英語代詞的用法全歸納
一、定義與分類
代詞是代替名詞及起名詞作用的短語或句子的詞。代詞根據(jù)其意思和用法可分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞、關(guān)系代詞、不定代詞九類。綜觀歷年高考情況,在這九類代詞中,不定代詞一直是高考英語的重點。
二:人稱代詞,物主代詞,反身代詞用法概述
這三種代詞都有人稱(一、二、三人稱)的變化、數(shù)(單、復(fù)數(shù))的變化,以及性(陰性、陽性、中性)的變化。其中,人稱代詞除了這三種變化外,還有格(主格、賓格)的變化。
物主代詞又包括兩種形式:形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞。特別注意:形容詞性物主代詞its沒有相應(yīng)的名詞性物主代詞。
這三種代詞的形式變化表如下:
人稱 | 單復(fù)數(shù) | 主 格 | 賓 格 | 形容詞性 物主代詞 | 名詞性 物主代詞 | 反身代詞 |
第一 人稱 | 單 數(shù) | I | me | my | mine | myself |
復(fù) 數(shù) | we | us | our | ours | ourselves | |
第二 人稱 | 單 數(shù) | you | you | your | yours | yourself |
復(fù) 數(shù) | you | you | your | yours | yourselves | |
第三 人稱 | 單 數(shù) | he | him | his | his | himself |
she | her | her | hers | herself | ||
it | it | its | 無 | itself | ||
復(fù) 數(shù) | they | them | their | theirs | themselves |
三、人稱代詞的用法
1) 定義:人稱代詞是用來指代人、動物或事物的代詞。它必須在人稱(第一人稱、第二人稱、及第三人稱)、數(shù)(單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù))以及性(陰性、陽性、中性)三方面與被指代的名詞一致。
如:I am astudent. Tom is a boy, and heis a student.
Mary is very pretty, and she likessinging.
The boys are students, and they arein the room.
The doy is small. It is Tom's.
2) 人稱代詞的句法功能
A) 人稱代詞有主格和賓語之分:主格用作主語,賓格用作賓語。
B) 人稱代詞的主格形式在在句中作主語和表語。
如: Ilike music(主語). She is a teacher.(主語)
She and I aregood friends(主語).
Neither she nor I am student.
——I saw theboys this morning.
——Are you sureit was they(表語)?
It might have been she.
C) 人稱代詞的賓格在句子作動詞的賓語,或者介詞的賓語。
如:I saw himat the party(賓語).
I haven't seen them recently.(賓語)
I bought a book for them.(作介詞賓語)
=I bought them a book.(間接賓語)
☆注意:
a.在口語中,人稱代詞的主格形式作表語時,常??梢杂觅e格替換。
如:It can't behe/him.
——Is this Mr.Green?
——Yes, this ishe/him.
b. 在口語中,當(dāng)人稱代詞用于than, as 之后或用于強調(diào)句中被強調(diào)時,用主格(較正式)和賓格(較口語化)均可以。
如:
He sings better than I/me. 他比我唱得好。
You know more than she/her.
She is as tall as me (I am).
c. 單獨使用的人稱代詞通常用賓格,即使它充當(dāng)?shù)氖侵髡Z也是如此。如:
“I like English.” “Me too=I like Englishtoo.” “我喜歡英語。”“我也喜歡。”
——Who did it?
——Them.(=Theydid it)
人稱代詞的易錯點
請看看下面這道題:
To save class time, our teacher has_________ students do half of the exercises in class and complete the otherhalf for our homework.
A. us B. we C. our D. ours
此題答案選A,
易錯點一 忽略人稱代詞后接名詞作同位語的用法
1. It’s necessary for _________ students tobe constantly reminded of our shortcomings.
A. us B. we C. our D. ours
2. The boss wants _________ girls to go tothe airport to pick up the company’s guests.
A. you B. your C. yours D. yourself
易錯點二 忽略人稱代詞在口語中的特殊用法和固定表達
口語中表示“我也一樣”時,可用me too;表示“我也一樣不……”時,可用me either或me neither。如:
—I’d like to go back in here. 我想回到這里來。
—Me too. 我也想。
—I don’t like horror movies. 我不喜歡恐怖片。
—Me neither. 我也不喜歡。
—I don’t have any money right now. 我現(xiàn)在沒有一分錢。
—Me either. 我也一樣。
類似地,若要表示“我們也一樣”,則可用us too。如:
—I’m glad it’s Friday. 我很高興今天是星期五。
—Us too! 我們也高興!
—I don’t feellike going out this evening.
—Me neither.
A. Me too B. Me also C. Me other D. Me neither.
注:單獨使用的人稱代詞通常用賓格,即使它代表主語時也是如此。如:
“I likeEnglish.” “Me too.” “我喜歡英語。”“我也喜歡?!?/p>
易錯點三 忽略人稱代詞與名詞性物主代詞的細節(jié)區(qū)別
請看下面幾道題:
1. —Whose telephone rang?
—_________.
A. Me was B. Me did C. Mine was D. Mine did
答案選D。
2. _________ a partnership based on mutualrespect, trust and understanding.
A. They were B. They being C. Theirs was D. Theirs being
答案選C。
易錯點四 忽略人稱代詞與關(guān)系代詞的區(qū)別
1. Last week, only two people came to lookat the house, _________ wanted to buy it. (安徽卷)
A. none of them B. both of them C. none of whom D. neither of whom
答案選D。
2. It is reported that two schools,_________ are being built in my hometown, will open next year.
A. they both B. which both C. both of them D. both of which
答案選D。
(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of_________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
(2) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of_________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
三、物主代詞的用法
英語代詞用法詳解·物主代詞
1. 兩種物主代詞
物主代詞有形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞兩種。形容詞性物主代詞就相當(dāng)于一個形容詞,在句子中只能做句子的定語,對名詞進行修飾和限制;而名詞性物主代詞則相當(dāng)于一個名詞,在句子中可做主語、賓語、和表語。形式如下表:
人稱 | 單復(fù)數(shù) | 形容詞性 物主代詞 | 名詞性 物主代詞 |
第一 人稱 | 單 數(shù) | my | mine |
復(fù) 數(shù) | our | ours | |
第二 人稱 | 單 數(shù) | your | yours |
復(fù) 數(shù) | your | yours | |
第三 人稱 | 單 數(shù) | his | his |
her | hers | ||
its | 無 | ||
復(fù) 數(shù) | their | theirs |
2. 物主代詞用法
(1)名詞性物主代詞
A) 名詞性物主代詞后不能跟名詞,或代詞one。它總是單獨出現(xiàn)在句中。
如:The umbrellais mine.
He likes my pen. He doesn’t like hers.
B) 名詞性物主代詞=形容詞性物主代詞+名詞
為避免重復(fù)使用名詞,有時可用“名詞性物主代詞”來代替“形容詞性物主代詞+名詞”的形式。
如:My bag is yellow, her bag is red,his bag is blue and your bag is pink.
為避免重復(fù)使用bag,可寫成My bag is yellow, hers is red,his is blue and yours is pink.
C) 名詞性的物主代詞在用法上相當(dāng)于省略了中心名詞的 --'s屬格結(jié)構(gòu).
如: Jack's cap 意為 The cap is Jack's.
His cap 意為 The cap is his.
D) 可以說 a friend of mine (ours, yours, hers, his, theirs),=one of my friends;但是不能說 a friend of me (us, you, her,him, them)。
如:
Your English is better than my English. =Your English is better than mine. 你的英語比我的英語好。
(2) 有時,漢語中用物主代詞,而英語中卻要用定冠詞。如:
He hit her in the face. 他打在她的臉上。(其中的 the 不宜改為 her)
(3) 英語中有許多習(xí)慣用語要用物主代詞。如:
do one’s best 盡力 try one’s best 盡力
earn one’s bread 維持生活 holdone’s breath 屏息
eat one’s words 收回前言 in one’s best 穿著節(jié)日盛裝
注:有的習(xí)語用不用物主代詞均可,且意義相同,如 save (one’s) face(挽回面子);而有的習(xí)語用不用物主代詞均可,但意義不同,如 lose heart(灰心)與 lose one’s heart(傾心于)。
3、物主代詞與own 連用
(1)為了強調(diào),有時可在物主代詞后加上own一詞。如:
Mind your own business. 別管閑事。
I saw it with my own eyes. 那是我親眼看到的。
She had made her own tragedy. 她造成了自己的悲劇。
Her private morality is her own business. 她的個人品德是她自己的事。
I’m a human being. I can stand on my own feet. 我是人,我可以自立。
He referred his wealth to his own hardwork. 他把他的致富歸功于他辛勤的工作。
I feel that I knew about the value of myown work. 我感覺我了解我自己工作的價值。
(2)one’s own的用法
有可用 of one’s own 置于名詞后作定語。特別強調(diào)所有關(guān)系時,可以在任何所有格形容詞 (而不是代詞) 后面加上own。這樣構(gòu)成的詞組可以起所有格形容詞 (如my own room) 或所有格代詞 (如it is my own) 的作用。我們還經(jīng)常用a / an+名詞+of one’s own來代替one’s own+名詞。如:
We have no children of our own. 我們沒有自己的孩子。
I wish I had a little lab of my own. 但愿我有自己的一間小實驗室。
We would be glad to have money of our own. 我們愿意有自己的錢。
These professors had opinions of their own.這些教授們有合己的看法。
I hope to have a room of my own. / I hopeto have my own house. 我希望有自己的房子。
Our cat has its own corner / a corner ofits own in this room. 我們的小貓在這個房間里有它自己的一角。
如再進一步強調(diào)則可加上very
I’d love to have my very own room / a room of my very own. 我喜歡有一個完全屬于我自己的房間。
我們可以說one’s own room或者a room of one’s own, 但我們不能用one作 (my) own之后的支撐詞。如:
別用我的梳子,用你自己的。
正:Don’t use my comb. Use your own.
誤:Don’t use my comb. Use your own one.
四、反身代詞的用法
1. 反身代詞的形式
反身代詞用于指代某人或某物自己。第一人稱和第二人稱的反身代詞由“形容詞性物主代詞 + self / selves”構(gòu)成;第三人稱反身代詞由“人稱代詞的賓格 + self / selves”構(gòu)成。見下表:
| 單數(shù) | 復(fù)數(shù) |
第一人稱 | myself | ourselves |
第二人稱 | yourself | yourselves |
第三人稱 | himself / herself /itself | themselves |
反身代詞的用法
1. 作動詞或介詞的賓語:經(jīng)常在enjoy, teach, hurt,buy, introduce, seat, dress, express, amuse, behave等動詞和by, for, to, of等介詞后作賓語。如:
He is teaching herself English.她在自學(xué)英語。
She was talking to herself.她自言自語。
He lives by himself in the country.他獨自住在鄉(xiāng)下。
2. 作主語或賓語的同位語:主要起加強語氣的作用,譯作“親自,本身,本人”。如:
Did you make the cake yourself?這蛋糕是你親自做的嗎?(yourself作主語you的同位語)
The work itself is easy.這工作本身很容易。(itself作主語the work的同位語)
Did you see Mr. Wang himself?你見過王先生本人嗎?(himself作賓語Mr. Wang的同位語)
3. 作表語:在be, feel, look, seem等系動詞后作表語,表示身體或精神狀態(tài)處于正常。如:
I’m not myself today.今天我感覺不舒服。
I am feeling myself again.我覺得健康如昔。
4. 用于一些簡短的會話用語或固定說法中。如:
Help yourself! 請隨便吃吧!/請自己去取吧!
Make yourself at home! 別客氣!
Don’t upset yourself! 別自尋煩惱!
Make yourself heard /understood. 使你的話被人聽得見/理解。
構(gòu)成習(xí)語
for oneself 給(為)自己,獨自 to oneself 對自己
say to oneself 心里想 talk / speak to oneself 自言自語
come to oneself 蘇醒過來 absent oneself 缺席
beside oneself 失常,若狂 by oneself 獨自地,單獨地
of oneself 獨自,自發(fā)地
5. 用作主語。在現(xiàn)代英語中,反身代詞一般不能獨立用作主語,但是它卻可以借助 and, or, nor 等連詞與其他名詞一起構(gòu)成并列主語(且位于并列主語的后部),以及用于某些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)(如as...as等):
My brother and myself went there yesterday.昨天我兄弟和我一起去了那兒。
Jim’s sister and himself get up at six every day. 吉姆的妹妹和他每天6點起床。
He was as anxious as myself. 他和我一樣擔(dān)心。
五、相互代詞的用法
相互代詞的用法歸納
一、相互代詞的形式與用法
英語的相互代詞只有eachother和one another,它們在句中通常只用作賓語,不能用作主語或狀語等。如:
each other
We don’t see much of each other. 我們不常見面。
We should help each other. 我們應(yīng)該互相幫助。
We may never see each other again. 我們可能永遠不會再見。
They soon fell in love with each other. 他們不久就互相愛上了。
The sea and the sky seem to melt into eachother. 大海和藍天似乎融為一體。
one another
They respect one another. 他們互相尊重(對方)。
You look as though you know one another. 你們看起來像是互相認識。
They were very pleased with one another. 他們相互很喜歡。
二、使用相互代詞注意點
1. 相互代詞在句中通常只用作賓語,不可用作主語,所以以相互代詞為賓語的句子不能變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)。
2. 不要將相互代詞誤認為是副詞,將其用作狀語,如可說 talk to each other,但不能說 talk each other。
3. 相互代詞可以有所有格形式:(each other’s, one another’s)。
The students borrowed each other’s notes. 學(xué)生們互相借筆記。
They often stay in one another’s houses. 他們常常在彼此家里住。
I hope that you all enjoy each other’s company. 我希望你們在一起過得愉快。
I hope that you all enjoy each other’s company. 我希望你們在一起過得愉快。
They looked into each other’s eyes for a silent moment. 他們默默地對視了一會兒。
They’ll sit h hours looking into each other’s (one another’s) eyes. 他們有時對坐幾小時望著彼此的眼睛。
4. 有時可分開用:
We each know what the other thinks. 我們都知道對方的想法。
Each tried to persuade the other to stay athome. 每個人都設(shè)法想說服對方留在家里。
5. 有人認為,each other用于兩者,one another用于三者,但在現(xiàn)代英語中兩者??蓳Q用(即均可用于兩者或三者)。
六、指示代詞的用法
一、指示代詞概說
在英語中表示“這(這),那(些)”的代詞叫指示代詞,它們主要包括this, these, that,those 四個。見下表:
| 單數(shù) | 復(fù)數(shù) |
近 指 | this | these |
遠 指 | that | those |
1)指示代詞分單數(shù)(this / that)和復(fù)數(shù)(these / those)兩種形式,既可作限定詞又可做代詞,例如:
單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù)
限定詞:Thisgirl is Mary. Those menare myteachers.
代 詞:This isMary. Those are my teachers.
2)指示代詞的句法功能
它們在句中可作主語、賓語、表語、定語等。一般說來,this, these表“近指”,,而that, those則“遠指”。
This is mybook.(主語)
I want that.(賓語)
My book is that.(表語)
I like that dress.(定語)
二、指示代詞的考點:
1.指示代詞的替代用法:
1). 為避免重復(fù),可用 that 和 those 代替前面提到的名詞。如:
The playground of this school is biggerthan that of that school.(that=the playground)
My seat is next to that of the mayor. 我的座位在市長座位旁邊。
The population of
His views are close to those of theSocialist Party. 他的觀點接近社會黨的觀點。(those= the views)
My seat is next to that of the mayor. 我的座位在市長座位旁邊。
A grandparent’s job is easier than that of a parent. 祖父母的任務(wù)比父母的任務(wù)要輕松一些。
The weather of
A dog’s intelligence is much greater than that of a cat. 狗的智慧比貓的高得多。
The dialect in one town may he quitedifferent from that of the next town. 一個城鎮(zhèn)的方言可能與另一個城鎮(zhèn)很不相同。
Waves of red light are about twice as longas those of blue light. 紅色光線的波長約為藍色波長的兩倍。
2). 用來回指上文提到的事情時,可用this或that,但是若要指下文敘述的事情,通常要用 this。如:
She married Jim, and this [that] surprisedme. 她嫁給了吉姆,這使我感到很吃驚。
——She is abeautiful girl.
——Who saidthat?
I want to know this: Is she beautiful? 我想知道這一點:她美嗎?
—He was nearlydrowned once.
—When was________?
—________wasin 1998 when he was in middle school.
A. that;It B. this; This C. this;It D. that; This
3)指示代詞用作主語和定語時,可指人或物;用作賓語和表語時,只指物。而且只有that、those后面可以跟定語從句,而those作賓語后接定語從句時可以指人。this和 these兩個指示代詞習(xí)慣上不接定語從句。
如:(對)That ismy teacher. 那是我的老師。(that作主語,指人)
?。▽Γ?span lang="EN-US">He isgoing to marry this girl. 他要和這個姑娘結(jié)婚。(this作限定詞)
(錯)He isgoing to marry this.?。?span lang="EN-US">this作賓語時不能指人)
?。▽Γ?span lang="EN-US">I boughtthis. 我買這個。(this指物,可作賓語)
He admired those who looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)
(錯) He admired that who danced well.?。?span lang="EN-US">that作賓語時不能指人)
(對)He admired that which lookedbeautiful. 他贊賞外表漂亮的東西。
一般說來,that后接which引導(dǎo)的定語從句,those后接who引導(dǎo)的定語從句。
(1)、注意those who的用法
those who中的who為關(guān)系代詞,用以引導(dǎo)定語從句,其意為“……的那些人”。如:
Those who do not wish to go need not go. 不愿去的人不需要去。
We kept seats for those who might arrivelate. 我們給可能來晚的人留了座位。
(2)、注意thatwhich的用法
that which中的which為關(guān)系代詞,用以引導(dǎo)定語從句,其意為“……的事或物”,這是一種比較正式的用法,它通??梢杂?span lang="EN-US">what代之。如:
That which (=What) many people say is notalways true. 很多人說的話并不表示一定是真的。
That which (=What) I say and do is my ownaffair. 我說什么做什么是我自己的事。
They say the only real knowledge is thatwhich can be measured. 據(jù)說唯一真實的知識是可以檢驗的知識。
2.指示代詞的電話指代
在打電話時,通常用 this指自己,用that指對方:不用I或you。
Hello. This is Jim. Is that John? 喂,我是吉姆,你是約翰嗎?
“Who’s that?” “This is Mary speaking.”“你是哪位?”“我是瑪麗?!?/p>
3.可用作副詞
除用作代詞外,this 和that 還可用作副詞,用以修飾形容詞或副詞,意為“這么”、“那么”,相當(dāng)于 so。
如:
I've done only that much. 我所做的就這么多。
Is he always this busy? 他總這么忙嗎?
Is the problem that easy? 問題有那么簡單嗎?
The fish I caught was this big. 我捕到的那條魚有這么大。
It isn’t all that cold. 還沒冷到那種程度。
It’s about this high. 約摸這樣高。
Is it this hot every day? 每天都這樣熱嗎?
I didn’t think it would be this easy. 我沒想到會這樣容易。
I didn’t realize she was that ill. 我沒想到她病得那么重。
The book is about this thick. 那本書大約有這么厚。
When you pay that much for a meal youexpect the best. 一頓飯花那么多錢是想吃到最好的東西。
4.兩個區(qū)別:
1)注意區(qū)分指示代詞與形式主語(賓語)
對于選項中既有指示代詞也有形式主語或形式賓語的考題,這樣考慮:若要選形式主語或形式賓語,那么一定能從句中找到真正的主語(如動名詞、不定式、從句等),否則就考慮選用指示代詞。
1. _________ felt funny watching myself onTV. (全國II)
A. One B. This C. It D. That
2. He didn’t make _________ clear when and where the meeting would be held. (天津卷)
A. this B. that C. it D. these
2)注意區(qū)分指示代詞與關(guān)系代詞
對于選項中既有指示代詞又有關(guān)系代詞的考題,這樣考慮:若兩個句子間有連詞(尤其是并列連詞and或but)連接,則應(yīng)考試用指示代詞,否則就應(yīng)考慮使用關(guān)系代詞。
1. He is always really rude, _________ iswhy people tend to avoid him.
A. that B. it C. this D. which
2. Tom’s mother always told him not tosmoke again, but _________ didn’t help.
A. he B.it C. which D. as
5.含 this和that的習(xí)語
with this 說完這些話 that is to say 也就是說
at this 一看到或聽到 That’s all right 不用謝,沒關(guān)系
this and that 各式各樣的 this way and that 躊躇不決
for all this 盡管如此 this way這樣
in this way 用這中方法 not that 并不是說
now that 既然 that is 即,也,那就是
that rings the bell 答對了 that is it 對啦
that will do 夠了,行了
He will be in
He will come here this day next month. 他將在下個月的今天來這兒。
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