Cognitive bias is a phenomenon that people often distort their perceptual results due to their own or situational reasons when they perceive themselves, others or the external environment.
-01-
基本歸因錯(cuò)誤
Fundamental Attribution Error
我們經(jīng)常根據(jù)個(gè)性或者性格來定義別人,但會(huì)用情境因素幫自己開脫。
We often define others according to personality or personality, but we will use situational factors to help ourselves out.
例如:Sally上課遲到,肯定是她懶,你自己遲到,就是早上太忙亂
-02-
自私的偏見
Self-Serving Bias
失敗總是有原因的,?成功全是靠??。
There is always a reason for failure, and success depends on it.
例如:覺得得獎(jiǎng)是因?yàn)樽约汗ぷ髋Γ皇强縿e人幫助和運(yùn)氣。但考試不及格,只是因?yàn)樗卟蛔愣选?/blockquote>-03-
組內(nèi)偏愛
In-Group Favoritism
我們偏愛同一個(gè)圈子的圈內(nèi)人,而不是圈外人。
There is always a reason for failure, and success depends on it.
例如:Francis跟你一個(gè)教堂,所以你喜歡他多過Sally。-04-
從眾效應(yīng)
Bandwagon Effect
隨著越來越多的人接受某些理念、時(shí)尚和信仰,這些理念的影響也會(huì)隨之壯大。
As more and more people accept certain ideas, fashions and beliefs, the influence of these ideas will grow.
例如:Sally覺得指尖陀螺對(duì)孩子挺好的,F(xiàn)rancis也這么覺得。-05-
群體思維
Groupthink
希望團(tuán)隊(duì)保持一致與和諧,我們有時(shí)會(huì)為了減少?zèng)_突去做一些不合理的決定。
We hope the team will be consistent and harmonious. Sometimes we will make some unreasonable decisions to reduce conflict.
例如:Sally想買冰激凌,F(xiàn)rancis想買T恤,所以你建議買印冰激凌圖案的T恤。-06-
光環(huán)效應(yīng)
Halo Effect
如果你認(rèn)為一個(gè)人具有某種積極的特質(zhì),那么這種積極的印象會(huì)溢出到他的其他特質(zhì)中。反之亦然。
If you think a person has a positive trait, the positive impression will spill over to his other traits. vice versa.
例如:Taylor這么可愛,他肯定一點(diǎn)也不刻薄。-07-
道德運(yùn)氣
Moral Luck
由于一個(gè)好的結(jié)果,會(huì)提高人們對(duì)其道德地位的評(píng)價(jià),反之亦然。
Because a good result will improve people's evaluation of their moral status, and vice versa.
例如:xx贏得了xx之爭(zhēng),那他們比輸?shù)舻娜烁械滦小?/blockquote>-08-
錯(cuò)誤共識(shí)
False Consensus
現(xiàn)實(shí)中支持我們觀點(diǎn)的人要比我們想象中的少。
In reality, fewer people support our views than we think.
例如:所有人都是這么想的!-09-
知識(shí)的詛咒
Curse of Knowledge
一旦我們知道了某件事,我們就會(huì)假設(shè)其他人也同樣知道這件事。
Once we know something, we assume that others also know it.
例如:Alice是一名教師,她很難理解新同學(xué)們看事情的?度。-10-
聚光燈效應(yīng)
Spotlight Effect
我們會(huì)高估他人對(duì)自己外表及行為舉止的關(guān)注程度。
We overestimate how much attention others pay to our appearance and behavior.
例如:Sally很擔(dān)心大家會(huì)注意到她的冰激凌T恤有多丑。-11-
可用性啟發(fā)法
Availability Heuristic
我們?cè)谧雠袛鄷r(shí),通常都依賴于當(dāng)下腦海中出現(xiàn)的最直觀例子。
When we make judgments, we usually rely on the most intuitive examples in our mind.
例如:選擇品牌時(shí),你通常會(huì)選擇最近看到過廣告的那家。-12-
防御性歸因
Defensive Attribution
一件事故中,如果目擊者與受害者經(jīng)歷相似,他們就會(huì)更少的責(zé)怪受害者,轉(zhuǎn)而去攻擊加害者。反之亦然。
In an accident, if the witness experiences similar to the victim, they will blame the victim less and attack the perpetrator instead. vice versa.
例如:Sally開車等綠燈時(shí)在車?yán)锿媸謾C(jī)被追尾。目擊者Greg也會(huì)開車玩手機(jī)。所以他對(duì)撞了Sally的人大吼大叫。-13-
公正世界假說
Just-World Hypothesis
我們傾向于相信世界是公正的。因此,我們會(huì)認(rèn)為不公正的事是有原因的。
We tend to believe that the world is just. Therefore, we will think that there is a reason for injustice.
例如:Sally的錢包被偷了,看,她總因?yàn)門恤的事批評(píng)Francis,遭報(bào)應(yīng)了吧。-14-
樸素現(xiàn)實(shí)主義
Naive Realism
我們相信自己觀察到的就是客觀現(xiàn)實(shí);而其他人則是不理性,不知情或者有偏見的。
We believe that what we observe is objective reality; Others are irrational, uninformed or biased.
例如:我看到了這個(gè)世界的真相,其他人都很蠢。-15-
樸素犬儒主義
Naive Cynicism
相信自己觀察到的是客觀事實(shí),而其他人以自我為中心的偏見比他們實(shí)際表現(xiàn)出來的更多。
Believe that what they observe is objective facts, and others have more self-centered prejudices than they actually show.
例如:這人對(duì)我好的原因,肯定是想從我這?得到點(diǎn)什么。-16-
福勒效應(yīng)(又名巴納姆效應(yīng))
Forer Effect (aka Barnum Effect)
我們很容易將我們的個(gè)性歸結(jié)為模糊的陳述,即使它們適用于更為廣泛的人。
It's easy to attribute our personalities to vague statements, even if they apply to a wider range of people.
例如:這個(gè)星座指南真的是太準(zhǔn)了!-17-
鄧寧-克魯格效應(yīng)
Dunning-Kruger Effect
你知道的越少就越自信。知道的越多就越不自信。
The less you know, the more confident you are. The more you know, the less confident you are.
例如:Francis自信地向大家保證,冰淇淋里絕對(duì)沒有海帶,海帶也沒有被用于乳制品行業(yè)。-18-
錨定效應(yīng)
Anchoring
我們?cè)谧鰶Q定時(shí)非常依賴第一眼看到的信息。
We rely heavily on the information we see at first sight when making decisions.
例如:這東西現(xiàn)在是原價(jià)的50%,那肯定老便宜了。-19-
自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)偏差
Automation Bias
我們依賴自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng),有時(shí)甚至過于相信,導(dǎo)致真正正確的決策被放棄。
We rely on automated systems and sometimes believe too much, leading to the abandonment of really right decisions.
例如:手機(jī)的自動(dòng)糾錯(cuò)功能把 “its” 替換成了 “it’s”,于是你假定“it’s”就是正確的。-20-
谷歌效應(yīng)(又名數(shù)碼健忘癥)
Google Effect (aka Digital Amnesia)
我們經(jīng)常會(huì)忘記在搜索引擎中很容易找到的信息。
We often forget information that is easy to find in search engines.
例如:那個(gè)電影的演員叫啥來著?我都查了8次了。-21-
阻抗理論
Reactance
當(dāng)?由受到限制時(shí),我們會(huì)產(chǎn)生不快,所以會(huì)做出一些反抗的行為來釋放情緒。
When we are restricted, we will be unhappy, so we will make some acts of resistance to release our emotions.
例如:家長越讓孩子去做作業(yè),孩子越是不愿意做。-22-
確認(rèn)偏差
Confirmation Bias
我們傾向于找到并記住能證實(shí)我們看法的信息。
We tend to find and remember information that confirms our views.
例如:用不完整的證據(jù)得出一個(gè)陰謀論,卻忽略那些相反的論據(jù)。-23-
逆火效應(yīng)
Backfire Effect
人的一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的認(rèn)知被新信息推翻時(shí),新信息與人原本的看法不符,反而會(huì)加深人對(duì)原本錯(cuò)誤認(rèn)知的信任。
When a person's wrong cognition is overturned by new information, the new information is inconsistent with the person's original view, which will deepen people's trust in the original wrong cognition.
例如:相信陰謀論的人會(huì)認(rèn)為,新出現(xiàn)的證據(jù)都是偽造用來掩蓋陰謀論的。-24-
第三人稱效應(yīng)
Third-Person Effect
我們會(huì)認(rèn)為媒體對(duì)他人的影響比對(duì)我們自己更大。
We will think that the media has a greater impact on others than ourselves.
例如:你顯然是被媒體洗腦了。-25-
信念偏差
Belief Bias
我們判斷一個(gè)論點(diǎn)的?量,不是根據(jù)它支持結(jié)論的力度,而是根據(jù)我們自己認(rèn)為結(jié)論的可信度。
We judge the quantity of an argument not by the strength of its support for the conclusion, but by the credibility of our own conclusion.
例如:Sally說她也支持你那個(gè)陰謀論,但她沒有說出什么證據(jù)來。-26-
可獲性層疊
Availability Cascade
因?yàn)槲覀儗?duì)融入社會(huì)的需要,越被公開和重復(fù)討論的事情,我們?cè)綍?huì)相信其真實(shí)性。
Because of our need to integrate into society, the more things are discussed openly and repeatedly, the more we will believe in their authenticity.
例如:糖果里藏了剃須刀片的故事廣為流傳,最終許多美國不再在萬圣時(shí)提供自制糖果。-27-
衰落主義
Declinism
我們傾向于將過去浪漫化,并消極地看待未來,認(rèn)為社會(huì)/機(jī)構(gòu)總體上正在衰退。
We tend to romanticize the past and look negatively at the future, believing that society / institutions are generally declining.
例如:在我們的孩童時(shí)代,孩子更懂得尊重!例如唐朝很強(qiáng)大,清朝很腐敗。-28-
現(xiàn)狀偏見
Status Quo Bias
我們傾向于保持不變,即使是有利的變化也被認(rèn)為是一種損失。
We tend to stay the same, and even favorable changes are considered a loss
例如:即使某APP侵犯了Sally的隱私,她也不愿意換另一個(gè)這方面做得更好的試試。-29-
沉沒成本謬誤(又名承諾升級(jí))
Sunk Cost Fallacy (aka Escalation of Commitment)
即使面臨失敗的結(jié)果,人們會(huì)因?yàn)榍捌诘耐度?,?huì)在這個(gè)注定失敗的事情上繼續(xù)投入。
Even in the face of failure, people will continue to invest in this doomed thing because of their early investment.
例如:“投入1分錢,就會(huì)再投1塊錢!”(一不做,二不休)-30-
賭徒謬誤
Gambler's Fallacy
認(rèn)為某個(gè)事件未來的可能性會(huì)受到過去事件的影響。
Think that the future possibility of an event will be affected by past events.
例如:猜硬幣已經(jīng)輸了9次了,下次應(yīng)該能猜中。-31-
0風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏差
Zero-Risk Bias
我們更愿意將小風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低到零,即使我們可以通過另一種選擇來降低整體風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
We prefer to reduce small risks to zero, even if we can reduce the overall risk through another option.
例如:“你應(yīng)該買個(gè)保險(xiǎn)服務(wù)”-32-
框架效應(yīng)
Framing Effect
人們對(duì)一個(gè)客觀上相同問題的不同描述導(dǎo)致了不同的決策判斷。
People's different descriptions of an objectively same problem lead to different decision-making judgments.
例如:候選人獲得45%的支持率將大獲全勝;候選人獲得45%的支持率讓全國失望。-33-
刻板印象
Stereotyping
人們普遍認(rèn)為,盡管沒有關(guān)于個(gè)人的信息,但一個(gè)群體的成員將具有某些相同的特征。
It is generally believed that although there is no information about individuals, members of a group will have some of the same characteristics.
例如:那個(gè)留著精致小胡子的人肯定是個(gè)嬉皮士,估計(jì)還收集了一些黑膠唱片。-34-
外群體同質(zhì)性偏差
Outgroup Homogeneity Bias
人們認(rèn)為圈外人千篇一律,而自己圈子里的人各個(gè)不同。
People think that outsiders are the same, while people in their own circles are different.
例如:Alice不打游戲,她認(rèn)為玩游戲的人都一樣。-35-
權(quán)威偏見
Authority Bias
我們信任權(quán)威人物的意見,并經(jīng)常受其影響。
We trust the opinions of authoritative figures and are often influenced by them.
例如:專家說這個(gè)可以這么做。-36-
安慰劑效應(yīng)
Placebo Effect
如果我們相信某種治療會(huì)奏效,它通常會(huì)產(chǎn)生很小的生理效應(yīng)。
If we believe that a treatment will work, it usually has little physiological effect.
例如:Alice服用了安慰劑來止痛,結(jié)果疼痛真的減輕了。-37-
幸存者偏差
Survivorship Bias
我們看到的往往是幸存者的故事,因?yàn)槲葱掖嬲咭褵o法發(fā)聲。而我們很容易把看到的當(dāng)作全部。
What we see is often the story of the survivors, because the survivors can no longer speak. And it's easy for us to take what we see as all.
例如:看到返航的戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)機(jī)翼彈孔最多,得出戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)機(jī)翼是被擊中最多的部位。事實(shí)是被擊中發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的飛機(jī)已經(jīng)回不來了。-38-
精神活動(dòng)過速
Tachypsychia
我們對(duì)時(shí)間的看法取決于創(chuàng)傷、吸毒和體力消耗。
Our view of time depends on trauma, drug use and physical exertion.
例如:當(dāng)差點(diǎn)被汽車撞到的時(shí)候,時(shí)間都慢下來了。-39-
瑣碎法則(又名自行車棚效應(yīng))
Law of Triviality (aka 'Bike-Shedding')
人們會(huì)對(duì)瑣碎的問題給予不成比例的重視,同時(shí)又避免面對(duì)復(fù)雜的問題。
People pay disproportionate attention to trivial problems while avoiding complex problems.
例如:一個(gè)地方市政府花費(fèi)了大量的時(shí)間去討論自行車道和自行車棚的問題,而不是想辦法幫助無家可歸的人。-40-
蔡格尼克記憶效應(yīng)
Zeigarnik Effect
比起已完成的任務(wù),人們更容易記住未完成的任務(wù)。
People are more likely to remember unfinished tasks than completed tasks.
例如:Greg因任務(wù)清單上還沒完成的一個(gè)任務(wù)而沮喪。-41-
宜家效應(yīng)
IKIA Effect
人們更看重自己參與創(chuàng)造的東西。
People value more what they participate in creating.
例如:“你難道不愛這個(gè)花了我20美元的茶壺嗎?它上面的涂繪可是我自己親筆畫的!”-42-
本·富蘭克林效應(yīng)
Ben Franklin Effect
如果我們已經(jīng)幫了別人一個(gè)忙,那么我們更有可能幫他另一個(gè)忙。
If we have done someone a favor, we are more likely to do him another favor.
例如:Greg給Francis借了一支鋼筆,等Francis又向Greg借5元錢時(shí),Greg很爽快的就借了。-43-
旁觀者效應(yīng)
Bystander Effect
周圍的人越多,我們幫助受害者的可能性就越小。
The more people around us, the less likely we are to help the victims.
例如:當(dāng)有人在斗毆中受傷時(shí),圍觀的那群學(xué)生里沒人去打報(bào)警電話。-44-
暗示感受性
Suggestibility
我們,尤其是兒童,有時(shí)會(huì)將提問者建議的想法誤認(rèn)為是記憶。
We, especially children, sometimes mistake the ideas suggested by the questioner for memory.
例如:“你從沙發(fā)上摔下來是在你媽媽打你之前還是之后?”-45-
虛假記憶
False Memory
我們會(huì)把想象誤以為是真實(shí)的記憶。
We mistake imagination for real memory.
例如:Greg確定Sally說了一個(gè)關(guān)于菠蘿的笑話,但這個(gè)笑話其實(shí)是他自己想到的。-46-
潛隱記憶
Cryptomnesia
我們會(huì)將真實(shí)的記憶誤認(rèn)為是想象。
We mistake real memory for imagination.
例如:Greg以為去過墓地是他做的一個(gè)夢(mèng),實(shí)際上他真的去過墓地。-47-
集群錯(cuò)覺
Cluster Illusion
我們?cè)陔S機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)中發(fā)現(xiàn)模式和規(guī)律。
We find patterns and laws in random data.
例如:“你看那個(gè)云彩像不像你家的貓?”-48-
悲觀偏見
Pessimism Bias
我們有時(shí)會(huì)高估壞結(jié)果的概率。
We sometimes overestimate the probability of bad results.
例如:水只剩下半杯了,啥都不會(huì)變好了。-49-
樂觀偏見
Optimism Bias
我們有時(shí)對(duì)好的結(jié)果過于樂觀
We are sometimes too optimistic about good results
例如:水還有半杯呢,一切都會(huì)好起來的。-50-
盲點(diǎn)偏見
Blind Spot Bias
人們不認(rèn)為自己有偏見,還會(huì)覺得別人比自己更偏激。
People don't think they are biased, and they think others are more extreme than themselves.
例如:“我沒有偏見!”
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