中學(xué)英語(yǔ)要點(diǎn)匯總
1.賓語(yǔ)從句：怎樣判斷出一個(gè)從句是賓語(yǔ)從句？1 在動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)(動(dòng)賓):
Do you knowwhere he comes from? 劃線部分是動(dòng)詞know的賓語(yǔ).
2.在有些接雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ):
He askedme when we would leave. 此句中me與從句when-分別是ask的賓語(yǔ)。
3在介詞后作賓語(yǔ)(介賓)：Let’s talk about how we solve this problem.
4在I’m sorry…, I’m afraid…, I’m sure…等結(jié)構(gòu)后的句子也被認(rèn)為是賓語(yǔ)從句.
賓語(yǔ)從句需注意的時(shí)態(tài)問題:
1主句若是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句根據(jù)不同情況用不同時(shí)態(tài)。
He says (that) he willhave a walk soon. （soon指將來(lái)，從句用將來(lái)時(shí)）
The teacherasks who is the cleverest in the school. （暗指目前誰(shuí)最聰明，從句用現(xiàn)在時(shí)）
I want to know who came herelate this morning. （今早已過去，從句用過去時(shí)）
2主句若是一般過去時(shí)，從句也要用過去時(shí)。
He wondered if I would come. She told me that her son hadgot well.
She said that she liked watchingTV. We thought Jim was wrong.
3無(wú)論主句是何時(shí)態(tài)，從句若表客觀真理，要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
Mr. Li said the moon issmaller than the earth.
4賓語(yǔ)從句無(wú)論有何引導(dǎo)詞，句子都要用陳述句語(yǔ)序。
Could youtell me when you will get back to
Do you know which sweater sheis wearing? (不是is she)
2.狀語(yǔ)從句：此處所說(shuō)的狀語(yǔ)從句用法僅包括條件(if和unless引導(dǎo))狀語(yǔ)從句和時(shí)間(when等引導(dǎo),見下文)狀語(yǔ)從句。狀語(yǔ)從句需注意以下問題：
1主句若是一般將來(lái)時(shí)、祈使句或含不表過去的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等，則if(如果), unless(除非)，when(當(dāng)…的時(shí)候), as soon as(一…就…)，before, after,until, till, as(當(dāng)…的時(shí)候)所引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
You may take a restwhen you finish doing your work. （主句有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞）
Could you look after myson after I leave home?
（情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could是為了讓語(yǔ)氣委婉，并不指過去時(shí)，從句仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）
—1—
I will go out as soon asit stops raining this afternoon. （主句是將來(lái)時(shí)）
Wait for your brother at the busstation until he arrives. （主句是祈使句）
2而主句若是一般過去時(shí)，從句也要用表過去時(shí)的適當(dāng)時(shí)態(tài)，如：
I would give the money to the charityif I had a million dollars.
When he got to the park, his classmateshad left.
My son ran towards me as soon as he sawme on the street.
3.定語(yǔ)從句：定語(yǔ)從句是指修飾前面名詞或代詞的句子。從句前面的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，從句中的引導(dǎo)詞叫關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞who只指人，which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose 后必須跟有名詞，既指人，也可指物。關(guān)系詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，不可省略，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。whom只指人，只作賓語(yǔ)。關(guān)系副詞where指“在那里”，when指“在那時(shí)”。 （以下所給例子凡斜體字部分均作定語(yǔ)從句。）
She is a girl who / that is beautiful andkind-hearted. The girl who / that is tall is my sister.
（以上關(guān)系詞作主語(yǔ)，不可省略。）
She is a girl (who / whom / that) I know very well. （關(guān)系詞做know的賓語(yǔ)，可以省略。）
That boy whosehair is very long is my brother. I own a bike whose price ishigh.
(關(guān)系詞whose表所屬，后需接名詞。前句指人，譯為“這個(gè)孩子的”；后句指物，譯為“這個(gè)自行車的”。）
I bought a watch (which / that) I paid 100 yuan for.（指物, 作pay的賓語(yǔ)，可以省略。）
I prefer a place which / that is clean and quiet. （關(guān)系詞譯為“這個(gè)地方”，主語(yǔ)，不可省）
I prefer a place where I can live a quiet life. （關(guān)系詞譯為“在這個(gè)地方”，是地點(diǎn)副詞。）
I shall never forget the day when a boy helped me find my dog. （“在這一天”，是時(shí)間副詞）
4.wish和hope:1wish既可接to do sth. 也可接sb + to do sth. 也可接that從句.
I wish to spend mysummer holiday in
I wish (that) I could be ascientist. （注：接that從句時(shí)，從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。）
2hope接to do sth. 或that從句. 但不接sb to do sth.
I hope to receive aletter from you some day. I hope youwill get well soon.
I hope (that) everythinggoes well. （接從句時(shí)不用虛擬）
5.thanks for和thanks to: Thanks for your helping me with the work.
(此句表達(dá)對(duì)對(duì)方為自己做了某事的感謝，后無(wú)補(bǔ)充的結(jié)果。)
Thanks to your suggestion, I didn’tmake such mistakes.
(此句表達(dá)感謝由于某方所做的有利的事，出現(xiàn)了后面的結(jié)果。)
—2—
6.感官動(dòng)詞用法之一：see, hear, listen to, watch, notice等詞，后接賓語(yǔ)，再接動(dòng)詞原形或ing形式。前者表全過程，后者表正在進(jìn)行。句中有頻率詞時(shí)，以上的詞也常跟動(dòng)詞原形。 I heard someone knockingat the door when I fell asleep. (我入睡時(shí)有人正敲門)
I heard someone knock at the door three times. (聽的是全過程)
I often watch my classmates playvolleyball after school. (此處有頻率詞often)
若以上詞用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，后面原有動(dòng)詞原形改為帶to不定式：
We sawhim go into the restaurant. → He was seen to go into the restaurant.
I hearthe boy cry every day. → The boy is heard to cryevery day.
7.感官動(dòng)詞用法之二：look, sound, smell, taste, feel可當(dāng)系動(dòng)詞，后接形容詞。
He looks angry. It sounds good. The flowers smell beautiful. The sweets taste sweet. The silk feelssoft. I felt tired. They all looked tired.
這些動(dòng)詞都不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：The sweets are tasted sweet.是錯(cuò)誤的。
注意：如果加介詞like, 則后不可接形容詞，而接名詞或代詞：
He looks like his mother. That sounds like a good idea. It sounds like great fun.
It smells like a flower. It tastes like salt.
8.find和think部分用法: find / think + 賓語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。(代替賓從)
賓補(bǔ)有以下情況：1.名詞短語(yǔ) John found his son a clever boy.
2.形容詞短語(yǔ) Mrs. Smith thinks her husband kind of lazy.
3.有時(shí)賓補(bǔ)后可接帶to不定式 I found it hardto fool the girl.
4find后也有v-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。I found him readinga book just now.
9.would like / want / feellike: 1would like，和want類似：
◇都可接名詞短語(yǔ)：I would like /want another three desks.
◇都可接帶to 不定式：I would like / want to go out for a walk.
◇都可接sb,然后再跟帶to 不定式: I would like youto give me a hand.
2feel like: ◇后也可接名詞短語(yǔ)：Do you feel like sometea?
◇后若接動(dòng)詞，須用動(dòng)詞ing形式：Do you feel like having a walk?
Idon’t feel like drinking tea. 【注：feel like常用于疑問句或否定句中。】
10.詞序易錯(cuò)的短語(yǔ)：1形容詞修飾不定代詞或不定副詞，形容詞在后面。
Is there anything deliciousin the fridge? Nothing serious.
There is something wrongwith the computer. I want to go somewherewarm.
2else修飾疑問詞和不定代詞、不定副詞，也放在后面。
What else can you see in thepicture? Who else is in theroom?
Do you have anything else to say? Where else can you see it?
—3—
3enough修飾形容詞和副詞，enough 放在后面。
This sweater is cheap enough. Nemo is old enough to work.
He ran fast enough to catch up with thedog. She doesn’t listen carefullyenough.
11.對(duì)“評(píng)價(jià)”、“天氣”的提問之區(qū)別：1What do you think of …?=
How do you like …? =How / Whatdo you feel about…?
“你對(duì)…怎么看？”(How…?句中有like，是動(dòng)詞。)
2What’s the weatherlike in…? = How is the weather in…?“…的天氣什么樣?”
(What…?句中有like，是介詞，“像”。而How…?句中無(wú)like.)
12.take, cost, pay, spend區(qū)別：
1It + take + sb + some time +to do sth： It took us half an hour to cut down the tree.
2物 + cost + sb + 錢： The bag cost me thirty yuan.
若cost后無(wú)sb, 則譯作“價(jià)錢是”： The bag costs30 Yuan.
3人+ pay + sb + 錢 + for sth： I paidthe seller 200 Yuan for the bike..
(pay后所加內(nèi)容可視具體情況取舍。切記for后接的是物，而不是人或錢。)
4人 + spend + 時(shí)間/ 錢 + on sth / (in)doing sth.
The girl spent two hours (in) searching the Internet.
The girl always spends much money on her clothes.
spend 有時(shí)可指“度過”：spend holiday / weekends /winter
13.雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)：pass / give / teach / offer / lend / send / sell / call / show / buy /ask / tell 等可加雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。也就是接sb + sth. Pass me the book, please. He gave us some pens.
其中pass, give, offer,lend, send, sell, show等也可接sth + to sb. 如: lend the book to me.
buy, build等可接sth + for sb. My brother bought a dictionary for me.
另外，若sth是代詞時(shí)，不用雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。Please show it to me. 而不說(shuō)show me it.
14.部分詞作連詞與介詞：（連詞接句子，介詞接名詞或代詞）
Keep careful when you are listening to the teacher. （斜體部分是句子，when是連詞）
Keep careful when listening to the teacher. （斜體部分是名詞短語(yǔ)，when是介詞）
類似的，while, than,before, after, as, since, until等。
如：I’ll wait untilI hear from her. （連詞） I’ll wait untilhearing from her. (介詞)
I’ll wait until next Friday / September/ 11:00. （接的都是表時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)，until是介詞）
15.動(dòng)詞ed與動(dòng)詞ing作形容詞用法之一: 1. 動(dòng)詞ed作形容詞：表示被動(dòng)或已發(fā)生,常作定語(yǔ)。The boy named Peter is my friend. 那個(gè)叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。
此處是后置定語(yǔ)，劃線部分起修飾作用，下同。
—4—
He’s eating fried chicken. “他在吃炸雞。”做chicken的前置定語(yǔ)。
There is no time left.“沒時(shí)間剩余了。”做time的后置定語(yǔ)。
I have read a novel writtenby Lu Xun.我讀了一部魯迅寫的小說(shuō)。做后置定語(yǔ)。下同。
He lives in a house builttwenty years ago. 他住在一個(gè)二十年前被建造的房子里。
一般來(lái)說(shuō)，定語(yǔ)部分不只一個(gè)詞時(shí)， 常放在名詞的后面。
2動(dòng)詞ing作形容詞：表示正在進(jìn)行或表示功能，常作定語(yǔ)。
the crying boy, a running bus, the rising sun, a bus running on the road,
the boy crying in the corner (以上表示正在進(jìn)行)
a sitting room, the bathing suit, a cutting machine, writing paper…… (本行表示功能)
16.動(dòng)詞ed與動(dòng)詞ing作形容詞用法之二： 由一些及物動(dòng)詞派生而來(lái)，和心理感受有關(guān)，但ed修飾人，ing常修飾物。 以下詞凡是譯為“使…”的及物動(dòng)詞，其ed形式的形容詞都譯為“感到…的”，其ing形式的形容詞都譯為“令人(感到)…的”。以下帶-ed形式的詞的各個(gè)短語(yǔ)一般都譯為“對(duì)…感到…”。
exciting surprising amazing embarrassing encouraging frustrating interesting thrilling terrifying pleasing, = pleasant satisfying frightening tiring boring relaxing fascinating annoying moving worrying confusing excited (be ~d about) surprised (be ~d at) amazed (be ~d at) embarrassed(be ~ed in) encouraged(be ~ed at / by) frustrated (be ~d of) interested (be ~ed in) thrilled (be ~ed at) terrified (be terrified at/ of / with) pleased (be ~d with) satisfied(be satisfied with) frightened (be ~ed at / of ) tired (be ~d of) bored (be ~d with) relaxed (無(wú)固定搭配) fascinated (be ~d by) annoyed (be ~ed with) moved (be ~d by) worried (be worried about) confused (be confused about)
及物動(dòng)詞, 后接人 ed形式及常見短語(yǔ) ing形式
excite（使興奮，使激動(dòng)）
surprise（使驚訝，使吃驚）
amaze（使吃驚）
embarrass（使尷尬）
encourage(使受鼓舞, 鼓勵(lì))
frustrate（使失望，使沮喪）
interest（使感興趣）
thrill（使激動(dòng)/ 緊張）
terrify（使恐怖，使害怕）
please （使高興，使?jié)M意）
satisfy(使?jié)M意)
frighten （使害怕，使驚懼）
tire（使厭煩）
bore（使厭煩）
relax（使放松）
fascinate（使著迷）
annoy（使煩惱）
move（使感動(dòng)）
worry（使擔(dān)憂）
—5—
confuse（使困惑）
His words amazed me. The news frustratedus very much. (都是及物動(dòng)詞，后接人)
His words were amazing. (修飾物) Iwas amazed at his words. (修飾人)
How exciting the film is! （修飾物） Hewas moved by the movie. (修飾人)
17.動(dòng)詞ing和帶to不定式作主語(yǔ)：
To be a teacher is my dream. Workinghard brings you success.
Taking care of ourenvironment is very important. To plant trees makes me happy.
Reading books gives you knowledge. (以上各句謂語(yǔ)都用單數(shù)，見黑體部分)
Listening and writing are both difficult. (此句主語(yǔ)因指兩件事，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù))
18.later / after / ago /before: 1later“…時(shí)間后”結(jié)構(gòu)：時(shí)間段+later
常用于一般過去時(shí)。They wentto
(later前無(wú)時(shí)間段，單獨(dú)在句尾，常用于將來(lái)時(shí)：I’ll see you later.)
2after“…時(shí)間后”結(jié)構(gòu)：after+時(shí)間段，常用于一般過去時(shí)，和1相同。
They went to
(after也可加句子, 但主句不一定用一般過去時(shí)：I’ll send you an e-mail afterI get home.
Return it to me after youfinish it. 見2.)
3ago“…時(shí)間前”結(jié)構(gòu)：時(shí)間段+ago, 用于一般過去時(shí)。
The Greens moved to
(若有since+時(shí)間段+ago，常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：Mr. Li hasworked here since 5 years ago.)
4before 單獨(dú)放在句尾，常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：“以前”
I have been to
(若是時(shí)間段+before,常用過去完成時(shí)，“…前”： I had seenthe film two weeks before. We hadfound out the answer to the problem an hour before.)
19.四季：spring春；summer夏；autumn秋；winter冬；season季
20.月：January, 一月； February, 二月； March, 三月； April, 四月； May, 五月；
June, 六月； July, 七月； August, 八月； September, 九月； October, 十月；
November, 十一月； December, 十二月。
21.星期：Sunday, 周日；Monday, 周一；Tuesday, 周二；Wednesday, 周三；Thursday, 周四；Friday, 周五；Saturday, 周六。Sunday是一周的第一天， Saturday是最后一天。
22.“也”：either, 用于否定句的末尾。also, 通常挨著動(dòng)詞，少用于句尾。too, 通常在句尾，前常有逗號(hào)。as well, 只用于句尾, 前無(wú)逗號(hào)。 注意：后三個(gè)詞都不用于否定句。
—6—
23.帶to不定式用法之一：帶to不定式有邏輯賓語(yǔ)在前時(shí)，to后動(dòng)詞用及物動(dòng)詞；不及物時(shí)需跟介詞。The work is too hard for meto do. （work做及物動(dòng)詞do的邏輯賓語(yǔ)）
I have nothingto say. （nothing做及物動(dòng)詞say的邏輯賓語(yǔ)）
I have a letter to write. （letter是及物動(dòng)詞write的邏輯賓語(yǔ)） 而以下情況有介詞：
I have a pen to write a letter with. （ 用鋼筆寫信，所以要有“用”字，故加with.）
The zoo is not a good place for animals to live in.
（“住在動(dòng)物園里”，zoo是live in的邏輯賓語(yǔ)，故不及物動(dòng)詞live加介詞in. ）
Tom has no friends to talk to. （friends 是talk to的邏輯賓語(yǔ)，to不可少。）
Heruns too fast for us to catch up with. （he是catch up with的邏輯賓語(yǔ)，帶with.） There are no seats to sit on. （坐在座位上，故sit后要加on.）
24.(a) little / (a) few: 1few，little“幾乎沒有；少”否定詞。few加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù), little加不可數(shù)名詞。 There is little water in the bottle, is there? (前否定，后肯定)
Tom is so shy that he has few friends.
2a few“一些”肯定詞，加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù); a little“一些；一點(diǎn)”也是肯定詞，加不可數(shù)名詞。 Tom is not an Englishman , buthe knows a little English.
3另外，在too, very, so等詞后用few, little; 在only, just, still等詞后用a few, a little. 而quite a few / alittle 都譯為“很多”，分別相當(dāng)于many和much.
（注：有時(shí)a little…..并不是固定短語(yǔ)。如： a little sheep譯為“一只小羊”）
25.及物動(dòng)詞+副詞：put on (穿上) / put off (推遲) / put away (把…整理好) / put up (舉起，搭起，掛起，張貼) / put down (放下) / put out(撲滅); break down(損壞，倒塌);
turn on(打開) / turn off (關(guān)閉) / turn up (調(diào)大) / turn down(關(guān)小); get back(取回);
use up(用光); cut up(切碎） eat up(吃光） sell out(賣完） cheer up(振作）
give away(贈(zèng)送) / give out(發(fā)放) / give up(放棄) / give back(歸還); pick up(撿起、拿起)
try out(驗(yàn)證) / tryon(試穿); ring up/ call up(打電話); clean up / out （打掃干凈）;
set up（成立）; think up（想出；想起）; hand in (上交) / hand out(分發(fā)；散發(fā));
fix up(修理); workout(算出) dress up(打扮); help out(幫人解決);
keep off / keep out(阻止；擋住)； take off(脫下) / take away(拿走) / take out(拿出);
look up(查找) / look over(仔細(xì)查看); throw away / off (拋棄) wake up(叫醒); write down(寫下); let down(使沮喪); make up(編造、組成)； set off(激起、觸發(fā))
注：名詞做以上短語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)，可放在它們中間或后邊；而代詞做賓語(yǔ)，只放在中間。
26.as……as用法：中間加形容詞和副詞原級(jí)。1和…一樣… His room is as big asmine.
He runs as fast as I do / me / I. You should keep the room as clean as yourbrother’s.
2as…as possible / sbcan “盡可能…” We went there as soon as possible.
—7—
Listen to the teacher as carefully as you can. He went there as quickly as he could.
3有些短語(yǔ)有幾個(gè)意思：as soon as 和…一樣快；一…就…； as much as和…一樣多；多達(dá)； as long as和…一樣長(zhǎng)；長(zhǎng)達(dá)；只要； as well as和…一樣好；和…一樣；
as far as遠(yuǎn)達(dá)；就…來(lái)說(shuō) (as…as…在否定句中也可說(shuō)so…as….)
也可表示倍數(shù)： This room istwice as big as that one. 這個(gè)房間是那個(gè)房間的兩倍大。
27.prefer用法：prefer sth to sth 或 prefer doing sth to doing sth.“比起…更喜歡…”
prefer to do sth rather than dosth寧愿…也不愿…
若單獨(dú)一個(gè)prefer，和like 用法類似，后接 to do sth 或 doing sth “更喜歡做某事”
28. some-, any-, every-用法：1some-“某～，一些～”，用于肯定的陳述句中。
I have something totell you. Maybe somebody hastaken it.
若用于疑問句中表示期待對(duì)方肯定的回答或表示請(qǐng)求或建議.
Why not ask somebodyto help you? Shall we give him somethingto eat?
What about somemilk? Could you please lend me somechairs?
Will you buy me somebooks? May I give you sometea? Would you like some milk?
在一些”do some…”短語(yǔ)中, 即使是疑問句中, some也不變?yōu)?/span>any. 如：
Will you do some washingnext Sunday? 這些短語(yǔ)有：
do some shopping / cleaning /cooking / sweeping / washing 等。
2any-, 在疑問句中仍譯為“某～，一些～”Do you have anythingto say？
Is anybody in thehouse？ Have you seen it anywhere?
在if 引導(dǎo)的句中，常用any. 如：If you have anywater, please give me some.
在肯定句和否定句中譯為“任何～” You may put the box anywherein the room.
He is taller than anyother student in the class. We won’thave anything to eat now.
3every-“每～”，強(qiáng)調(diào)所有，既包括此也包括彼。
Is everybody here？-No，Tom and Lucy have asked for leave.
Theglass was broken, and the water went everywhere.
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