不定式的語(yǔ)法功能:除不能作謂語(yǔ),其他句子成分都可。常見(jiàn)考法有:1.不定式作狀語(yǔ);2.it作形式主語(yǔ)代替后面的不定式;3.不定式的否定形式4.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的不定式;5.不定式省to情況;6.不定式作定語(yǔ)的情況。
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不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),可以直接放在句首,但在很多情況下,尤其是在疑問(wèn)句和感嘆句中,往往放在謂語(yǔ)之后,而用先行代詞it作形式主語(yǔ)。不定式由“ to十動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成,其否定形式是“ not to do”。不定式可以帶賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ),沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化,但有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化.不定式可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ),但不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ).不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)有時(shí)用“ for十名詞或代詞賓格”構(gòu)成。
1.不定式作主語(yǔ)
To see is to believe.
常用it作形式主語(yǔ)
It's for sb/It's of sb
1)for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn),表示客觀形式的形容詞,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:
It's very hard for him to study two languages.
2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, cruel, right。
It's very nice of you to help me
To serve the people is my great happiness. 為人民服務(wù)是我的最大幸福。
It is right to give up smoking.戒煙是對(duì)的。
不定式作主語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)句型如下:
a.It is + adj (easy, important, difficult…) + 不定式
b. It is + n (a pity, a pleasure, one’s duty, a shame) + 不定式
c. It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience…) + 不定式
It’s important for us to learn English well. 我們學(xué)好英語(yǔ)很重要。
It’s my duty to teach you how to be a useful person. 教你如何做一個(gè)有用的人是我的職責(zé)。
It requires patience to be a good teacher. 當(dāng)個(gè)好老師需要耐心。
2.不定式作賓語(yǔ)
不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),位于及物動(dòng)詞之后??梢灾苯佑貌欢ㄊ阶髻e語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞很多,常見(jiàn) 的有:agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish等。例如:
I offered to help her, but she refused. 我提出幫助她,但她拒絕了。
He pretended not to hear me. 他假裝沒(méi)聽(tīng)見(jiàn)我(的聲音)。
I don’t want to sound like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair.
我不想聽(tīng)起來(lái)象在說(shuō)別人壞話,但經(jīng)理的計(jì)劃是不公平的。
如果還帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。往往把不定式賓語(yǔ)放在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之后,而用 it作形式賓語(yǔ)。常用動(dòng)詞有feel, think, find, believe, consider, make等。例如:
I find it interesting to work with him. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)與他共事很有趣。
We feel it our duty to help others. 我們認(rèn)為幫助別人是我們的責(zé)任。
Science and technology has made it possible for man to fly in space.科學(xué)技術(shù)已經(jīng)使人類(lèi)能夠遨游太空了。
下列動(dòng)詞后可接疑問(wèn)詞+不定式:
teach、decide、wonder、show、learn、forget、ask、find out、advise、know等
例如:
Can you teach me how to use the computer? 你能教我使用電腦嗎?
I don’t know what to do next. 我不知道下一步怎么辦。
I want to speak to Tom.
Please show us how to do that.
3.不定式作賓補(bǔ)
不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)位于賓語(yǔ)之后,表示賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。常用于以下動(dòng)詞之后:ask, tell, advise, allow, enable, expect, force, get, like, order, teach, want, invite, wish, beg等。例如:
He asked me to do the work with him.他要我與他一起干。
You should get more people to help you.你應(yīng)該多找些人幫你。
The teacher expected everyone to study hard,老師希望每個(gè)人都努力學(xué)習(xí)。
注意:
a. 在see,watch,look at,notice, observe,have,let,make, hear,listen to,feel,help等詞后的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)中,不定式不帶 to。例如:
I often hear him sing the song.我經(jīng)常聽(tīng)見(jiàn)他唱這只歌。
The teacher usually made the students recite the text.老師通常讓學(xué)生背頌課文。
Would you please help me (to) repair my bike?請(qǐng)幫我修理自行車(chē)好嗎?
但是這些句子如果變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí), 就必須帶 to。例如:
He is often heard to sing the song.人們常聽(tīng)到他唱這只歌。
The students were usually made to recite the text.學(xué)生們常被要求背頌課文。
b. 不定式動(dòng)詞在介詞 but,except,besides后面時(shí),如果這些介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞 do的各種形式,那么,這些介詞后的不定式不帶 to,否則要帶 to.如:
She could do nothing but cry.她只是哭。
What do you like to do besides swim? 除了游泳你還喜歡干什么?
c.主句含有不定式,后面有rather than, rather than后省to。
d. Why not、had better、would rather、can’t but等詞后省to。如:
He could not but walk home.他只好走回家。
注意:e. 常用帶不定式作賓補(bǔ)的幾種情況:
(a) 主語(yǔ) + ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like + sb.to do sth.
(b)主語(yǔ) + think / judge / suppose / believe / consider / imagine / consider / feel + sb. + to be/ to have done
(c)主語(yǔ) + call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth.
a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.
b. We believe him to be guilty.
4.不定式作表語(yǔ)
不定式可放在連系動(dòng)詞或be動(dòng)詞后面,形成表語(yǔ)。
例如:
My job is to help the patient.我的工作是幫助病人。
Our most important task now is to make a plan.我們現(xiàn)在最重要的任務(wù)是制定一個(gè)計(jì)劃。
注:作表語(yǔ)的不定式都帶to,但當(dāng)主語(yǔ)部分有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí),to可以省略。
例如:
The only thing we can do now is wait and see.我們現(xiàn)在唯一能做的事就是等著看。
My work is to clean the room every day.
5.不定式作定語(yǔ)
不定式做定語(yǔ)通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如:
I have some books for you to read.我有一些書(shū)給你看。
We have a lot of homework to do today.今天我們有很多作業(yè)要做。
He hasn’t kept his promise to write to his parents regularly.他沒(méi)有信守定期給父母寫(xiě)信的諾言。
注意:a.作定語(yǔ)的不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞,或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作 的地點(diǎn)、工具等,不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。例如:
He is looking for a room to live in.他在找房子住。
There is nothing to worry about.沒(méi)有什么可擔(dān)心的。
Please give me a knife to cut with.請(qǐng)給我一把刀用。
但是,不定式所修飾的名詞是 time,place或 way,不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣上要省去。例如:
He had no money and no place to live.他沒(méi)有錢(qián),也沒(méi)有房子住。
b.當(dāng)作定語(yǔ)的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),不定式既可以用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),也可用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),但其含義有所不同.試比較:
Have you anything to send? 你有什么東西要寄嗎?(不走式 to send的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是 you)
Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要(我或別人)寄的東西嗎?(不定式 to be sent的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是已被省略的 me或 someone else)
c.下列詞語(yǔ)后常接不定式作定語(yǔ):chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way、the first、the second、the last、the only等。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave.他總是第一個(gè)到,最后一個(gè)走。
I have a lot of work to do.
6.不定式作狀語(yǔ)
作狀語(yǔ),表示目的、原因、結(jié)果或條件
例如:
I came here to see you.(目的)我來(lái)是看你的。
We were very excited to hear the news.(原因)聽(tīng)到那消息我們很激動(dòng)。
He hurried to the school to find nobody there.(結(jié)果)他匆忙趕到學(xué)校,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)沒(méi)有人。
To look at him, you would like him.(條件)如果你見(jiàn)到,你會(huì)喜歡他的。
in order (not) to, so as (not) to用來(lái)引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ),
在enough to, too … to, so… as to, such….as to, only to …結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),其中only to…用于表示意想不到的結(jié)果。例如:
The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.那個(gè)女孩很熱心,幫助老人下車(chē)。
In order to pass the exam, he worked very hard.為了通過(guò)考試,他刻苦努力學(xué)習(xí)。
We ran all the way so as not to be late.我們一路跑著,以免遲到。
He is too old to do that.他太老了,不能做那件事了。
The room is big enough to hold us.房間足夠大,可以容納我們。
He hurried to the station only to be told the train had gone.他匆忙趕到車(chē)站,結(jié)果被告知火車(chē)已經(jīng)開(kāi)走了。
不定式也可在作表語(yǔ)用的形容詞后面作狀語(yǔ)。例如:
I am very glad to hear it.我非常高興聽(tīng)到這事。
The question is difficult to answer.這個(gè)問(wèn)題很難回答。
1)目的狀語(yǔ)
to… ,only to (僅僅為了),in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.
I come here only to say good-bye to you.
2)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3)原因狀語(yǔ)
I'm glad to see you.
用作介詞的to
to 有兩種用法: 一為不定式+動(dòng)詞原形; 一為介詞+名詞/動(dòng)名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種,即to+ 名詞/動(dòng)名詞:
admit to承認(rèn),confess to承認(rèn),be accustomed to 習(xí)慣于,be used to 習(xí)慣于,
stick to 堅(jiān)持,turn to開(kāi)始,著手于,devote oneself to 獻(xiàn)身于,
be devoted to 致力于, look forward to 盼望,pay attention to 注意
7.省to 的動(dòng)詞不定式
1) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ( 除ought 外,ought to):
2) 使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make:
3) 感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補(bǔ),省略to。
注意:在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中則to 不能省掉。
The boss made them work the whole night.
=They were made to work the whole night.
4) would rather,had better:
5) Why… / why not…:
6) help 可帶to,也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth:
7) but和except:but前是動(dòng)詞do時(shí),后面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。He wants to do nothing but go out.
8) 由and, or和than連接的兩個(gè)不定式,第二個(gè)to 可以省去:
He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
9) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后,可以省去to be:He is supposed (to be) nice.
放在不定式符號(hào)to 前面
Tell him not to shut the window…
She pretended not to see me when I passed by.
不定式特殊句型too…to…
1)too…to太…以至于不能…
He is too excited to speak.
2) 如在too前有否定詞,則整個(gè)句子用否定詞表達(dá)肯定, too 后那個(gè)詞表達(dá)一種委婉含義,意為"不太"。
It's never too late to mend.(諺語(yǔ))
3)當(dāng)too 前面有only, all, but時(shí),意思是:非?!?等于very。
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you.
He was but too eager to get home.
不定式特殊句型so as to
1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.
2) so kind as to ---勞駕
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
不定式的形式和主、被動(dòng)
形式主、被動(dòng) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
一般式 to do to be done
進(jìn)行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing
1) 一般式:有時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again.
2) 完成式:表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
3) 進(jìn)行式: 表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。
He seems to be eating something.
4) 完成進(jìn)行式: 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前一直持續(xù)到謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生。
She is known to have been thinking over the problem for many days.
1) 動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別:
動(dòng)名詞表達(dá)的是: 狀態(tài),性質(zhì),心境,抽象,經(jīng)常性,已發(fā)生的
不定式表達(dá)的是: 目的,結(jié)果,原因,具體,一次性,將發(fā)生的
2) 接不定式或動(dòng)名詞,意義相近。
begin/ start to do = begin/ start doing; continue to do =continue doing
3) 不定式作獨(dú)立成分
例如:To tell the truth,I don’t agree with you.說(shuō)實(shí)話,我不同意你的觀點(diǎn)。
4)不定式與疑問(wèn)詞 who,which,when,where,how,what等連用,在句中起名詞作用,可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等.
例如:
He didn’t know what to say. (賓語(yǔ))他不知道說(shuō)什么。
How to solve the problem is very important.(主語(yǔ))如何解決問(wèn)題是非常重要的。
My question is when to start. (表語(yǔ))我的問(wèn)題是何時(shí)開(kāi)始。
注意:在與 why連用時(shí),只用于 why或 why not開(kāi)頭的簡(jiǎn)短疑問(wèn)句中,后面緊跟的動(dòng) 詞不定式不帶 to.例如:
Why not have a rest? 為什么不休息一下呢?
5)不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) … for / of sb to do sth
以it為形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),如果其前的形容詞是指行為的性質(zhì)就用:for sb. to do sth.。這種句式中的常用形容詞有:easy, difficult, hard, important, necessary, possible, impossible等。
如果該形容詞是指行為人的性質(zhì)和特征,則用of sb. to do sth.。這種句式中的常用形容詞有:right, wrong, brave, careful, careless, clever, wise, stupid, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, silly等。這種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等
It is necessary for me to learn English well.我學(xué)好英語(yǔ)十分必要。
It’s difficult for us to master a foreign language.我們掌握一門(mén)外語(yǔ)是困難的。
It’s very kind of you to come to see me.你來(lái)看我太好了。
It’s careless of the boy to make the same mistake again.那個(gè)孩子又犯了同樣的錯(cuò)誤,真是太粗心了。
6)不定式在句中用主動(dòng)式還是被動(dòng)式, 多數(shù)情況下是容易判別的,但有時(shí)的確比較復(fù)雜, 請(qǐng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):
a. 不定式修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系時(shí),不定式往往用主動(dòng)形式.
Have you got a key to unlock the door?(A key unlocks the door.)你有鑰匙開(kāi)門(mén)嗎?
b. 不定式和它前面被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,又和該句主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí),不定式常用主動(dòng)形式.
I have got a letter to write.( I write letter.)我有一封信要寫(xiě)。
He needs a room to live in.( He lives in a room.)他有一個(gè)房間住。
I know what to do.( I do what.)我知道做什么。(我自己做)
但這句如改為下列形式,不定式就得用被動(dòng)形式:
I know what is to be done.我知道能做什么。(表示可能性,客觀)
這是因?yàn)?what is to be done是賓語(yǔ)從句,從句中的主語(yǔ) what是動(dòng)詞 do的動(dòng)作對(duì)象。
?、俨欢ㄊ降囊话阈问剿硎镜膭?dòng)作,通常與謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))同時(shí)(或幾乎同時(shí))發(fā)生,或是在它之后發(fā)生, to do…,例如:
I saw him go out.我看見(jiàn)他出去了。
She wanted to be a doctor when she grew up.她長(zhǎng)大了想當(dāng)醫(yī)生。
② 如果謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作(情況)發(fā)生時(shí),不定式表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,這時(shí)不定式就要用進(jìn)行式。 to be doing …
例如:
I am very glad to be working with you.我很高興與你共事。
Some students pretended to be reading English when the teacher came in.
當(dāng)老師進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí),一些學(xué)生假裝在看書(shū)。
?、?如果不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前,就要用完成式。 to have done …,例如:
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.對(duì)不起,讓你久等了。
He is said to have left the stage already as he has become an official.
據(jù)說(shuō)他已經(jīng)離開(kāi)舞臺(tái)了,因?yàn)樗呀?jīng)當(dāng)了官員了。
當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語(yǔ)是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形 式。to be done / to have been done, 例如:
He asked to be sent to work in the countryside.他要求被派到農(nóng)村去工作。
It is impossible for our hopes to be realized.我們的希望不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)。
The book is said to have been translated into English. 據(jù)說(shuō)這本書(shū)已經(jīng)被翻譯成英語(yǔ)了。
不定式的否定形式由not加上不定式構(gòu)成,即:
not to do sth, not to be doing sth, not to have done sth
例如:
Mother told the children not to play football in the street.媽媽要孩子們不要在大街上踢足球。
In order not to miss the train they got up early.為了不錯(cuò)過(guò)火車(chē),他們很早就起床了。
He pretended not to have seen his friend 他假裝沒(méi)有看見(jiàn)他的朋友。
1.不定式的不同形式誤用;2.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中仍然省to;3.否定形式not位置弄錯(cuò);4.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中該省to不省; 5.不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)丟內(nèi)容
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