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Just how related are reptilian and mammalian brains?

爬行動物和哺乳動物的大腦有多接近呢？

 Tosches et al. used single-cell transcriptomics to study turtle, lizard, mouse, and human brain samples. 

托斯切斯等利用單細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)錄組學(xué)研究了烏龜，蜥蜴，小鼠和人的腦細(xì)胞樣本。

They assessed how the mammalian six-layered cortex might be derived from the reptilian three-layered cortex. 

他們分析了哺乳動物的六層皮質(zhì)可能是如何從爬行動物的三層皮質(zhì)進(jìn)化而來的。

Despite a lack of correspondence between layers, mammalian astrocytes and adult neural stem cells shared evolutionary origins. 

盡管層與層之間沒有通信，哺乳動物的星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和成熟的神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞擁有共同的進(jìn)化起源。

General classes of interneuron types were represented across the evolutionary span, although subtypes were species-specific. 

中間神經(jīng)元的總體類別在整個進(jìn)化史上是共同的，不過不同的物種有各自特別的亞型。

Pieces of the much-folded mammalian hippocampus were represented as adjacent fields in the reptile brains.

哺乳動物多層折疊的海馬體小塊在爬行動物中表現(xiàn)為鄰近區(qū)域的小塊。

Computations in the mammalian cortex are carried out by glutamatergic and γ-aminobutyric acid–releasing (GABAergic) neurons forming specialized circuits and areas. 

哺乳動物皮質(zhì)中進(jìn)行的計算是通過谷氨酸能和γ-氨基丁酸釋放神經(jīng)元組成特殊的回路和區(qū)域來實現(xiàn)的。

Here we asked how these neurons and areas evolved in amniotes.

在這里我們研究了這項神經(jīng)元和區(qū)域在脊椎動物中是如何進(jìn)化的。

 We built a gene expression atlas of the pallium of two reptilian species using large-scale single-cell messenger RNA sequencing. 

我們采用大規(guī)模的單細(xì)胞信使RNA測序建立起了兩種爬行動物皮質(zhì)的基因表達(dá)圖譜。

The transcriptomic signature of glutamatergic neurons in reptilian cortex suggests that mammalian neocortical layers are made of new cell types generated by diversification of ancestral gene-regulatory programs. 

爬行動物皮質(zhì)中的谷氨酸能的神經(jīng)元的轉(zhuǎn)錄組學(xué)信號表明了哺乳動物的新皮質(zhì)層是由祖先的基因調(diào)控程序的多樣化產(chǎn)生的新細(xì)胞類型組成的。

By contrast, the diversity of reptilian cortical GABAergic neurons indicates that the interneuron classes known in mammals already existed in the common ancestor of all amniotes.

相反，爬行動物皮質(zhì)的谷氨酸能和γ-氨基丁酸釋放神經(jīng)元表明，哺乳動物中已知的中間神經(jīng)元類型在所有脊椎動物共同的祖先當(dāng)中就已經(jīng)存在了。

Science, this issue p. 881