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After Reading One of Wang Wei’s Poems

One way to understand the Chinese mind is to read the poetry of the Tang Dynasty, in which culture codes are hidden and the better you understand the peotry, the more you can discover the codes. The idea helps me understand why so many missionaries from the west did their best to translate classic works of ancient China from Chinese into English, Tang Dynasty Poetry included as a big resource of codes to understand the Chinese mind. Of course, understanding the Chinese mind is not the final purpose, but the beginning to make American and European people understand the Chinese people so that they can communicate gospel to this beautiful piece of land.

When I say that Chinese culture codes are hidden in the Tangy Dynasty poetry, I have concrete examples in my mind, one of which is a poem composed by Wang Wei, a what is called Poet Buddha. But if you read the following poem that I have taken as an example to illustrate that Chinese culture codes are hidden in the Tang Dynasty Poetry, you will agree with me and can deeply sense the power Chinese poetry possesses that can suck and assimilate any alien culture.

The poem is

中歲頗好道，晚家南山陲。

興來(lái)每獨(dú)往，勝事空自知。

行到水窮處，坐看云起時(shí)。

偶然值林叟，談笑無(wú)還期。

Middle aged, I fall in love with Buddha,

Old aged, I dwell In Souther Hill villa

In fascination, I alone travel around

In happiness, I to myself confide

I stroll to where the stream ends

Then I sit and gaze the cloud varies

Occasionally I meet an elderly man

We talk and laugh, forgetting to return.

So many people consider it as Wang Wei’s masterpiece as it is full of significance of Zen. But I’ll now prove to you that the root of the poem philosophy is not Zennism but Daoism, which can fully illustrate that the Zen as a sect of Buddhism in China was influenced by Daoism, one of the most important philosophy schools.

Doc. Hu Shi has written like this: Zennism could not flourish as an officially patronized religion, but only as an attitude of mind, a method of thinking and a mode of living. Hit the nail on the head.

If you read the poem and sense the feeling woven into the poem, you will have to agree that the most proper word to describe it is natural. The whole poem shows us a mode of living: to be natural or rather, living a natural life. To be natural is the Way. Walk naturally, sit naturally, sleep naturally, live naturally—that is the Way. Let the mind be free: do not purposely do evil; nor purposely do good. There is no Law to abide, no buddhahood to attain. Maintain a free mind and cling to nothing, that is Tao. The state of mind described in the poem is equal to that described in the poem by Tao Yuanming:I pick fenceside asters at will/Carefree I see the southern hill. Carefree is the most suitable word to describe the state of mind the poets are in. And this state of mind is the natural way, which is the doctrine of Daoism.

Ye Lang puts it in this way: naturalness is an important concept of Daoism philosophy. It refers to a natural state of being, an attitude of following the way of nature. Feng Youlan expresses the same thoughts about the naturalness of Daoism, he says: The Taoists maintain that the sage who has a complete understanding of the nature of things, thereby has no emotions. This, however, does not mean that he lacks sensibility. Rather, it means that he is not disturbed by the emotions and enjoys what may be called the peace of soul. The poem by Wang Wei fully proves it, in which the peom enjoys the peace of the soul as he vents his emotions in a natural way. No artificiality or arbitrariness which are the opposite of naturalness and spontaneity. According to Lao Zi, Tao(Dao)is that by which all things come to be. In Dao De Jing (The Book of Dao and De) he says the Way follows naturalness. Emerson, the most outstanding naturalist in Ameirca puts: the intellectual life may be kept clean and healthful, if man will live the life of nature, and not import into his mind difficulties which are none of his. Lao Zi and Emerson may have a conversation lasting three days and nights if they could meet! Hard it is to find another poem to illustrate it!

The first stanza of the poem is something like a declaration: falling in love with Dao, but the writer by Dao means Buddha. More concretely, he means Zennism that the readers can sense but not Daoism. This is the right reason why readers of generations consider the poem as the masterpiece of Wang Wei’s poetry and appreciate it from the perspective of Buddha, ignoring the elements of Daoism in it. However, by the evidence that I have provided, we may be safe to say the poem is full of significance of Daoism.

Now we can come to the conclusion that the poem is a Zen poem influenced by Daoism. This is exactly the reality of cultural development in China. Let me quote Hu Shi again: it(Zennism) was the culmination of a very long process of gradual evolution. It(Zennism) was the unique product of the Chinese racial mentality reacting after many centuries of Buddhist domination and training. It (Zennism) was the child born of the marriage between Chinese rationalism and naturalism(Daoism) on one hand, and Indian religion and philosophy on the other.

Anyway, these tendencies are idolatry, in my opinion.