風(fēng)靈 上一篇：法律英語與文化（5）: the revival of Roman law （羅馬法復(fù)興）Those who had studied in Bologna returned to their nations and established universities where they also taught and studied the law of the Corpus Juris Civilis according to the style of the Glossators and Commentators. In this way, the Roman civil law and the works of the Glossators and the Commentators became the basis of a common law of Europe, which is actually called the jus commune by legal historians. ——John Henry Merryman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, The Civil Law Tradition (4th edition), 2018, Stanford University Press p10. 在博洛尼亞學(xué)習(xí)了法律的人們重回故里后，建立了本國的大學(xué)，他們按照注釋法學(xué)家的方法，也來講授和研究《國法大全》。就這樣，羅馬私法和注釋法學(xué)派的著作成了一種歐洲共同的法律基礎(chǔ)，法制史學(xué)家將之稱為“共同法”（Jus commune）?！溃┘s翰·亨利·梅利曼 （委）羅格里奧·佩雷斯·佩爾多莫 著，《大陸法系》（第四版），第10頁。Jus commune 是拉丁文，就字面意義而言，等同于英語的“common law”，但不能將之與我們常說的英美普通法相混淆。Jus commune指的是羅馬法復(fù)興運動中發(fā)展起來的歐洲大陸普遍接受的共同法律原則和法律規(guī)范，我們稱為“歐洲共同法”。There was a common body of law and of writing about law, a common legal language, and a common method of teaching and scholarship.共同法有著共同的法律體系和法律作品，有著共同的法律語言（拉丁文），而且還有共同的法律教學(xué)和著述的方式。共同法的主要基礎(chǔ)是羅馬法，特別是查士丁尼的《國法大全》。'Jus commune' is heavily influenced by Roman law, particularly the Corpus Juris Civilis. Roman law provided a rich and complex set of legal concepts and principles that were adapted and interpreted by medieval scholars.共同法是統(tǒng)一的普遍的法律制度，不僅歐洲大陸，連英國也受到其影響。'Jus commune' was viewed as a universal legal system that could be applied across different regions and countries. It was seen as a common legal heritage of Europe, in contrast to local customs and laws.In England, the Corpus Juris Civilis was taught at Oxford and Cambridge, and the lawyers educated there were called civil lawyers. They had the exclusive privilege of litigation in the Court of Chancery (or court of equity), which had the mission of correcting the rigidity and limitation of the English common law. In this way, the common law received the influence of Roman law. 在英國，牛津大學(xué)和劍橋大學(xué)教授《國法大全》，在那里受教育的律師被稱為民法律師。他們擁有在大法官法院即衡平法院（其使命是糾正英國普通法的僵化和局限）進行訴訟的獨家特權(quán)。于是，普通法以這樣的方式受到了羅馬法的影響。特別值得注意的是，共同法不是哪個國家立法機構(gòu)或國際組織制定的成文法典，而是學(xué)者在研究、解釋和運用羅馬法和教會法的過程中發(fā)展出來的法律制度。在法律的實際運作中，西歐多數(shù)國家都正式或非正式地繼受了共同法，各種法院（皇家法院、教會法院、領(lǐng)主法院等）都將之作為裁判依據(jù)，是廣泛適用的帶有強制性的法律。在19世紀各民族國家制定各自的民法典以前，這種Jus commune 起到了事實上的民法的作用。The rise of nation-states and the growing power of kings provided a significant opportunity for university-educated jurists. They were the intellectuals who staffed the royal bureaucracies that were the kings’ instruments of power. To those officials, the true law resided in the ancient texts that they had studied in the universities. They did not consider royal legislation constitutive of law but treated it rather as a kind of interpretation. Thus, ironically, Roman law and the jus commune grew and thrived during the rise of the nation-state. 民族國家的興起和國王權(quán)力的增長，為受過大學(xué)教育的法學(xué)家們提供了重要的機會。他們是效力于皇家機構(gòu)的知識分子，這些皇家機構(gòu)是國王的權(quán)力工具。對這些官員來說，真正的法律存在于他們在大學(xué)中研習(xí)的古老文本中。他們并不認為國王的立法構(gòu)成了法律，而只是將之當作對法律的某種解釋。因此，具有諷刺意味的是，在民族國家興起之時，羅馬法和共同法是隨之而興旺發(fā)達。In some parts of Europe (e.g., Germany), the Roman civil law and the writings of the Bolognese scholars were formally “received ” as binding law. (Civil lawyers use the term “reception” to sum up the process by which the nation-states of the civil law world came to include the jus commune in their national legal systems.) In other parts of Europe the reception was less formal; the Corpus Juris Civilis and the works of the Glossators and Commentators were recognized as authoritative because of their appeal as an intellectually superior system. But, by one means or another, the Roman civil law was received throughout a large part of Western Europe, in the nations that are now the home of the civil law tradition. 在歐洲部分地區(qū)（比如德國），羅馬私法和博洛尼亞學(xué)者們的著作被正式“接受”（received）為有約束力的法律（大陸法系法學(xué)家用“繼受”（reception）一詞來概括大陸法系各國把共同法納入民族國家法律之中的過程）。在歐洲其他地方，“繼受”沒有這么正式。《國法大全》和注釋法學(xué)派的著作因其作為智識上更優(yōu)越的制度所產(chǎn)生的吸引力，而被認為具有權(quán)威。然而，不管采取正式或非正式的方法，羅馬法被西歐的多數(shù)國家所繼受，這些國家現(xiàn)在是大陸法系的發(fā)源地。教會法對共同法的影響主要在家庭法、繼承法（這也是羅馬私法中的兩個部分）、刑法和程序法方面。Canon law influenced the jus commune mainly in the areas of family law and succession (both parts of the Roman civil law), criminal law and the law of procedure.最后，我們?nèi)绻麖淖园l(fā)秩序角度來看jus commune, 會發(fā)現(xiàn)一個有趣的現(xiàn)象。歐洲共同法的發(fā)展固然是自發(fā)秩序的產(chǎn)物，但其基礎(chǔ)《國法大全》卻是羅馬皇帝的有意識行動的成果。如本系列文章之4 “the Corpus Juris Civilis”中談到的，《國法大全》最突出的意義在于查士丁尼將法律由實踐中的習(xí)慣轉(zhuǎn)變成為了由政治權(quán)力批準的書面規(guī)則，由此改變了羅馬人對法律的觀念。這顯然與自發(fā)秩序背道而馳，也為大陸法系后期理性建構(gòu)的立法產(chǎn)生了深遠的影響。
