非謂語動詞是歷年高考英語的重要考點(diǎn)之一，也是較難掌握的難點(diǎn)之一。它貫穿于英語學(xué)習(xí)和考試過程的始終。但是，只要認(rèn)真分析、透徹理解、看透本質(zhì)、準(zhǔn)確把握，就一定能在高考中運(yùn)籌帷幄，游刃有余。
[L][L] 一．非謂語動詞區(qū)別簡表
[/L]
[L]類別區(qū)別
to do
doing
done
含義
表示主動、被動或?qū)?/font>
表示主動或（正在）進(jìn)行
表示被動或完成
句子成分
（名詞）主語、賓語、表語、同位語（不定式）定語(將來)、狀語、補(bǔ)語、獨(dú)立成分
(動名詞)主語、賓語、表語、同位語、定語(表用途)、(現(xiàn)在分詞)定語（正在發(fā)生）、狀語、 補(bǔ)語、表語(表特征)、獨(dú)立成分
（過去分詞）作定語（完成）、狀語、補(bǔ)語、表語（表狀態(tài)）
否定形式
（not）to do
(not)doing
(not)done
時態(tài)形式
一般式：to do(不定式作名詞:無時間性或在謂語動詞后發(fā)生。不定式:與謂語動詞動作同時或在之后發(fā)生)進(jìn)行式：to be doing(與謂語動詞 動作同時發(fā)生)完成式：to have done(表示動作發(fā) 生在謂語動詞動作之前)完成進(jìn)行式：to have been doing(在謂語動詞動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生且持續(xù)到主句動作時，仍在進(jìn)行)
一般式:doing（動名詞:無時間性或在謂語動作前發(fā)生。現(xiàn)在分詞:與謂語動詞動作同時、在之前或之后發(fā)生）進(jìn)行式:本身（同上）完成式:having done（作現(xiàn)在分詞時，只作狀語，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前）完成進(jìn)行式:無
一般式：done(vt分詞表被動或完成；vi分詞 表主動或完成)進(jìn)行式：無完成式：本身(同一般式)完成進(jìn)行式：無
語態(tài)形式
一般被動式:to be done (將來動作)進(jìn)行被動式：無完成被動式：to have been done (強(qiáng)調(diào)動作發(fā)生在主句 動作之前)完成進(jìn)行被動式:無
一般被動式:being done（不作狀語）進(jìn)行被動式:本身完成被動式:having been done（只 作狀語，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作發(fā)生 在主句動作之前）完成進(jìn)行被動式:無
一般被動式:本身(與一般 式相同)進(jìn)行被動式:無完成被動式:本身(與一般 式相同)完成進(jìn)行被動：無
狀語類型
目的狀語、條件狀語、原因狀語、結(jié)果狀語
時間狀語、條件狀語、原因狀語、結(jié)果狀語、方式狀語、伴隨狀語、讓步狀語
時間狀語、條件狀語、原因狀語、方式狀語、伴隨狀語、讓步狀語
注1：(名詞)to do, doing的區(qū)別⒈二者都可表示普遍的、一般的的真理、見解或信念等。 [/L]
[L]eg: To do morning exercises/ Doing morning exercises is good for your health.[/L]
[L]⒉不定式表示尚未發(fā)生的動作；動名詞暗示已經(jīng)存在。 [/L]
[L]eg: My father is a millionaire, but having money doesn't mean everything.[/L]
[L]⒊動名詞表示一般的經(jīng)驗；不定式表示具體的、特定的事例、意見或理論。 [/L]
[L]eg:[/L]
[L]①I prefer swimming to fishing. [/L]
[L]②I like to swim in the river because it's too hot today.[/L]
[L]⒋不定式和動名詞都有對稱性。 [/L]
[L]eg:[/L]
[L]①To see is to believe. [/L]
[L]②Seeing is believing. [/L]
[L]⒌作主語時to do, doing的區(qū)別 [/L]
[L]⑴表示泛指、一般、抽象或一個已經(jīng)完成了的動作時，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是事情本身，多用動名詞doing作主語。 [/L]
[L]⑵表示具體某一次行為，特別是將來的動作時，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動詞本身，必須用不定式作主語。[/L]
[L]注：表示泛指意義時，多用動名詞doing（也可用動詞不定式to do）[/L]
[L]⒍作賓語時to do, doing的區(qū)別 [/L]
[L]⑴doing表示泛指，一般，經(jīng)常性，習(xí)慣性的動作。 [/L]
[L]⑵to do表示特定，具體，將來的動作。[/L]
[L]⒎作表語時to do, doing的區(qū)別[/L]
[L] ⑴表示一般的概念時，二者可以互換。[/L]
[L] ⑵表示具體的動作或?qū)淼男袨闀r，應(yīng)用不定式to do。
[/L]
[L]⒏不定式to do,現(xiàn)在分詞doing作補(bǔ)語時的區(qū)別[/L]
[L] ⑴不定式to do作補(bǔ)語表示賓語所做的動作或者和賓語有表語關(guān)系，表示狀態(tài)、特性、身份等。另[/L]
[L] 外，不定式可作使役動詞、感官動詞的補(bǔ)語，表示動作的完成或已經(jīng)結(jié)束。[/L]
[L] ⑵doing表示動作與主語動作同時發(fā)生或進(jìn)行。[/L]
[L] ⑶不定式to do作補(bǔ)語一般表示動作的全過程或經(jīng)常性發(fā)生的動作。[/L]
[L] ⑷doing強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的延續(xù)性，表示動作正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行，更具描述性。
[/L]
[L]⒐不定式to do,現(xiàn)在分詞doing作結(jié)果狀語時的區(qū)別[/L]
[L] ⑴to do表示出乎意料的不想要的結(jié)果。[/L]
[L] ⑵doing表示自然而然的結(jié)果。[/L]
[L]注2：非謂語動詞的區(qū)別問題[/L]
[L]（一）動詞后接to do不定式還是doing動名詞的情況：[/L]
[L]（1）只能接to do不定式的動詞有：[/L]
[L]want, wish, hope, long, expect, desire, intend, decide, ask, promise, aim, offer, agree, plan, learn, choose, refuse, fail, manage, pretend等。[/L]
[L]（2）常只用動名詞作賓語的動詞有：admit, avoid, appreciate, consider（考慮）dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practice, risk, resist, suggest等。[/L]
[L]（3）動詞后二者都可跟，意義不同的有：[/L]
[L]remember to do sth 記起要做某事[/L]
[L]remember doing sth 記起做過某事[/L]
[L]forget to do sth 忘記要做某事[/L]
[L]forget doing sth 忘記做過某事[/L]
[L]regret to do sth 后悔要做某事[/L]
[L]regret doing sth 后悔做過某事[/L]
[L]go on to do sth 接著做另外一件事[/L]
[L]go on doing sth 接著做同一件事[/L]
[L]stop to do sth 停下來開始做另外一件某事[/L]
[L]stop doing sth 停止做正在做的某事[/L]
[L]try to do sth 盡力做某事[/L]
[L]try doing sth 試著做某事[/L]
[L]mean to do sth 打算（意欲，企圖）做某事[/L]
[L]mean doing sth 意味著做某事[/L]
[L]can’t help(to)do sth 不能幫忙做某事[/L]
[L]can’t help doing sth 情不自禁地做某事 [/L]
[L]（4）動詞后二者都可跟，意義相同的有：begin, start, like, love, prefer, hate等。但是區(qū)別在于：后接動名詞時表示經(jīng)常性的動作，后接不定式時表示的是具體的特定的動作。[/L]
[L]eg: I like playing football, but I don’t like play now.[/L]
[L]注：重點(diǎn)提示：在下列情況下begin和start后只接不定式：[/L]
[L]⑴主語是物不是人。[/L]
[L]eg: Spring came on and the snow began to melt.[/L]
[L]⑵二者用于進(jìn)行時 eg: It’s beginning to rain.[/L]
[L]⑶二者后接表示心理活動或狀態(tài)的動詞。 [/L]
[L]eg: I began to realize how stupid I was.[/L]
[L]⑷二者后接不定式的被動式。 [/L]
[L]eg: The new type of computer began to be developed in the 1980's.[/L]
[L]（二）“感官動詞＋賓語＋賓補(bǔ)（to do sth/doing sth）”的區(qū)別[/L]
[L]感官動詞＋賓語＋賓補(bǔ)（to do sth）表示事實或全過程[/L]
[L]感官動詞＋賓語＋賓補(bǔ)（doing sth）表示片段或進(jìn)行[/L]
[L]eg:①The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.[/L]
[L] ②Did you see a pencil-box lying on the ground just now.
[/L]
[L](三)個別“使讓動詞＋賓語＋賓補(bǔ)”的一些特別詞的用法[/L]
[L]1）have＋賓語＋賓補(bǔ)[/L]
[L] have＋賓語＋do“讓…做某事”，不定式作賓補(bǔ)可以指現(xiàn)在、將來或可能發(fā)生的動作。[/L]
[L]eg:①They had me repeat the message.[/L]
[L] ②I won’t have you say such things.[/L]
③I won’t have you blame it on me.
[L]2）have＋賓語＋doing “讓…一直/持續(xù)做某事”，現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)可以表示主語有意讓別人去做或無意引起某人可能去做或表示遭遇。另外，have＋賓語＋doing若用于否定句中，have意為“容忍”。[/L]
[L]eg:①Tom tried to have her talking. But no use.[/L]
[L] ②I won’t have you speaking to your parents like that.[/L]
[L] ③Why should we have the boy standing in the corner the whole morning.[/L]
[L]3）have＋賓語＋done “使…被做”過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)可表示主語有意識的行為或表示“遭遇”、“經(jīng)歷”（動作違背主語的意愿）[/L]
[L]eg:①We ought to have her examined by a doctor.[/L]
[L] ②The old woman had her handbag stolen.[/L]
[L]2）get＋賓語＋賓補(bǔ)[/L]
[L]get＋賓語＋to do(＝have＋賓語＋do) “讓…做某事”有時則是“說服/勸說某人做某事”[/L]
[L]eg: I will get the publisher to illustrate(加上插圖) the book. [/L]
[L]get＋賓語＋doing“使…（靜的物體）動起來”，具有進(jìn)行含義。[/L]
[L]eg: I shall soon get the machine working.[/L]
[L]3）get＋賓語＋done“讓…被做”用法與have＋賓語＋done基本相同。[/L]
[L]eg: He got his wrist broken.
[/L]
[L]二．非謂語動詞具體用法詳述[/L]
[L]Ⅰ不定式的用法[/L]
[L]不定式不可作謂語，但它可以有自己的賓語、狀語，構(gòu)成不定式短語，在句中可以作主語、賓語、表語、定語（表用途）、狀語或補(bǔ)足語。高考對不定式的考查主要有不定式的時態(tài)、語態(tài)、作用、否定、省略、連詞＋不定式等。[/L]
[L]1.不定式作主語[/L]
[L]不定式作主語表示具體的動作，通常指一件已知的事或目的。[/L]
[L]不定式作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。[/L]
[L] eg: To say is a thing, to do is another.(說是一回事，做是另外一回事。)[/L]
[L]（2）不定式短語較長時，通常放在謂語之后，用it作形式主語。[/L]
[L]eg:①It is important to learn English well.(學(xué)好英語是重要的。)[/L]
[L]②It is necessary for us to do the job well.(我們做好這項工作是必要的。)[/L]
[L]③It is a great honor to be invited to give a speech here.被邀請在這兒發(fā)表演講是一個極大的榮幸。[/L]
[L]2.不定式作賓語[/L]
[L]（1）to do表示特定，具體，將來的動作。常只用不定式作賓語的動詞有(記憶口訣：想要拒絕忘記，需要努力學(xué)習(xí)；喜歡同意幫助，希望決定開始)want, wish, hope, long, expect, desire, intend, decide, ask, promise, aim, offer, agree, plan, learn, choose, refuse, fail, manage, pretend等。[/L]
[L] eg:①He refused to help me.(他拒絕幫助我.)[/L]
[L]②She has agreed to come tomorrow.(他已同意明天來.)[/L]
[L](2) 不定式較長時，作賓語，也可用it代替，放在后面。[/L]
[L] eg; I find it difficult to do the job well.[/L]
[L](3) “特殊疑問詞﹢不定式to do結(jié)構(gòu)”具有名詞特征，可作賓語。[/L]
[L]eg:①She didn't know whether to go or not.[/L]
[L] ②They haven't decided when and where to build the school.[/L]
[L]（4）不定式可作介but, except, besides“除……之外”的賓語，介詞前有實義動詞do的任何一種形式，后邊的不定式就無to；否則必帶to。[/L]
[L]eg:①I want to do nothing but play the computer games。 ②I have no choice but to wait。[/L]
[L]3.不定式作表語[/L]
[L]（1）不定式作表語放在be和其他系動詞后，說明主語的內(nèi)容。同樣，“特殊疑問詞＋不定式”具有名詞特征，也可作表語。[/L]
[L]eg:①M(fèi)y job is to sweep the floor.[/L]
[L] ②His goal was to enter the key university of Beijing.[/L]
[L] ③The first question is how to find a better way to learn English well. [/L]
[L](2)不定式作主語時，表語也必須為不定式，結(jié)構(gòu)必須保持一致。[/L]
[L]eg: To see is to believe.[/L]
[L](3)如果主語部分的謂語動詞或非謂語動詞是實義動詞do的某種形式，那么作表語的不定式可以省去to.[/L]
[L]eg:①The first thing to do is find her. ②The only thing he could do was tell the truth.
[/L]
[L]4.不定式作同位語[/L]
[L]不定式作同位語表示內(nèi)容。[/L]
[L]eg: His dream to enter a key university came true.
[/L]
[L]5不定式作定語[/L]
[L]不定式作定語表示將來，常放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。[/L]
[L]eg:①I have something important to tell you.(不定式與被修飾名詞構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系。)[/L]
[L] ②His wish to be an artist has never come true.( 不定式與被修飾名詞構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系。)[/L]
[L] ③He is the right man to do the job. ( 不定式與被修飾名詞構(gòu)成主動關(guān)系。)[/L]
[L] ④The little girl was unhappy because she had no friends to play with. ( 不定式與被修飾名詞[/L]
[L] 構(gòu) 成主動關(guān)系。)（注：若不定式為不及物動詞，其后須加上相應(yīng)的介詞。)[/L]
[L]6.不定式作狀語[/L]
[L]不定式作狀語主要是表示目的、條件、原因和結(jié)果，可位于句首或句末，但句首時通常用逗號隔開。[/L]
[L]eg:①We set off early that morning to catch the first bus.（目的）[/L]
[L] ②To get a good result, she worked very hard.（目的）[/L]
[L] ③I feel it an honor to be invited to the party.(條件)[/L]
[L] ④She was very happy to get the first prize.(原因)[/L]
[L] ⑤He worked hard only to fail.(結(jié)果)[/L]
[L]注：⑴不定式常用在so as 或in order后,與它們一起作狀語，表示目的，但so as引起的不定式不可置于句首。[/L]
[L]eg: In order to avoid mistakes, check your homework. [/L]
[L]⑵不定式表結(jié)果時常和only連用，往往表示出乎意料的意想不到的不想得到的結(jié)果。[/L]
[L]eg: He hurried to the station ,only to find the train had left.[/L]
[L]⑶“形容詞＋enough＋不定式”和“too＋形容詞或副詞（不表情感）＋不定式” 也可作結(jié)果狀語。 [/L]
[L]eg:①He is old enough to go to school. ② He is too weak to raise the stone.[/L]
[L]但“too＋表情感形容詞（pleased, ready, glad, willing, anxious等）＋to do”表示肯定意義，too前面可用only, but等詞修飾。[/L]
[L]eg:①They were (only) too anxious to leave.(他們只是太急于離開了。)[/L]
[L] ②She is(only)too pleased to go home.(她非常高興可以回家了。)
[/L]
[L]7.不定式作補(bǔ)語[/L]
[L]不定式作補(bǔ)語表示賓語所所做的動作或者和賓語有表語關(guān)系，表示狀態(tài)、特性、身份等。另外，不定式可作使役動詞、感官動詞的補(bǔ)語，表示動作的完成或已經(jīng)結(jié)束。賓語與作補(bǔ)語的不定式之間是主動關(guān)系。[/L]
[L]（1）后接動詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)的常見的動詞有：want, wish, expect, prefer, like, hate, ask, beg, request, require, beg, get, advise, persuade, invite,[/L]
[L]order, remind, permit, allow, send等。[/L]
[L]（2）后接動詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)的常見的動詞短語有：call on, would like/love, arrange for, depend on等。[/L]
[L]eg:①She wanted me to arrive there early. [/L]
[L] ②Our headmaster call on us to work hard.[/L]
[L]（3）動詞不定式可作感官動詞（五看二聽一感覺即：see, look at, watch, observe, notice，hear, listen to，feel）和使讓動詞（let, make, have等）后面的賓補(bǔ)時，不定式符號to要省略，但如果句子變被動結(jié)構(gòu)，必須帶to.表示動作的完成。[/L]
[L]eg:①He made them climb the hill. [/L]
[L] ②They were made to climb the hill.
[/L]
[L](4)動詞不定式可作形容詞的補(bǔ)足語[/L]
[L]動詞不定式可作形容詞的補(bǔ)足語，句型為：[/L]
[L](一)主語＋系動詞＋表語（adj為convenient/easy/expensive/difficult/hard/impossible/pleasant等）＋to do.(注：to do常用主動表被動，其中do為vt,主語為to do的賓語。)[/L]
[L]（二）主語＋find/think/consider/believe等＋賓語＋adj＋to do.(注：其中to do常用主動表被動，其中do為vt,主語為to do的賓語。)[/L]
[L]eg: ①He is easy to fool.[/L]
[L] ②The man is easy to work with.[/L]
[L]③He find the problem difficult to work out.[/L]
[L]（5）“特殊疑問詞＋不定式to do”具有名詞特征，可作賓補(bǔ)。(謂語動詞多為show, know, teach, tell等。)[/L]
[L]eg: I’ll tell you how to get there[/L]
[L]8.不定式作獨(dú)立成分(評注性狀語或插入語)[/L]
[L]不定式可以作評注性狀語或插入語,放在句子前面、中間或末尾。常見的有to be frank, to be honest, to tell the truth, to begin with，to start with, to be short等。[/L]
[L]eg: To begin with, I think you are wrong.[/L]
[L]Ⅱ動名詞用法[/L]
[L]動名詞具有動詞和名詞的特點(diǎn)，有一般式和完成式，有主動式和被動式，可作主語、賓語、表語和定語.否定形式在其前面加not.[/L]
[L]（1）動名詞作主語[/L]
[L]動名詞作主語表示抽象動作，指一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗。[/L]
[L]eg:①Driving a car on the crowded road is boring.[/L]
[L] ②Reading is my hobby.[/L]
[L]（2）動名詞作賓語doing作賓語表示泛指，一般，經(jīng)常性，習(xí)慣性的動作。常只用動名詞作賓語的動詞有：admit, avoid, appreciate, consider, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practice, risk, resist, suggest等。[/L]
[L]eg:①I can’t imagine marrying her.[/L]
[L]②She managed to escape being punished.[/L]
[L]只接動名詞作賓語的動詞詞組有：give up, belong to, look forward to, keep on, insist on, be busy, get down to, be devoted to, have difficulty/trouble(in),have a good/wonderful time (in)等。[/L]
[L]eg:①I’m looking forward to hearing from you soon.[/L]
[L] ②He gave up smoking three years.[/L]
[L](3)動名詞可作表語[/L]
[L]動名詞可作表語，一般為主語的內(nèi)容.表示一般性或習(xí)慣性的動作。在概念上可以和主語劃等號。把主語和表語倒過來，句子的基本含義不變。[/L]
[L]eg: His hobby is painting.[/L]
[L](4) )動名詞可作同位語 [/L]
[L]動名詞可作同位語，表示所修飾事物的內(nèi)容。[/L]
[L]eg: This is my creation ,reading scary stories.[/L]
[L](5 動名詞可作定語[/L]
[L]動名詞可作定語，表示所修飾事物的功能或用途。[/L]
[L]eg: He often studies in the reading room.[/L]
[L]Ⅲ現(xiàn)在分詞[/L]
[L]現(xiàn)在分詞具有動詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，在句中作定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語和表語。[/L]
[L]1作定語[/L]
[L]現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，單個v-ing放在被修飾的名詞前；如果短語作定語，則放在所修飾詞的后面。v-ing作定語和被修飾詞之間為主動關(guān)系，表示動作正在同時進(jìn)行或經(jīng)常性發(fā)生，也可表示特征。[/L]
[L]eg:①the falling leaves＝the leaves which are falling[/L]
[L] ②the rising sun＝the sun which is rising[/L]
[L] ③I saw him go into the house facing south.[/L]
[L] ④a good-looking man[/L]
[L]2作狀語[/L]
[L]在句子中，現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，與句中主語形成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，表示與主句謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生，或沒有一定的時間性。[/L]
[L]動詞-ing或其短語作狀語時，可以表示時間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、讓步、方式、伴隨等。表示時間關(guān)系的動詞-ing短語可由連詞while或when引出。[/L]
[L]eg:①Hearing the news, they got excited.(時間)[/L]
[L]②Having finished his homework, she was playing on the playground.(原因/時間)[/L]
[L]③Studying hard, you are sure to get first prize.(條件)[/L]
[L]3作補(bǔ)語[/L]
[L]現(xiàn)在分詞作補(bǔ)語表示動作正在進(jìn)行，賓語與作補(bǔ)語的現(xiàn)在分詞之間是主動關(guān)系。[/L]
[L]后面常接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動詞有感官動詞（五看二聽一感覺see, look at, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen to, feel）使讓動詞（have, get）以及其他類動詞leave, keep, catch, set等。表示動作正在進(jìn)行。[/L]
[L]eg:①I saw them playing games on the playground yesterday.[/L]
[L] ②Don’t leave him waiting outside the room.[/L]
[L]４作表語[/L]
[L]現(xiàn)在分詞作表語相當(dāng)于形容詞，常表示主語所具有的特征，含有主動意味。大多數(shù)使動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞通?？勺鞅碚Z，常見的有：interesting, amusing, boring, tiring, pleasing, exciting, moving, disappointing,[/L]
[L]surprising, encouraging等。[/L]
[L]eg:①His story was very moving. ②The speech is really boring.[/L]
[L]５作獨(dú)立成分(評注性狀語或插入語)[/L]
[L]可以作評注性狀語或插入語,放在句子前面、中間或末尾。[/L]
[L]注：“連詞+doing短語”一般情況下，分詞作狀語時，只能根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系而不能根據(jù)語法特征來判定它是時間狀語、條件狀語或讓步狀語等。因此，有時會遇到很難判斷其歸屬的情形。但如果在其前加上when, if, once, since等連詞，就會很清楚地表明狀語的性質(zhì)。對于這種結(jié)構(gòu)，也可作另外的解釋，即在連詞與現(xiàn)在分詞之間省略了主語和be動詞。[/L]
[L]eg:①While(I was)trying to open the can, I cut my hand.[/L]
[L] ②Though not understanding(=he didn't understand )french, he he was able to communicate with [/L]
[L] other Students.[/L]
[L] ③Be careful when(you are)crossing the road.=Be careful when you cross the road.[/L]
[L]Ⅳ過去分詞[/L]
[L]在句子中，過去分詞與句中主語形成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，表示完成或沒有一定的時間性。[/L]
[L]過去分詞既有副詞的特征又有動詞的特征，在句中可作定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語、表語等成分。[/L]
[L]（1）作定語[/L]
[L]過去分詞作定語，表示已經(jīng)完成或特征。它和被修飾詞之間是被動、完成關(guān)系，單個過去分詞作定語放在前，過去分詞短語作定語放在后。其中及物動詞的過去分詞表示完成或被動概念，不及物動詞的過去分詞只表示完成概念，沒有被動的意味。[/L]
[L]eg:①the risen sun ＝the sun which has risen[/L]
[L] ②fallen leaves＝leaves which has fallen[/L]
[L] ③This is the house built last year.＝This is the house which was built last year.[/L]
[L](2)作狀語[/L]
[L]過去分詞在句中作狀語，說明動作發(fā)生的背景或情況。它和被修飾詞之間是被動關(guān)系。它在句中可以作時間、條件、原因、方式、讓步和伴隨狀語。[/L]
[L]eg:①Tired out, they stopped to have a rest.(原因/時間)[/L]
[L] ②Taken around the city, we were impressed by the city’s new look.[/L]
[L] ③Though warned of the danger ,he still went skating on the thin ice. [/L]
[L](3)作補(bǔ)語[/L]
[L]及物動詞的過去分詞作補(bǔ)語，表示完成意義的行為或狀態(tài)。及物動詞的過去分詞亦有被動意義；不及物動詞的過去分詞仍是主動意義。[/L]
[L](1)可以帶過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動詞有感官動詞（五看二聽一感覺），使役動詞have, get, make等，以及其他類動keep, leave, like, want, wish等。[/L]
[L]eg: I had my leg broken last week.[/L]
[L]（4）作表語[/L]
[L]過去分詞作表語表示被動意義，主語常是人，一般用來表示感受和狀態(tài)，可以用作表語的常見的過去分詞有：astonished, delighted, disappointed, excited, experienced, exhausted, frightened, interested, puzzled, qualitied, satisfied, upset等,有些過去分詞作表語實際上已經(jīng)構(gòu)成固定短語。如：be interested in, be satisfied with, be covered with, be dressed in, be seated, be locked等。能用這些分詞作表語的系動詞有be, get, remain, stay等。[/L]
[L]eg:①The door remained locked.[/L]
[L] ②We were greatly encouraged when we heard the speech.[/L]
[L]Ⅴ非謂語動詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)[/L]
[L]非謂語動詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)為“名詞或代詞＋非謂語動詞” 或“with＋名詞/代詞＋非謂語動詞”。在語法上是一個獨(dú)立的短語，不是句子（即：非謂語動詞的邏輯主語與主句主語不一致，須保留之后所構(gòu)成的結(jié)構(gòu)）?？煞旁诰涫谆蚓湮病?/font>[/L]
[L](一) 名詞或代詞＋非謂語動詞[/L]
[L]（1）名詞/代詞＋不定式[/L]
[L]名詞或代詞通常為動作的執(zhí)行者，與不定式構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，可位于句首或句末。[/L]
[L]eg: He will send me ﹩100 first, the rest to follow in a year.[/L]
[L](2) 名詞/代詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞[/L]
[L]名詞或代詞通常為現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作的執(zhí)行者，與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。[/L]
[L]eg①:Time permitting, we will finish the work.(表條件)[/L]
[L] ②Spring coming on, the trees turns green.(表時間)[/L]
[L]（3）名詞/代詞＋過去分詞[/L]
[L]名詞或代詞通常為過去分詞所表示的動作的承受者。與過去分詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系或系表關(guān)系。[/L]
[L]eg:①The signal given, the bus started.[/L]
[L]②Their strength exhausted, they sank down one by one.[/L]
[L]（二）with＋名詞/代詞＋非謂語動詞[/L]
[L]（1）with＋名詞/代詞＋不定式[/L]
[L]不定式和賓語之間是被動關(guān)系，表示動作尚未發(fā)生。[/L]
[L]eg: With nothing to do, they went out for a walk.（表原因）[/L]
[L](2)with＋名詞/代詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞[/L]
[L]賓語和動詞-ing之間是主動關(guān)系，表示的動作和謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生。[/L]
[L]eg: The boy slept with the light burning.（表伴隨）[/L]
[L](3) with＋名詞/代詞＋過去分詞[/L]
[L]不定式和賓語之間是被動關(guān)系，表示動作已經(jīng)完成。[/L]
[L]eg: They stayed inside with the door locked.（表伴隨）
