大多數(shù)學(xué)生在做閱讀理解的時候,一遇到長難就頭皮發(fā)麻,抓阿撓腮。
有沒有一種簡便的方法能讓我們迅速破解長難句呢?
Of course!!!
這個方法就是:
“三長兩短一并列”破解長難句
什么是“三長兩短一并列”?
英語中的修飾成分,是造成英語句子又長又難的主要原因,而只要搞定這些修飾部分,就能搞定英語長難句。
這些修飾成分數(shù)量可以很多、位置也不好把握,但是,它們的種類卻是非常固定的。這些修成分可以分為為“三長兩短一平行”。
所謂“三長”,介詞短語、從句、非謂語動詞短語;
所謂“兩短”,指的是形容詞、副詞;
所謂“一平行”,指的是是由一些并列關(guān)系的連詞
(and、or、as well as等)將句子變長的重要手段。
給 “三長兩短一并列”做標(biāo)記
1. “三長”:介詞短語、從句、非謂語動詞短語
(1) 介詞短語
【定義】從介詞開始到名詞結(jié)束、表達一個獨立的完整的含義的結(jié)構(gòu)。
【起止標(biāo)識】標(biāo)記介詞短語時,要從介詞開始到介詞之后的第一個名詞終止。
如:
at home
in the school
in the beautiful park
during my happy childhood
over the last few years
for three weeks
to the destination
【例句】
(After chatting) (with Laura) (on this matter) (for two hours) (from 2:00 to 4:00) (in the afternoon), I returned (to my office).
(2) 從句
【定義】從句是復(fù)合句中不能獨立成句,但具
有主語部分和謂語部分,
由that、who、whom、when、why、
where、how、which、if、although等關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)的非主句部分。
【起止標(biāo)識】標(biāo)記從句時,一定從關(guān)系詞開始,到以下四種終止。
① 到句尾終止,如:
Li Hui is a teacher (who teaches English).
② 到句中的逗號終止,如:
(When I was young), I listened to the radio.
③ 到下一個修飾成分終止,如:
I will invite Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player) to Beijing. (to Beijing是介詞短語,屬于另一個修飾成分,故從句的標(biāo)記在此處終止)
④ 到下一個謂語動詞終止,如
Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player) is studying in Shanghai.
(3) 非謂語動詞短語
【定義】主要包括動詞不定式、動名詞和分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)三類。
由非謂語動詞開頭的、表示一個獨立、完整的含義的結(jié)構(gòu)叫做非謂語動詞短語。
【起止標(biāo)識】標(biāo)記非謂語動詞短語時,一定是從動詞不定式(to do)、動名詞(doing)或分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞doing或過去分詞done)開頭,到以下四種情況終止。
① 到句尾終止,如:
Li Hui is a teacher (teaching English).
② 到句中的逗號終止,如:
(To improve my English), I often listen to the English radio.
③ 到下一個修飾成分終止,如:
Jack walked into the hall, (waving) to the audience. (to the audience是介詞短語,屬于另一修飾成分。)
④ 到下一個謂語動詞終止,如:
We, (singing a happy song), rode to school.
2. “兩短”
(1) 形容詞
【定義】形容詞是指用來修飾名詞的單詞,往往帶有-ous、-y、-ful、-able等后綴。
【常見位置】
①一般置于名詞之前,如
a beautiful park。
②修飾不定代詞(something、anything、nothing、somebody、anybody、nobody)時置于不定代詞之后,
如“一些有趣的事”應(yīng)譯為somethinginteresting。
(2) 副詞
【定義】副詞用來修飾形容詞、動詞等詞,往往帶有-ly等后綴。
【常見位置】英語中,副詞的用法比形容詞靈活得多。
① 可置于整句之前,如:
Unfortunately, he failed to make it.
② 可置于整句之后,如:
The teacher greets his students individually.
③可置于“助動詞、系動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后,實義動詞之前”,如:
Theprincess looks extremely beautiful today.
(系動詞之后)
He immediately saw the black cat.
(實義動詞之前)
He has undoubtedly fallen in love with the princess.
(助動詞之后,實義動詞之前)
He can hardly speak anything.
(情態(tài)動詞之后,實義動詞之前)
④可置于形容詞或副詞之前,如:
Thereis an extremely beautiful garden in our campus.
3. 平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)
【定義】并行并列結(jié)構(gòu)是指由并列詞將兩個或兩個以上含義相似、結(jié)構(gòu)相同的并列項連接起來構(gòu)成的結(jié)構(gòu)。
【標(biāo)記方法】給平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)做標(biāo)記的要求是:給并列詞加方框,給并列項加下劃線。
【常見并列關(guān)系】
英語中可以并列的成分有很多,讀句子時要注意識別到底是誰跟誰并列。
① 名詞并列:
Ilike the box placed on the desk and the flowersin your hand.
② 形容詞并列:
Mr.Smith is a kind, patient and knowledgeableEnglish teacher.
③ 副詞并列:
Youare supposed to answer the following questions quickly and accurately.
④ 謂語動詞并列:
Withthe Internet, people can
not only playcomputer games but also do online shopping.
⑤ 介詞短語并列:
Andthat government of the people, by the people and for thepeople shall not perish from the earth.
⑥ 從句并列:
I’vefinished reading the book (which is written by Mo Yan) and(which you lent me last month).
⑦ 非謂語動詞并列:
Singing and laughing, we headed to the park.
⑧ 整句并列:
Thechildren can go with us or they can stayat home.
三步搞定長難句
根據(jù)以上分析,英語句子是由“主干部分+三長兩短一并列”組成的。我們可把這個“三長兩短一并列”稱為構(gòu)成英語句子的“組件”。想要快速讀懂一個句子,就要快速識別并準(zhǔn)確譯出每一個組件,再按照一定的邏輯將一個個組件連接起來。這就是“組件分析三步法”。
Step 1: 做標(biāo)記
做標(biāo)記時應(yīng)按照上文中的方法,給“三長”加括號,給并列詞加方框,給并列項劃下劃線。
【例句】
LiHui is a teacher teaching English in Beijing which is the capital of China.
LiHui is a teacher (teaching English) (in Beijing) (which is the capital) (ofChina).
Step 2: 做直譯
LiHui is a teacher (teaching English) (in Beijing) (which is the capital) (ofChina). 翻譯時可先處理為:李輝是個老師。教什么的?教英語。在哪兒教?在北京。哪個北京?是那個首都。誰的首都?中國的首都。這樣整個句子的意思就一目了然了。
Step 3: 調(diào)語序
上面的英語句子可以翻譯成:“李輝是個在中國的首都北京教英語的老師。”或者“李輝是個老師,在中國的首都北京教英語。”
真題演練
由于所舉例子比較簡單,所以上文中的Step2看起來或許有些多此一舉。其實不然。現(xiàn)在我們來用一些高考題中出現(xiàn)過的長難句來試驗上述方法,你會發(fā)現(xiàn)理解長難句竟變得如此輕而易舉!
【真題1】 The Department ofAgriculture has programs aimed at developing more farmers and at increasinginterest in locally grown food. (19詞,來自2012年江蘇卷閱讀理解B篇)
Step1: 做標(biāo)記
TheDepartment (of Agriculture) has programs (aimed) (at developing morefarmers) and (at increasing interest) (in locally grown food).
實際操作過程如下:
括號1:看到of,說明是介詞短語,該介詞短語到名詞Agriculture結(jié)束。
括號2:由于has是謂語動詞形式,所以可判定句中第二個出現(xiàn)的動詞aimed應(yīng)為非謂語動詞;由于該詞后面緊接著出現(xiàn)了介詞at,按照“一旦出現(xiàn)下一修飾成分,就果斷將上一修飾成分結(jié)束掉”的原則,我們將aimed用括號單獨括起來。
括號3:看到at,說明是介詞短語,該介詞短語到名詞farmers結(jié)束。
方框1:and是并列詞,該并列詞的后面緊接著是由at引導(dǎo)的介詞短語,為右并列項,因此左并列項應(yīng)該同為at引導(dǎo)的介詞短語atdeveloping more framers。
括號4:看到in,說明是介詞短語,該介詞短語到名詞food結(jié)束。
標(biāo)記結(jié)束后,主干已經(jīng)非常清晰了,即TheDepartment has programs。
Step2: 做直譯
要理解這句話的意思,光知道主干還不夠,其他部分代表了關(guān)鍵的細節(jié)信息,需要對句子大致進行翻譯。根據(jù)“組件分析三步法”中所講解的,要按照句子語序,對被標(biāo)記后句子的每一小節(jié)挨個進行翻譯,翻譯時利用每小節(jié)的頭一個單詞進行提問和回答。TheDepartment:這個部門;ofAgriculture:什么的部門?農(nóng)業(yè)的部門;hasprograms:有什么?有計劃;aimed:針對什么的計劃?針對……;atdeveloping more farmers:針對發(fā)展更多的農(nóng)民;and:以及什么?at increasing interest:針對提高利潤;inlocally grown food:哪方面的利潤?本土出產(chǎn)的食物的利潤。根據(jù)提問和回答后,我們大概理解了這句話的意思:農(nóng)業(yè)部有針對發(fā)展更多農(nóng)民和提高本土出產(chǎn)食物的利潤的計劃。
Step3: 調(diào)語序
將句子語序調(diào)整后,得到更地道的譯文:農(nóng)業(yè)部已經(jīng)制定了相關(guān)計劃,以培養(yǎng)更多農(nóng)民和提高本土出產(chǎn)的食物的利潤。
【真題2】
Ifyou started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out, you cango to your phone and restart your dryer for the time when come home, so yourclothes are refreshed and ready to go. (41詞,來自2012年山東卷閱讀理解D篇)
Step1:做標(biāo)記
(If you started) (to dryclothes) (in the morning) and forgot (totake them out), you can go (to your phone) and restart yourdryer (for the time) (when come home), (so your clothes are refreshed andready) (to go).
具體標(biāo)記過程如下:
括號1:If引導(dǎo)了條件狀語從句,從if開始做標(biāo)記。
括號2:to dry clothes是非謂語中的不定式,故在to之前結(jié)束上一修飾成分。
括號3:in引導(dǎo)介詞短語,故結(jié)束上一修飾成分。該介詞短語標(biāo)記到名詞morning結(jié)束。
方框1:and為并列連詞,緊跟其后的forgot是其右并列項,向前尋找結(jié)構(gòu)相似的左并列項,發(fā)現(xiàn)是started。
括號4:看見to,發(fā)現(xiàn)toyour phone為非謂語中的不定式,標(biāo)記到名詞phone結(jié)束。
方框2:and為并列連詞。緊跟其后的restart是其右并列項,向前尋找結(jié)構(gòu)相似的左并列項,發(fā)現(xiàn)是go。此處為謂語動詞并列。
括號5:for the time為介詞短語,標(biāo)記到名詞time結(jié)束。
括號6:when come home為定語從句,標(biāo)記到逗號結(jié)束。
括號7:so引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。
括號8:to go為不定式。
Step2: 做直譯
參照被標(biāo)記后的句子,按照句子語序一小節(jié)一小節(jié)進行提問和回答。Ifyou started:如果什么?如果你開始;todry clothes:去做什么?烘干衣服;inthe morning:在什么時候?在早上;and:而且什么?forgot:而且忘了;totake them out:忘了做什么?把它們拿出來;youcan go:你可以去;toyour phone:去做什么?去(使用)你的電話;and;并做什么?restartyour dryer:并重啟你的烘干機;forthe time:為了什么?為了這個時間;when come home:當(dāng)什么時候?當(dāng)回家的時候;soyour clothes are refreshed and ready 這樣就怎么了?這樣你的衣服就被重新烘干并且準(zhǔn)備好了;togo:準(zhǔn)備好去做什么?去走(即已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好“出爐”了)。
Step3: 調(diào)語序
將譯文調(diào)整之后為:如果你早上開始烘干衣服并忘了把它們拿出來,那么你可以用手機重新啟動烘干機,這樣在你回到家的時候,衣服已經(jīng)重新烘干并可以取出來了。
長難句例句分析:
1. Even China’s population will bedeclining by the early 2030s, according to the UN, which projects that by 2050populations will be lower than they are today in 50 countries.
2. That is surely how history will judge modern criticismof video games, which are accused of turning young people into violentcriminals.
3. An animal that can remember the significance of thatlarge, nasty-looking thing with the big teeth and sharp claws will survivelonger and produce more offspring.
4. If I ever had any doubts about how demanding a teacher’s job is, it would have disappeared for good when I spentsome time recently in schools.
5. The trouble with that approach is that consumers tendto prefer devices that require simply plugging them in, without complicatedsetups of wireless channels, security, and other features common to homenetworks.
6. Davies says guidance must strike a balance betweenbeing flexible enough to take account of the differences between disciplinesand providing enough detail to be of use.
7. Some great manufacturers and great service companiesmay have become too lean in their relentless drive to reduce costs, outsourcingnot just their non-core activities but essential ones too.
8.Some great manufacturers and great service companiesmay have become too lean in their relentless drive to reduce costs, outsourcingnot just their non-core activities but essential ones too.
9.Having succeeded as a convenient vehicle for everyconceivable political and commercial slogan, the threads themselves arebecoming the newest message, logically enough.
10. Clever though this is, it is just a steppingstone towards the direct incorporation of fuel cells into portable devices and,in particular, laptops—the application thatremains the industry’s Holy Grail.
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