本期編輯/開鴻順
KaiHongShun Studio
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牌坊，一名“牌樓”，簡稱“坊”，一種中國特有的門洞式建筑物，為表彰功勛、科第、德政以及忠孝節(jié)義而立，具有表彰、紀念、裝飾、標識和導(dǎo)向等作用。
The archway, a "archway", or "archway" for short, is a door-hole type building unique to China. It is built to honor meritorious deeds, codi, virtue, loyalty and filial piety, and has the functions of commendation, commemoration, decoration, identification and guidance.
牌坊歷史
原本，牌坊與牌樓是有顯著區(qū)別的，即：牌坊沒有“樓”的構(gòu)造，也沒有斗栱和屋頂，而牌樓有屋頂和裝飾性斗栱，因此可以更好地烘托氣氛。
Originally, there was a significant difference between the archway and the archway, that is, the archway had no "building" structure, no dougong and roof, while the archway had a roof and decorative dougong, so it could better set off the atmosphere.
但因二者用途與外相似，且時?；ネ?，又多建于宮苑、寺觀、陵墓、祠堂、衙署和街道（鄉(xiāng)間古道）路口、村頭等比較顯眼的地方，后來，牌坊與牌樓不再有區(qū)別，成了一個互通稱謂。一般而言，北方人俗稱牌樓的較多，南方人俗稱牌坊的較多。
However, due to their similar purposes and frequent intercommunication, they were mostly built in prominent places such as palaces, temples, cemeteries, ancestral halls, government offices and street (ancient rural roads) intersections, village heads, etc.
牌坊的歷史源遠流長。濫觴于史前時代聚落外的衡門，繼而融入漢闕因素；唐代，烏頭門（里坊門），與靈星門、欞星門相疊加，牌坊已具雛形并逐步成熟；宋元時代，牌坊仍多被用作坊門；明清時代，牌坊的建造達到登峰造極的地步，同時被附加了許多功能，如美化環(huán)境、烘托氣氛、旌表紀念等等。
The memorial archway has a long history. It originated from the Hengmen outside the settlement in prehistoric times, and then incorporated into the Han Que factor; In the Tang Dynasty, the Wutou Gate (Lifang Gate) was superimposed with the Lingxing Gate and Lingxing Gate, and the archway had taken shape and gradually matured...
隨著功能性的不斷增多，牌坊的名稱也變得五花八門起來，如功德牌坊、忠正牌坊、貞節(jié)牌坊、學(xué)宮書院牌坊、衙署府第牌坊、陵墓祠廟牌坊、寺廟牌坊等等。
With the continuous increase of functionality, the names of memorial archways have also become diverse, such as merit memorial archways, loyalty memorial archways, chastity memorial archways, school academy memorial archways, government offices memorial archways, mausoleum ancestral temple memorial archways, temple memorial archways, and so on.
可以說，明清時代的每一座牌坊都承載著一段傳奇。而牌坊，最終由以“標志地點”為主的實用性建筑，衍化為一種標志性、紀念性的禮制建筑。一座牌坊可以涉及中國社會的政治、文化、經(jīng)濟、生活的方方面面。說牌坊是中華文化的一個象征，一點兒也不夸張。
It can be said that every memorial archway in the Ming and Qing dynasties carries a legend. The memorial archway eventually evolved from a practical building based on "landmark place" into a symbolic and commemorative ceremonial building. A memorial archway can involve all aspects of politics, culture, economy and life in Chinese society.
牌坊文化
幾千年的衍化發(fā)展，牌坊已遍及華夏城鄉(xiāng)，但因各地民俗風情、經(jīng)濟發(fā)達程度以及受傳統(tǒng)文化影響大小的不同，加之受氣候情況、建筑材料等條件限制，牌坊的分布很不均衡，而且在具體形制上也多有差別。
After thousands of years of development, memorial archways have spread throughout China's urban and rural areas. However, due to the differences in folk customs, economic development and the impact of traditional culture, as well as the limitations of climate conditions, building materials and other conditions.
明清時代，立牌坊是件極為嚴肅的事，有著嚴格的規(guī)定。如立功名坊，只有進入國子監(jiān)讀書和獲得舉人以上功名者，經(jīng)地方官府審核批準后，方可由官方出資興建；立貞節(jié)牌坊、仁義慈善牌坊、功德牌坊等的要求更嚴。須經(jīng)當?shù)毓俑畬彶楹藢嵑笾鸺壋蕡?，最后由皇帝審查恩準，或由皇帝直接封贈，方能建造?/span>
In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the establishment of memorial archways was a very serious matter with strict regulations. For example, the meritorious workshop can only be built by the government after being examined and approved by the local government by those who have entered the Guozijian for study and obtained the meritorious reputation above the national level.
牌坊建筑
從建筑樣式和風格上分，牌坊大體有南、北兩大派。
In terms of architectural style and style, the memorial archways are generally divided into two schools: the south and the north.
南派牌坊，秀麗精巧，尤其是徽式、蘇式、桂式牌樓，檐角高挑，色調(diào)典雅，顯得含蓄而端莊；北派牌坊，特別是北京的牌坊，受皇家氣派影響，色彩明艷，裝飾繁復(fù)，顯得凝重而奢華。
The southern style archway is beautiful and exquisite, especially the Hui-style, Soviet-style and Gui-style archways, with high eaves and elegant colors, which appear implicit and dignified; Affected by the royal style, the northern archways, especially those in Beijing, are dignified and luxurious with bright colors and complicated decoration.
依建筑材質(zhì)不同，牌坊可分為四大類：石坊、磚坊（外飾琉璃磚的也稱琉璃坊）、木坊、混合坊（南方潮濕多雨，多石柱木樓坊），進入近現(xiàn)代又出現(xiàn)了水泥坊、金屬坊等。
According to the different building materials, the memorial archways can be divided into four categories: stone, brick (also known as glazed brick), wood, and mixing (wet and rainy in the south, stone pillar wooden building). In modern times, cement, metal, and so on have emerged.
明清時代，牌坊的用途進一步擴展，除了原有的標識引導(dǎo)等作用外，還加化了褒獎教育、紀念追思作用，增加了炫耀標榜、風俗展示、裝飾美化等作用。
In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the use of the memorial archway was further expanded. In addition to the original role of logo guidance, it also added the role of commendation education, commemoration and reflection, and added the role of flaunting, custom display, decoration and beautification.
按用途不同，牌坊可細分為：
1 用作空間標識和界定的門坊、里坊、村坊、地名坊、會館商肆坊等；
1. Gate square, Li square, village square, place name square, guild hall business square, etc. used for space identification and definition;
2 用作裝飾美化，具有點題、框景、借景作用，有的同時具有禮制作用，如學(xué)宮書院坊、文武廟坊、寺觀坊、名勝古跡坊等，多用于文廟、宮殿、佛寺、道觀、祠廟、園林前；
2. It is used for decoration and beautification, and has the functions of topic, frame and borrowing scenery, and some also have the function of etiquette, such as Xuegong Academy Square, Wenwu Temple Square, Temple Square, and Historic Sites Square, which are mostly used in Confucian temples, palaces, Buddhist temples, Taoist temples, ancestral temples, and gardens.
3 用于紀念一件事或旌表一位人物，在表彰其人其事的同時，在群眾中樹立榜樣，宣揚忠孝仁義的道德的一類牌坊，漢時稱“榜其閭里”，唐宋稱“樹闕門閭”，元明清統(tǒng)稱“旌表建坊”。這類旌表坊，細分起來名目很多。
3. A kind of memorial archway used to commemorate an event or honor a person, set an example among the masses, and promote the morality of loyalty, filial piety, benevolence and righteousness, which was called "Bang Qi Lu Li" in the Han Dynasty, "Shu Que Men Lu" in the Tang and Song Dynasties.
如專為旌表婦女而立的牌坊，有貞節(jié)坊、貞烈坊、節(jié)孝坊、貞壽坊等，統(tǒng)稱“貞節(jié)牌坊”；專為褒揚男子而立牌坊，有各種紀功坊、科舉坊、樂善好施坊、仕義慈善坊、孝子坊等，統(tǒng)稱“紀功銘德坊”；專為高壽老人（一般為男子）而立的牌坊，稱百歲壽慶坊、昇平人瑞坊等。
For example, the memorial archways set up to honor women include the chastity memorial archway, the chastity memorial archway, the filial piety memorial archway, and the chastity memorial archway, which are collectively called "chastity memorial archway".
4 用途較為特殊的一類坊，如立于官署大門前或署內(nèi)正廳前，用于旌表、提示官員的平政坊、親民坊、貞肅坊、風紀坊等；專門立于高官顯宦墓道前的墓道坊和立于名人紀念祠堂前的祠廟坊等。此外還有專立于宗祠前，用于旌表一個家族仁孝事跡的牌坊等。
4. A class of workshops with special uses, such as Pingzheng Square, Qinmin Square, Zhensu Square, Fengji Square, etc., which stand in front of the official office gate or in front of the main hall of the office and are used to honor and remind officials.
北京是牌坊最多的城市，曾建有各式牌坊300多座，現(xiàn)仍有百余座古牌樓傲然屹立。建國后，北京又新建了各式牌樓不下百座。北京的牌坊是北派牌坊風格的代表。
Beijing is the city with the largest number of archways. There were more than 300 archways of all kinds, but now there are still more than 100 ancient archways standing proudly. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, more than 100 new archways of all kinds were built in Beijing.
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