一、定語從句的概念：在復合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。
例如： 1) The man who lives next to us is a fool.
2) You must buy me the house which is near Xiangshan.
上面兩句中的the man和the house是定語從句所修飾的詞，叫先行詞，定語從句放在先行詞的后面。
二、關系詞（連接詞）
1． 關系代詞引導的定語從句
引導定語從句的關系詞有關系代詞：that, which, who (賓格whom, 所有格whose) 和關系副詞where, when, why。關系詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間，起連接作用，同時還做定語從句的一個成分。
關系代詞 | 例句 | |
that | 指物 | 1. A plane is a machine that can fly. 2. The noodle that I cooked was delicious. |
指人 | 1. Who is the man that is reading the book over there? 2. The girl that we met yesterday is Jim’s sister. | |
which | 指物 | 1. The silk which is produced in Hangzhou sells well. 2. The songs which Liu Dehua sings are very popular. |
who/ whom | 指人 | 1. The foreigner who visited our class is from Canada. 2. The person whom you just visited is Mr. Li. |
whose | 指人或物的所有格 | 1. I like the girl whose hair is long. 2. There stands my house whose windows face south. |
(從表中可以看出：用that更有通用性)
2．關于that, which的用法注意點
1）只能用that，不用which作為定語從句關系代詞的情況
a）不定代詞，如anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞
There is nothing that I can do.
I mean the one that was bought yesterday.
b）先行詞有the only, the very, the same, the last修飾
This is the very book that I want to find.
The last place that I visited was the hospital.
c）先行詞為序數詞、數詞、形容詞最高級時
This is the first composition that he has written in English.
d）先行詞既有人，又有物時
He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.
2）不用that, 只用which的情況
a）引導非限定性定語從句時which
The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b）介詞后用which
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
3．關系副詞引導的定語從句
關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。
1）先行詞是表示地點名詞時（country, school, room…），而關系詞代替先行詞在定語從句中充當地點狀語，一般用where引導定語從句。也可以用介詞+which的結構。值得注意的是which前的介詞選擇是根據先行詞與介詞的搭配關系而定。
Beijing is the place in which (=where) I was born.
He wants to find the place in which (=where) he lived forty years ago.
2）先行詞是表示時間名詞時（year, month, day, night…），而關系詞代替先行詞在定語
從句中充當時間狀語，一般用when引導定語從句。也可以用介詞+which的結構。值得注意的是when前的介詞選擇是根據先行詞與介詞的搭配關系而定。
His father died that year in which (=when) he was born.
I cannot forget the first day on which (=when) my family moved into the city.
3) 先行詞是the reason，而關系詞代替先行詞在定語從句中充當原因狀語，一般用why引導定語從句。也可以用for + which的結構。
Is this the reason for which (why) he refused our offer?
但是這里要指出的是，如果介詞和Which搭配在一起并不表示以上三種意思，則我們只能保留介詞+Which的形式。如 I know English in which I wrote the love letter.
4．判斷關系代詞與關系副詞
方法一： 用關系代詞，還是關系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面無賓語，就必須要
求用關系代詞；而不及物動詞則要求用關系副詞。
判斷改錯：
（ ） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（ ） This is the mountain village which I visited last year.
（ ） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（ ） I'll never forget the days which I spent in the countryside.
方法二： 準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分（主、謂、賓、定、狀），也能正確選擇出關系代詞/
關系副詞。
1）This is the museum ___ you visited a few days age
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
2）This is the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
關系詞的選擇依據在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時，選擇關系代詞（who, whom,
that, which, whose）； 先行詞在從句中做狀語時，應選擇關系副詞 （where 地點狀語，when 時間狀語，
why 原因狀語）。
5．限定性從句和非限定性從句
1） 定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思
往往不明確；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開。例如：
Her sister who is a nurse stands there.（限制性）
Her sister, who is a nurse, stands there. (非限制性)
All the Greeks who are philosophers are very clever. （限制性）
All the Greeks, who are philosophers, are very clever. (非限制性)
2） 非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數。例如：The traffic of Beijing is quite bad, which is known to everyone.
6．定語從句的省略
(1) 關系代詞充當從句賓語
我們前面說到連接詞在定語從句中充當一個成分，有可能是主語、有可能是賓語，我相信大家肯定還記得，這里我們要告訴大家，當這些連接詞充當的是賓語時，可以省略。例如：
1. The book (that/which) we bought last year is now very popular.
2. We can see the boys (who/whom/that) the teacher is talking with are quite happy.
上述第一句的book是先行詞，作后面的定語從句中bought的賓語，故引導詞that/which可以省略，第二句的先行詞students作with的賓語，故引導詞who/that/whom也都可以省略，
(2) 關系代詞充當從句主語
當關系代詞充當從句主語時，也可以省略，但是省略后的從句要發(fā)生形式的變化，原從句若為主動語態(tài)，后面的動詞結構要變成分詞ing形式，原從句若為被動語態(tài)，后面的動詞結構直接為過去動詞結構。這種結構在英語語法中稱為分詞作定語。
The novel which was given by the professor mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy.
The novel given by the professor mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy.
The novel which mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy was given by the professor.
The novel mainly discussing the development of Chinese economy was given by the professor.
SP: (1) why的先行詞reason或可用that 指代的名詞也是定語從句的原因狀語時，例如：
1. That is the reason (for which/why) you dislike it.
2. I wonder the reason (why/for which) he changed his mind.
(2) 表示方式的先行詞way，其后的關系代詞可用that，也可省略，例如：
1. Everyone does not like the way (that) he talks.
2. Do you know the way (that) the teacher treated his students.
四六級考試語法之二——名詞性從句
名詞性從句
一、賓語從句 (Object Clause)
賓語從句為肯定句（由that 引導），在口語中that常省略。
（1）當主句中謂語動詞是現在或將來時態(tài)時，從句中謂語動詞不受主句中謂語動詞時態(tài)的影響，按需要可以使用任何時態(tài)。如：
She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday. （從句是一般現在時）
She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk. （從句是一般將來時）
She says (that) she has never been to Mount Emei. （從句是現在完成時）
（2）當主句謂語是過去時態(tài)，從句中的時態(tài)一般用表示過去的某種時態(tài)。如：
He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. （從句是一般過去時）
He said (that) he was going to take care of the baby. （從句是過去將來時）
He said (that) they were having a meeting at that time. （從句是過去進行時）
注意：當主句謂語是過去時態(tài)，而賓語從句敘述某一客觀真理（事實）時，賓語從句的時態(tài)則用一般現在時。
The teacher told us (that) nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.
老師告訴我們世上無難事只怕有心人。
He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他說光傳播比聲音傳播快得多。
賓語部分為一般疑問句（由whether引導）
“Can you help me?” He asked.
He asked whether (if) I could help him.
She asked, “Will Lao Li come to my birthday party?”
She asked whether (if) Lao Li would come to her birthday party.
注意：在將一般疑問句轉變成賓語從句時，一定要注意陳述句語序。
改寫句子
1．Does Mr．Brown enjoy living in China？Could you tell us？
→Could you tell us _________ Mr．Brown _________ living in China？
2．“Does the girl need any help？”he asked me．
→He asked me _________ the girl _________ some help．
3．Did Peter come here yesterday？Li Lei wants to know．
→Li Lei wants to know _________ Peter _________ here yesterday．
賓語部分為特殊疑問句
Goals determine what you are going to be.
Be absolutely determined to enjoy what you are doing.
He wants to know what our plan is for the National Day.
Mr. Li asks how he can go to the Beijing Railway Station.
The student can read whichever book he likes to read.
I want to know when the train leaves.
二、同位語從句(Appositive Clause)
在復合句中充當同位語的名詞性從句稱為同位語從句。同位語從句是名詞性從句（主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句）中的主要從句之一。
（一）同位語從句在句中的位置
1. 一般情況下同位語從句跟在某些名詞（如answer, appeal, belief, conclusion, decision, discovery, proposal, question, remark, reply, report, saying, statement, thought, news, idea, fact, promise, hope, message, understanding, truth等）的后面，用以說明該名詞所表達的具體內容。例如：
<1> The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly.
<2> I‘ve come from Mr. Wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon.
2. 有時同位語從句可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后，而被別的詞語隔開，在語法上叫做分隔式同位語從句。例如：
The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.
The story goes that he failed in the College Entrance Examinations again.
（二）同位語從句前名詞的數
同位語從句前的名詞通常用單數形式，并且往往帶有限定詞（word除外）加以修飾。例如：
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
Give me your promise that you will come to our party this evening.
Word came that China launched its first manned spaceship on October 15, 2003.
（三）同位語從句連接詞的選用
1. 在英語中，引導同位語從句的詞通常有連詞（that, who, whether），連接副詞（how, when, where）等。
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
2. 表示“是否”的意思時只能用whether，不能用if。這一點與主語從句相似。例如：
The question whether he can finish the work within two days remains unknown.
3. 在名詞doubt“懷疑”后的同位語從句用whether連接；在no doubt“不懷疑”之后的同位語從句用that連接。例如：
We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.
There is no doubt that Zhang Wei will keep his promise.
（四）同位語從句與定語從句的用法區(qū)別
（1）詞類不同
同位語從句的名詞只能是前面提到的幾個有限的、有一定內涵的名詞；而定語從句的先行詞可以是名詞、代詞、主句的一部分或是整個主句。
（2）性質不同
定語從句是從句對其先行詞的修飾或限制，屬于形容詞性從句的范疇；而同位語從句是從句對其前名詞的解釋，該名詞與同位語從句的關系可以用“主系表”來表達。例如：
We have all heard the news that our team has won.
名詞與其后的同位語從句可以表達為：
The news is that our team has won.
（3）引導詞不完全相同。
A. 有些引導詞如：how, whether可以引導同位語從句，但不能引導定語從句。what不可以引導定語從句，但卻可以引導同位語從句。例如：
I have no idea what has happened to him.
B. 引導詞that引導定語從句時，在從句中一般作主語或賓語，（指物時還可用which代替），如果在從句中作賓語?？梢允÷?。that在同位語從句中雖不充當任何句子成份，但不能省略，也不能用which來代替。例如：
<1>The order that we should throw away our luggage was received yesterday.
<2>The order（that）we received yesterday was that we should throw away our luggage.
通過比較可知：第<1>句中的劃線部分是對名詞order的具體解釋，that只起到連接作用，但不能??；第<2>句中的劃線部分是名詞order的修飾語，that代指the order，在從句中充當賓語，因而在句中可以省略。
四六級語法之三——狀語從句
狀語從句(Adverbial Clause)
一．時間狀語從句
1. when, as, while 和whenever
when 表示某個具體的時間，可指一段時間和一點時間，可表示短暫動作，又可表示持續(xù)動作。As所表示的動作與主句動作同時發(fā)生，具有延續(xù)的含義，一般與延續(xù)性動詞連用。While只表示持續(xù)性的動作或狀態(tài)，強調主句的動作在從句動作發(fā)生的過程中。Whenever指的是“任何時間”。例如：
When you arrive in London, please give us a call.
When I was watching TV, my mother suddenly came in.
3) He entered the room when (while, as) the meeting was going on.
4) While she was reading a novel, her mother was cooking the dinner.
It rains whenever he has the class.
Whenever that man says “To tell you the truth”, I suspect that he’s about to tell a lie.
NT: 當as意為“當…時候”時，主要與表示動作或發(fā)展過程的動詞連用，用于連接兩個逐漸發(fā)展或演變的動作或狀態(tài)。通常情況下不與表示感覺的動詞，表示感情的動詞，表示精神活動的動詞和表示擁有的動詞連用。
As the day goes on, the weather gets worse.
2．before 和after
before 引導的從句的動作通常發(fā)生在主句動作之后，如果從句是過去時，主句一般要用過去完成時。After引導的從句動作通常發(fā)生在主句動作之前，如果主句要用過去時，從句則要用過去完成時。例如：
1) The plane had taken off before he arrived at the airport.
2) After he had lived in the south for 20 years, he decided to go to seek his fortune in the north.
3) He was still tired even after he had had eight hours of sleeping.
但是如果不強調先后，或是因為從句中使用的是某個狀態(tài)動詞，after和 before句子結構中的謂語動詞也可以都用一般過去時。例如：They arrived at the cinema after the film began.
3. till 和until
這兩個詞的用法十分近似，都表示“直到…“，但在句首只能用until 。在肯定句中，主句要用延續(xù)性動詞；在否定句中，until 或till可以和非延續(xù)性動詞連用，這時until和before同義。例如：
Not until they had finished the work did they go home.
I did not lose my confidence until I failed seven times.
I did not go to bed until my mother came back.
We ran and ran, till I thought my heart would burst.
4．as long as, every time, each time, next time
as long as表示“只要”；every time 表示“每次”；each time表示“每逢”；next time 表示“下次”，它們可以直接引導句子。
1）I am happy as long as my children are.
2) He will continue working as long as he has the strength.
She will not sit so long as she can lie on the bed.
She smiles every time she sees me.
I am going to see him next time he comes to Shanghai.
5. once, as soon as, the instant (that), the moment(that),, the minute(that), directly 和immediately
這幾個連詞引導的從句都表示從句動作一發(fā)生，主句動作隨即發(fā)生, 意為“一…就”。例如：
1) She came to the scene immediately she heard of the bad news.
2) They told me the news the moment they got the message.
3) Once you understand this rule, you will have no further difficulty.
4) She wept aloud as soon as she heard the news.
6. No sooner … than 和hardly (scarcely) … when
這兩個連詞詞組都是表示主句與從句動作隨即發(fā)生，意為“一…就“。主句動詞用過去完成時。如果No sooner, hardly 或scarcely位于句首，主句要倒裝。例如：
1) He had no sooner entered the house then it began to rain.
2) No sooner had he entered the house, than it began to rain.
3) He had hardly gone to bed when the telephone rang.
4) Hardly had he gone to bed when the telephone rang.
二．地點狀語從句
地點狀語從句表示在主句中某一動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生的地點或進行的方向,這類從句通常由Where, wherever或 everywhere引導,可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后。Where指“在某個地方”，wherever指“在任何一個地方”，everywhere指“每一…地方”, 意思與wherever相近。例如：
1) Bamboo grows well where it has plenty of rain.
2) Wherever you go, whatever you do, I will be here waiting for you..
3) Everywhere you go, I will follow you.
三．條件狀語從句
1. if 和unless
if 表示正面的條件，意為“如果”，unless表示反而的條件，意為“除非，如果不”例如：
1) If you’ve got exams tomorrow, why aren’t you studying?
2) The sports meeting will begin tomorrow unless it rains.
NT：在條件狀語從句中常用一般時表示將要發(fā)生的動作。
2. providing, provided (that), supposing, suppose (that), on condition that 和in case
這些連詞（詞組）意思相近，有“如果，只要，假如，假使，在…條件下”等意思。例如：
1) You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you don’t mind taking the night train.
2) On condition that the liquid is cooled still further, it will turn to a solid.
3. only if和if only
Only if 引導的從句用陳述語氣，意為“只要”; if only引導從句要用虛擬語氣，意為“要是…就好了”。
1) Only if you have persistence, you can achieve great success.
2) If only I had wings, I would be able to travel around the world easily.
4. where有時也可以表示條件(常用于諺語和習語)
1) Where there is a will, there is a way.（有志者事竟成）。
2) There is never peace where men are greedy.（人類貪欲不止，世界和平無望）。
3) Birth is nothing where virtue is not.（如果沒有品德，出身再好也等于零）。
四．原因狀語從句
1．because, since, as 和for
because 表示原因語氣最強，常用于回答以疑問詞“why”引導的疑問句。 because 從句一般位于主句后面。for引導的從句并不說明主句行為發(fā)生的直接原因，只是提供一些有助于說明情況的補充說明，且不可位于主句前。since 表示一種附帶的原因，或者表示已知的顯然理由，意為“既然”，引導的從句常放在句首。As所表示的理由最弱，只是對主句的附帶說明，重點在主句, as通常放在主句前。例如：
1) The teacher is strict with us because he wants us to make rapid progress.
2) Since you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics.
3) As the day was fine, they decided to go on a trip.
4) It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.
2．seeing (that), considering (that), now (that) , in that, given (that)
這幾個連詞同since意思相近，都有“鑒于某個事實”的意思。例如：
1) Now that you are a big boy, you must behave better.
2) Men differ form brutes in that they can think and speak.
3) Given it is going to rain tomorrow, the sports meet will be put off to next month.
3. not…because
本結構中not否定的是because引導的整個從句。例如：
I am going on a trip tomorrow, because I have to, not because I want to.
He stole, not because he wanted the money but he liked.
五．讓步狀語從句
1．though, although, even if 和even though
(1) 這四個詞（詞組）都有“雖然，即使，盡管”的意思，even if 和even though 帶有強調的意味，語氣較強，though 和although 語氣較弱，though 比although 通俗，但不如although 正式。讓步狀語從句可以放在主句前或主句后。例如：
1) Although they did heavy work that day, they were all in high spirits.
2) She carries on the job even if she has had a bad cold for several days.
(2)英語不允許在though 或although從句后用but。如果要強調前后兩個部分的對比意義，可以在主句前加上yet或still。例如：Although she has a lot of money, yet (still) she is not happy.
2．no matter how (what, when, which, who, where)
這幾個短語意為“不管怎樣（什么，什么時候，哪一個，誰，什么地方）”，例如：
1) Do not believe the rumor, no matter who repeats it.
2) He keeps taking physical training in the winter no matter how cold it is.
3．whatever, whenever, wherever, whoever, whichever however
這幾個詞也可以引導讓步狀語從句，相當于no matter what (when, where , who, which, how)。例如：
1) Whatever work we do, we should do our best.
2) However hard a solid may be, we can change its shape.
NT：however引導讓步狀語從句時，與它所修飾的詞一起放在句首。
4．讓步狀語從句的倒裝
though 引導的讓步狀語從句可以倒裝，也可以不倒裝。用 as引導的讓步狀語從句必須倒裝。如果名詞放提前放在句首，該名詞前不可加定冠詞或不定冠詞。
常用的句型為形容詞（副詞，動詞，名詞，過去分詞）＋though (as, that)＋主語＋謂語。例如：
1) Bravely though we fought, we had no chance of winning.
2) Smart as he was, he was not able to solve the problem.
3) Child as he was, he had a good command of English.
六．方式狀語從句
1．as 和just as
二者都表示“如…，猶如…，正如…”。just as 比as強調的語氣更強。例如：
1) In the early days, people could not live a happy life as we do now.
2) Most plants need sunlight just as they need water.
2．as if 和as though
as if 或as though從句可以用陳述語氣，表示可能符合事實的情況；也可以用虛擬語氣，表示不符合事實或與事實相反的情況，意為“好像，仿佛”。例如：
1) Some rocks sparkle with an unusual brilliancy as if they contained gold.
2) It looks as though it is going to rain.
七．比較狀語從句
1．as… as這種結構可以用于同等程度的比較，否定句用not so (as) …as。例如：
1) A pound of cotton weighs as mush as a pound of iron.
2) Sound does not travel so fast in gases as in liquids.
2．as 和than連接的比較狀語從句常常省去同主句相同的部分，只留下相比的部分。例如：
1) Bill is as tall as Bob (is). 2) Steel is more useful than iron (is).
3．The… the…后面分別跟形容詞或副詞的比較級，意思為“越…越…”。例如：
1) The faster, the better. 2) The higher the airplane flies, the thinner the air is.
八．目的狀語從句
1．so that 和in order that
(1) 二者都表示“為了，以便”。so that 較常用，一般放在主句之后。in order that 用于正式文體，引導從句可中謂語多用may/can/will+動詞原形。例如：
1) She takes notes carefully (so) that she may use them when she reviews her lessons after class.
2) He plays basketball every day in order that he can be like Michael Jordan.
3) We arrived early so that we could get good seats.
4) He wrote his dairy in code so that his wife wouldn’t be able to read it.
2．lest, for fear that 和in case
意思是“以防，以免”。lest, for fear that后的從句一般要用虛擬語氣，形式為“ should＋ 動詞原形”。例：
1) We must hurry off lest we should miss the bus.
2) Don’t forget your umbrella in case it should rain.
3) Phone me in case you meet problems.
九．結果狀語從句
1.so …that 和such …that這兩個詞組意為“如此…以至于”
常用結構如下：so＋adj / adv＋that / so＋adj＋a (an)＋n＋that / such＋a (an)＋adj＋n＋that
1) The box is so heavy that nobody can move it away.
2) It is so heavy a box that nobody can move it away.
3) It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it away.
4) There was so much dust that we couldn’t see what was happening.
NT: such 不能用于much, many 之前
