng)賓語從句是由一般疑問句變化而來時,要用if或whether來引導(dǎo)從句。例如:
David asked his mother if/ whether she liked thedinner last night.
3. 當(dāng)賓語從句是由特殊疑問句變化而來時,原句中的疑問詞充當(dāng)連接代詞(如who, whose, what, which)或連接副詞(如when,where, why, how),引導(dǎo)賓語從句。例如:
Do you know what we can do on the island?
I don’t know why Jane was late for school this morning.
三、高中賓語從句要點之語序的陳述化
賓語從句一般要用陳述句語序。例如:
When did he leave? I want to know. →I want to know when he left.
Does the shop close at six every day? Do youknow? →Do you know if/ whether theshop closes at six every day?
四、高中賓語從句要點之否定轉(zhuǎn)移
當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞為think, believe, suppose等動詞,且主語為第一人稱時,從句的否定要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句上。例如:
I don’t believe he is here on time, is he?
I don’t think Tom is the best student in his class, is he?
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