非謂語動(dòng)詞的句法功能:
1. 不定式—主、表、賓、補(bǔ)語(賓補(bǔ)&主補(bǔ))、定、狀、同位語
2. 動(dòng)名詞—主、表、賓、定、同位語
3.分 詞—表、補(bǔ)語(賓補(bǔ)&主補(bǔ))、定、狀
知識(shí)要點(diǎn)：
一、不定式與動(dòng)名詞做主語：
1、 動(dòng)名詞做主語往往表示普通的、一般的行為，不定式做主語常表示某次具體的行為。Collecting information about children’s health is his job.
It’s necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher.
2、常用不定式做主語的句型有：
常用結(jié)構(gòu)：It+be+ adj./n.+ for sb. to do sth.
(常見形容詞: difficult , important, necessary, impossible, etc.)
It+be+ adj. + of sb. to do sth. =sb. be + adj. + to do sth.
(常見形容詞:clever, silly, foolish, stupid, wise, kind, rude, impolite, careless, cruel, crazy, etc.)
3、常用動(dòng)名詞做主語的句型有：It’s no good (use, fun) doing sth.
It’s (a) waste of time one’s doing sth. It’s worth while doing sth.
二、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞做表語：
1、不定式做表語常表示謂語動(dòng)詞所表示動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。不定式一般緊跟在系動(dòng)詞如: be, seem, remain, appear等后面, 用來說明主語的內(nèi)容。這類結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語一般為名詞，如：idea, purpose, hope, plan, intention, wish, dream, etc.
eg.) My purpose is to teach them a lesson.
有時(shí)句子主語也可以是不定式或名詞性從句。
Eg.) To be strict with students is to be responsible to them.
What I want to do is (to )tell you the truth.
The only thing he could do was ( to) tell the truth.
如果主語中含有do的任何形式, 那么不定式可以省去to.
2、動(dòng)名詞做表語是對(duì)主語內(nèi)容的解釋，這時(shí)主語與表語位置可互換，動(dòng)名詞常用于口語中。
Its full-time job is laying eggs.
3、分詞做表語:
現(xiàn)在分詞作表語:一般表示主動(dòng)或主語的性質(zhì)和特征, “令人……”的, 主語多數(shù)情況是sth.
過去分詞作表語: 一般表示被動(dòng)或說明主語情感心理上的感受, “感到……的”,主語多數(shù)是sb.
exciting, excited annoying, annoyed amazing, amazed
boring, bored confusing, confused encouraging, encouraged
embarrassing, embarrassed frightening, frightened; inspiring, inspired
現(xiàn)在分詞做表語表示主語的性質(zhì)與特征；進(jìn)行時(shí)表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
The task of this class is practising the idioms. （現(xiàn)在分詞做表語）
With the help of the teacher, the students are practising the idioms. （現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)）
過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的被動(dòng)狀態(tài)或完成某動(dòng)作的狀態(tài)。而被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語所承受的動(dòng)作。
The village is surrounded by high mountains.（過去分詞做表語）
The enemy was surrounded by the Red Army.（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）
He is well educated.（過去分詞做表語）
The doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days. （注suggest后不跟不定式做賓補(bǔ)。）
We wish him to remain and accept the post.（注hope后不跟不定式做賓補(bǔ)。）
動(dòng)詞+賓語+不帶to的不定式:
常用動(dòng)詞: feel (一感) ; hear, listen to(二聽); make, let, have(三讓); see, watch, observe, notice, look at(五看) ;help (半幫助,可帶to或不帶to)etc. 但改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，不定式要加to.
Eg.) I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road.
比較: I saw him crossing the road. He was seen _____the road.
I saw him carried downstairs. He was seen ____ downstairs.
2、下列動(dòng)詞后的復(fù)合賓語用分詞做賓補(bǔ)：see, watch, notice, observe, find, hear, feel, make, get, set, send, start, catch, have, leave, keep,等。用現(xiàn)在分詞還是用過去分詞做賓補(bǔ)，要看分詞與賓語的關(guān)系。
We heard him ____ (sing) the song when we came in.
We have heard the song _____ (sing) in Japanese.
He watched the bed _____ (carry) out of the door.
He felt a great weight _____ (take ) off his mind. 他感到心頭如釋重負(fù)。
How would you like your hair ___ (cut)?
五、非謂語動(dòng)詞做定語：
1、不定式做定語放在所修飾的名詞后，表示在謂語動(dòng)詞之后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或過去的某一特定動(dòng)作。
He had no house to live in but a lot of work to do.
Our monitor is the first to arrive.
2、動(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞做定語的區(qū)別：
動(dòng)名詞做定語說明所修飾名詞的用途；現(xiàn)在分詞做定語，表示所修飾名詞進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
a walking stick 拐杖（動(dòng)名詞， a stick for walking）
a sleeping car 臥鋪車廂（動(dòng)名詞， a car for sleeping）
the rising sun 正在升起的太陽（現(xiàn)在分詞）
the changing world 變化中的世界（現(xiàn)在分詞）
3、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞做定語的區(qū)別：過去分詞做定語表示完成或被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在分詞做定語表示主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
a piece of disappointing news =a piece of news which disappointed us）
in the following years =in the years that followed）
a well dressed woman =a woman who is dressed well）
a car parked at the gate =a car which was parked at the gate）
六、不定式與分詞做狀語：
1、不定式做狀語，只表示目的、結(jié)果或原因：
He hurried home only to find his money stolen.（結(jié)果狀語）
To make himself heard, he raised his voice.（目的狀語）
All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. (原因狀語)
2、分詞做狀語可表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、伴隨、讓步、方式、結(jié)果：
Seen from the top of the hill, the town is beautiful.（條件狀語）
Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry. (原因狀語)
He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased.（伴隨狀語）
動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):
① 物主代詞或名詞所有格+ 動(dòng)名詞(作主語、賓語、表語)
② 代詞賓格或名詞普通格+ 動(dòng)名詞(作賓語、表語)
Eg.) My father’s being ill worried us greatly.=That my father was ill worried us greatly.
His not being present at the party annoyed the hostess.
It’s no use your pretending that you didn’t know the truth.
What angered me most was the students failing to fulfill their duties.
I think the problem is their/them not having enough time.
注意: 若動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語為無生命的東西,只用普通格:
eg.) The experiment can’t be carried out because of the equipment being out of order.
The news of the new hotel catching fire shocked everyone.= The news that the new hotel caught fire shocked everyone.
The noises of the boxes being opened and closed could be heard.
存在句的非限定形式
存在句的非限定形式是there to和there being結(jié)構(gòu)。這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)在用法上有相同點(diǎn)。為便于比較，我們把它們放在一起介紹。
1） 作介詞補(bǔ)足成分
兩種結(jié)構(gòu)都可作介詞補(bǔ)足成分。如果介詞是for，便只能用there to be結(jié)構(gòu)。
Eg.) It is too early for there to be anyone around here.
It is important for there to be a fire escape.
也能用在不及物動(dòng)詞+for之后:
They planned for there to be another meeting.
如果介詞不是for, 則要用 there being結(jié)構(gòu)。
Eg.) John was relying on there being another opportunity.
2） 作賓語
作賓語時(shí), 通常用there to be結(jié)構(gòu)。
Eg.) Members like there to be plenty of choice.
能這樣用的及物動(dòng)詞為數(shù)有限,常見的有expect, mean, intend, want, like, prefer, hate等。
3） 作主語和狀語
there being結(jié)構(gòu)還能用作主語和狀語。
Eg.) There being a bus stop so near the house is a great advantage.
There having been no rain, the ground was dry.
存在句的限定形式與非限定形式之間可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換。
For there to be so few people in the streets was unusual.
(=It was unusual for there to be so few people in the streets.)
有時(shí)限定形式與非限定形式還可以結(jié)合使用。
Eg.) It is said that there are troops on the frontier. =There are said to be troops on the frontier.
關(guān)系代詞的省略:
1. This is the fastest train there is to Beijing.
2. He asks for the latest book there is on the shelf.
3. ---- What did the football player you were talking to want?
---- He would like to read or listen to an account of everything there is going on in the world.
