中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解解題技巧點(diǎn)撥
發(fā)布日期：2009-10-31 10:52:06 作者：[
沈輝華]
中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解解題技巧點(diǎn)撥
奉賢區(qū)華亭學(xué)校 沈輝華
一、中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解的考查內(nèi)容
中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解主要考查考生綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的能力，包括閱讀能力、理解能力、歸納概括能力、邏輯推理能力以及對(duì)所讀材料的評(píng)估能力等，在各題型中難度相對(duì)較大。
二、中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解的內(nèi)容和試題形式
每年中考試卷有三篇閱讀文章，內(nèi)容包括生活故事，人物傳記、文化、資源、環(huán)境和科技信息等各方面。近年來(lái)更側(cè)重于心理、情感、健康、勵(lì)志等話(huà)題，內(nèi)容上更注重生活性、實(shí)用性和教育性，充滿(mǎn)人文氣息，格調(diào)更高。試題形式有判斷正誤題、選擇題和根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容書(shū)面回答問(wèn)題三種。
三、中考英語(yǔ)閱讀方法
正向解題法
1、先看文章大意 (First look through the passage)
2、再看題目、找答案(Read the questions ,and find out the answers )
3、最后通看全文核實(shí)答案 (Check the answers)
此種方法的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)是：答題正確率高，但較費(fèi)時(shí)。
逆向解題法
1、先看題目、找答案( First look through the questions, then find the answer in the passage)
2、再通看全文核實(shí)答案 (Check the answers by reading the whole passage.)
此種方法的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)是： 答題速度快，但正確率相對(duì)低一些。
四、中考英語(yǔ)閱讀題目的考查類(lèi)型和解題技巧
中考英語(yǔ)閱讀題目主要有以下四種類(lèi)型,現(xiàn)將每一種類(lèi)型的考查要點(diǎn)和解題技巧分析如下：
1.主旨題（ To find out the main idea)
其目的是考查對(duì)短文中心思想或作者意圖的掌握。
解題技巧為：找主題句。 應(yīng)先通讀全文，理解大意，充分理解主題句的意義。主題句通常出現(xiàn)在短文第一句或最后一句。
主旨題常見(jiàn)題式為：
1.Which is the best title of this passage?
2.The main idea of this passage is_____
3.The passage mainly tells us：_________
例題1
Happiness is for everyone…
In fact, happiness is always around you, if you put your heart into it…
Happiness is not the same as money, it is a feeling of your heart…
Which of the following is this passage about?
A.Bad luck B. Good luck C. Happiness D.Life（答案為C）
例題2
It’s so crowded in Florida! We had to wait a long time to go on the rides sometimes…..
The paragraph mainly tells us:
A. It’s so crowded in Florida.
B. We had to wait a long time .( 答案為A)
2. 細(xì)節(jié)題( To look for details)
細(xì)節(jié)題是用來(lái)進(jìn)一步表達(dá)主題，體現(xiàn)中心思想的，往往針對(duì)短文某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)設(shè)題。
解題技巧為： 快速捕捉信息，尤其是一些事例、數(shù)字等，劃出相關(guān)句子，進(jìn)行對(duì)照。
例題1：Peter started playing for the local club when he was only 10 years old in 1948. In 1970,he was in the team that won the World Cup for Brazil again. He finally stopped playing in1977.
How many years did Peter play football?
________________________________(答案為29 years.抓住兩個(gè)年份數(shù)字1977-1948)
細(xì)節(jié)題中的難點(diǎn)常為此類(lèi)問(wèn)題：
Which of the following is True/Not True?
這類(lèi)題目要求從文中不同的地方挑出信息對(duì)事實(shí)進(jìn)行判斷。選項(xiàng)之間沒(méi)有聯(lián)系。解題技巧為：仔細(xì)回讀相關(guān)信息。針對(duì)選項(xiàng)，逐個(gè)判斷正誤，1道等于4道。
例題2
It seems that everybody tells lies- well, not big lies, but what we call “white lies” .Telling white lies isn't that bad. Most of the time ,people do it because they want to protect a friendship.
( )Which of the following is not True:
A. White lies are not big lies.
B. In fact, everybody tells lies .
C. People tell white lies to protect a friendship.
D. White lies are harmful to friendship. （答案為D.答題時(shí)要求對(duì)每個(gè)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行回讀確認(rèn)信息，然后判斷。）
3. 推斷題（ To infer a conclusion)
推斷題就是根據(jù)某個(gè)事實(shí)推斷結(jié)論。包括：數(shù)據(jù)事實(shí)推斷、常識(shí)推斷以及作者的寫(xiě)作目的、態(tài)度和傾向等的推斷。
解題技巧為：尋找線(xiàn)索，悟出字里行間的意思。
常見(jiàn)題式：
1）.From the passage we know that______
2）From the passage we can infer(推斷） that___
注意：此類(lèi)題目無(wú)法從原文中找到一模一樣的句子。
如：The doctor gave my sister some medicine, but it did nothing to her.
( )From this sentence know__________.
A. my sister didn't like this medicine
B. my sister took the medicine
C. the medicine made my sister sick
D. my sister got better now （答案為B. 根據(jù)后半句的but it did nothing to her推斷得出我姐姐吃了這個(gè)藥。）
4.猜測(cè)詞義題( To guess the meaning)
猜測(cè)詞義題主要考查根據(jù)上下文正確判斷靈活變化的詞義能力。
解題技巧為：通過(guò)閱讀上下文，斷定該詞的真正含義。
常見(jiàn)題式如下：
1）.The word “…” in the passage probably means_________.
2）.What does the word “…”mean______.
3）The underlined(劃線(xiàn)的) word means_________
例題1
Children like such creatures as dogs and monkeys.
The underlined(劃線(xiàn)的) word means_________
animals B. plants C. Humans D. toys （答案為 A。由dogs and monkeys 可推斷出）
五、書(shū)面回答問(wèn)題的特點(diǎn)和解題誤區(qū)
書(shū)面回答問(wèn)題在設(shè)置問(wèn)題時(shí)通常針對(duì)文中的5W和How—即who, when, where, what, why,和how(how long, how far, how fast…).基本屬于細(xì)節(jié)題，能在原文中找到。通常最后一個(gè)問(wèn)題屬于開(kāi)放性題目。做這種題目時(shí)，必須看懂有關(guān)內(nèi)容及前因后果， 因?yàn)殚_(kāi)放性題目的答案可以有許多，只要言之有理，都能得分。書(shū)面回答問(wèn)題時(shí)，必須指導(dǎo)學(xué)生了解不同問(wèn)題類(lèi)型的回答方式，如一般疑問(wèn)句用yes/no 回答，選擇疑問(wèn)句不能用yes/no 回答等。在書(shū)面回答時(shí)還要注意文字的書(shū)寫(xiě)，意思表述的簡(jiǎn)單明了，單詞的大小寫(xiě)、名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)、動(dòng)詞的人稱(chēng)、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)等。在平時(shí)教學(xué)中， 經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生能看懂文章， 也能正確地找出原文中的句子，但在書(shū)面回答時(shí)卻出錯(cuò)，這是很可惜的?，F(xiàn)在我來(lái)分析一下回答問(wèn)題存在的幾個(gè)誤區(qū)和產(chǎn)生的原因，期望通過(guò)分析后能幫助學(xué)生提高回答問(wèn)題的得分率。
回答問(wèn)題解題誤區(qū)1: 回答不完整
例1. Where do the writer and his grandpa go every Saturday?
回答： The nursing home.
(文中原句為： Every Saturday, Grandpa and I walk to the nursing home to … )
正確答案為：To the nursing home
例2． Where was the exhibition held?
回答：A hall.
(文中原句為:He hired(租用) a hall .)
正確答案為：In a hall
解題技巧點(diǎn)撥: Where =介詞+地方
例3. How many sheep are coming?
回答：Two hundred
(文中原句為: There were about two hundred sheep coming towards us down the hill.)
解題技巧點(diǎn)撥: 數(shù)字前的修飾詞， 如more than, less than, almost, nearly, about等一定不能忘
例4. How long has he stayed in Beijing?
回答：Ten days. （正確答案為：For ten days）
對(duì)比：5. How long did it take Mr. Smith to reach the ground floor one morning?
回答：For almost 10 minutes.
(文中原句為:All this took him almost 10 minutes.) 正確答案為：Almost 10 minutes.
解題技巧點(diǎn)撥: How long 應(yīng)用“for+一段時(shí)間 ”來(lái)回答，但在“it takes sb. some time to do sth.” 這個(gè)句型中是沒(méi)有”to”的。
回答問(wèn)題解題誤區(qū)2:時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤
例1. What did you think of the holiday?
回答：It’s terrible. 正確答案為：it was terrible.
例2．What do you think of Tom?(故事發(fā)生在過(guò)去)
回答：He is kind. 正確答案為：He was kind.
解題技巧點(diǎn)撥: 回答問(wèn)題時(shí)看清楚問(wèn)題的時(shí)態(tài)是很重要的。
回答問(wèn)題解題誤區(qū)3:句法（人稱(chēng)）錯(cuò)誤
例1. What did Robert and John want James to do? (文中原句為: “ What you have to do is to give us the car keys.” Robert and Adam said to James.)
回答：They wanted to give us the car keys.
正確回答：They wanted James/him to give them the car keys.
解題技巧點(diǎn)撥: : 人稱(chēng)轉(zhuǎn)換是回答問(wèn)題中容易忽視的環(huán)節(jié)。
例2. what do you think James would do?
回答：Not give the key to Robert and John.（推理結(jié)果正確，但句法錯(cuò)誤）
正確回答：He would not give the key to Robert and John.
解題技巧點(diǎn)撥: What …do? 的問(wèn)題不能簡(jiǎn)單回答，須完整回答。
回答問(wèn)題解題誤區(qū)4: 開(kāi)放題概括錯(cuò)誤
例1. What’s your opinion of John after you read this story? (原文大意為：Though John and his family were very poor, he donated his money for his lunch milk.)
回答：We should help each other.
正確回答：He was a warm-hearted boy,/He liked to help others.
解題技巧點(diǎn)撥:: What do you think of?/How do you like??？捎眯稳菰~來(lái)回答。
回答問(wèn)題解題誤區(qū)5:抄寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤
例1. Who were Robert and Adam?
回答：Two friends of Jame’s.
(文中原句為:Robert and Adam, two friends of James’…)
解題技巧點(diǎn)撥:不要忽視你的抄寫(xiě)，每年中考都有不少人連抄原句都會(huì)抄錯(cuò)。.
六、提高閱讀能力的其他必備條件
閱讀能力的提高不是一朝一夕的事，除了掌握一定的閱讀技巧之外，詞匯量起著決定性的作用。因此，我們要不斷擴(kuò)大詞匯量，學(xué)會(huì)利用詞綴來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義。另外，我們還要擴(kuò)大知識(shí)面，增加背景知識(shí)。背景知識(shí)材料多樣，包括天文地理、風(fēng)土人情、政治歷史、人物傳略、科學(xué)技術(shù)等等。一旦對(duì)文章有了背景知識(shí)，就會(huì)提高我們對(duì)文章的理解能力。
