5月22日，巨星隕落，舉國(guó)同悲。深切緬懷，國(guó)之偉人。
偉大的人在守護(hù)生活的不同側(cè)面。作為普通人，我們每個(gè)人都能切身體會(huì)到他們的貢獻(xiàn)帶來的福祉。他們?cè)谟脤W(xué)識(shí)維護(hù)我們生活的底線，并努力提高上限。
以前我對(duì)袁爺爺?shù)牧私鈨H限于教科書上的描述。在看了許多描寫袁爺爺?shù)耐莆摹⒆x完《袁隆平自傳》后，我開心地發(fā)現(xiàn)，袁爺爺，a great man of our time，原來如此有趣！而且我在他身上發(fā)現(xiàn)許多共同點(diǎn)：他喜歡自由散漫的生活方式，憑興趣學(xué)習(xí)，他討厭數(shù)學(xué)，喜歡英語。距離一下子拉近了好多！
袁爺爺生活經(jīng)歷豐富，愛好廣泛。他在中學(xué)時(shí)英文電影就能聽懂八九十，他喜歡球類運(yùn)動(dòng)，擅長(zhǎng)游泳，會(huì)拉小提琴，在大學(xué)通過了選拔飛行員的考試，差點(diǎn)被選拔進(jìn)國(guó)家游泳隊(duì)。他畢業(yè)后當(dāng)過俄語代課老師，教專業(yè)課時(shí)經(jīng)常帶學(xué)生去戶外實(shí)踐，一起和學(xué)生編教材、做實(shí)驗(yàn)，和學(xué)生打得一片火熱。他還打趣自己“政治思想水平低”，在做班主任時(shí)會(huì)把思想工作都推給班委做，而自己則組織學(xué)生搞各種各樣的課余活動(dòng)和體育活動(dòng)，還把花了一個(gè)月工資買來的小提琴送給了班上喜歡作曲的文體委員…
這本自傳的敘事話語平實(shí)又有力，看書時(shí)，我仿佛看到眼角帶著笑的袁爺爺就坐在我面前，手里摩挲著充滿回憶的老照片，娓娓道來他的一生。自傳既融合了他的科研工作經(jīng)歷，也記錄了他的人生感悟。讀完，他平民科學(xué)家的形象由此在我心中變得更加鮮活、立體、飽滿。我深深被袁爺爺打動(dòng)了。我想把這份感動(dòng)保存下來，以自己的方式紀(jì)念、緬懷這位偉大的科學(xué)家，下面會(huì)摘錄袁爺爺?shù)囊恍┬」适拢╯ome anecdotes），簡(jiǎn)單介紹他的成就。袁爺爺是我們的榜樣，向袁爺爺學(xué)習(xí)！
深情
Yuan loved his wife deeply. Back when Yuan's family used charcoal to heat water for bathing, he would call his wife's name every two minutes for fear that she would succumb to carbon monoxide poisoning. When his wife finally learned to drive late in life, he wouldn't let her for fear that she would hurt herself.
善良
Yuan loved to help others. He instructed many PhD students. One student was quite poor, and there was this time when he called Yuan to ask for a bit of money to treat his sick father. Yuan gave the student 2,000 yuan, half of his salary.
奉獻(xiàn)
The pioneering scientist would donate most of the proceeds from international rewards he received and research centers he set up to the fund established in his name which encourage innovation in agricultural technologies.
簡(jiǎn)單
Yuan liked shopping for bargains. One day, he and his wife Deng Zhe found a shirt that sold for 10 yuan while shopping, so he bought 10 of them, saying this way he'd be able to wear shirts in farmland without worrying about getting one dirty.
淡泊
When it comes to wealth, Yuan was even less sophisticated. He never took making money seriously, despite encountering countless opportunities to do so. "I don't like being a politician, and I'm not a businessman," he once said.
1964年，袁爺爺正式開始雜交水稻優(yōu)勢(shì)利用的探索，取得了全球矚目的成就。
下面用簡(jiǎn)單的語言給袁爺爺?shù)难芯孔鰝€(gè)介紹。
大家都知道，水稻是自花授粉植物 (self-pollinated plant)
要培育雜交水稻，就要避免水稻自交。
避免水稻自交方法之一是人工去雄（emasculation）
但是水稻是雌雄同花，花又很小，人工去雄成本大。
畢竟水稻要用于大田生產(chǎn)，需要很多種子，人工去雄可不是長(zhǎng)久之計(jì)。
所以袁爺爺開始尋找雄性不育株（male-sterile grain），也就是“雌水稻“，這種稻株可以幫助免去人工去雄工作、節(jié)省勞力。
那么問題來了，水稻不是自花授粉嗎？不是可以自己繁殖嗎？為什么會(huì)出現(xiàn)不育株？
因?yàn)樗?span style="text-decoration: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;">變態(tài)基因突變！
按照袁爺爺?shù)臉?gòu)想，雜交水稻的育種可分為三個(gè)發(fā)展階段，“三系法→兩系法→一系法”，程序由繁到簡(jiǎn)。
三系法，不育系、保持系和恢復(fù)系“三系“配套。（當(dāng)時(shí)七八十年代，雜交水稻研究還處于方興未艾的時(shí)期，當(dāng)時(shí)只能用這種方法。袁爺爺在1987年發(fā)表的論文《雜交水稻的育種戰(zhàn)略構(gòu)想》中寫道，“三系法遲早要被淘汰，這是雜交水稻育種科學(xué)發(fā)展的必然趨勢(shì)?！保?/span>
兩系法，只需要光、溫敏核不育系和恢復(fù)系。（目前兩系法技術(shù)已經(jīng)成熟）
一系法，利用無融合生殖于水稻雜種優(yōu)勢(shì)育種（理想，難度較大）
袁爺爺認(rèn)為，要實(shí)現(xiàn)三系配套計(jì)劃，首先要尋找培育不育系的材料。
1964-1969年，在觀察了幾十萬個(gè)稻穗后，團(tuán)隊(duì)只找到了6株雄性不育株。經(jīng)過一年又一年的實(shí)驗(yàn)，始終沒有育成理想的不育系。
1969年冬，袁爺爺總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，發(fā)現(xiàn)如果要突破瓶頸，就必須跳出栽培稻的小圈子。因?yàn)檫@幾年實(shí)驗(yàn)的材料都是以矮桿為主的栽培稻，它們親緣關(guān)系近，基因突變的可能性不大。
By 1970, Mr. Yuan was growing frustrated with his halting progress in creating more productive rice crops. He hit upon a shift in strategy: Search for wild varieties across remote areas of China for more promising genetic material.
由此出發(fā)，袁爺爺提出“遠(yuǎn)緣雜交”思想。即稻株的親緣關(guān)系越遠(yuǎn)，后代變異性越大，不育性狀越明顯。
原來，親緣關(guān)系較遠(yuǎn)的野生稻才是培育不育系的理想稻株！
1970年，袁隆平及其團(tuán)隊(duì)在海南發(fā)現(xiàn)一株花粉敗育的野生稻，當(dāng)即把它命名為“野敗”，作為培育水稻三系的材料。
A breakthrough came when Mr. Yuan’s team found a stretch of wild rice near a rail line on Hainan Island, in southernmost China.
1970-1972年，經(jīng)過兩年的實(shí)驗(yàn)培育，水稻雄性不育系和保持系培育成功。
1973年，恢復(fù)系培育成功，三系配套關(guān)攻破。
As early as 1964, Yuan theorised that a male-sterile grain could be crossed with other plants to boost yields, but it was not until 1973 that he cultivated the first hybrid rice thanks to the discovery of a wild rice species that made the breakthrough possible.
1976年，全國(guó)開始大面積推廣雜交水稻種植，水稻實(shí)現(xiàn)大增產(chǎn)。中國(guó)成為世界上第一個(gè)成功利用水稻雜種優(yōu)勢(shì)進(jìn)行水稻生產(chǎn)的國(guó)家。
Hybrid rice varieties typically produce 20 to 30 percent more rice per acre than nonhybrid strains when cultivated with the same transplant techniques, fertilizer and water.
1979年，我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部將1.5公斤雜交水稻種子贈(zèng)送給美方，這是中國(guó)雜交水稻跨出國(guó)門的第一步。
1980年，中國(guó)舉辦雜交水稻國(guó)際培訓(xùn)班，袁隆平是主講人之一，為多國(guó)專家傳授雜交水稻技術(shù)。
After his discoveries in the early 1970s, Mr. Yuan became a strong advocate for sharing his breakthroughs internationally, instead of using them to achieve Chinese dominance in rice production.
1982年，袁隆平被國(guó)際同行譽(yù)為“雜交水稻之父”（Father of Hybrid Rice）
1996年，我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部正式啟動(dòng)“超級(jí)稻計(jì)劃”（Super Rice program），雜交水稻要有“超級(jí)量"，也要有“超級(jí)質(zhì)”。
In 1996, the Chinese agriculture ministry formally established a super rice breeding program. Four years later, the first phase of the target of reaching 10.5 tonnes per hectare was achieved. The record was shattered three more times with jumps to 12 tonnes in 2004, 13.5 tonnes in 2011 and 15 tonnes in 2014.
20世紀(jì)90年代，雜交水稻推廣至全球20多個(gè)國(guó)家。截至目前雜交水稻已推廣至40多個(gè)國(guó)家。
It has also been grown extensively in over 40 countries, including the U.S., Brazil, India, Vietnam, the Philippines and Madagascar. The total planting area of the hybrid rice has reached 8 million hectares overseas, according to Xinhua News Agency.
2004年，聯(lián)合國(guó)“國(guó)際水稻年”(The International Year of Rice)，袁隆平榮獲“世界糧食獎(jiǎng)”（The World Food Prize）。
His work helped transform China from “food deficiency to food security” within three decades, according to the World Food Prize.
* The International Year of Rice：Why rice? Because rice is the staple food for more than half of the world's population.
2017年，袁隆平團(tuán)隊(duì)開始研究海水稻。
In 2017, his team started to grow seawater rice, or salt-alkali-tolerant rice, in Qingdao, east China's Shandong Province. The rice was designed to grow in tidal flats or saline-alkaline land and survive even after being immersed in seawater. Yuan said growing seawater rice is vital to China's food security, as the country is home to one-tenth of the world's saline-alkaline land.
2019年，袁隆平獲“共和國(guó)勛章”。
In 2019, Yuan, academician with both the Chinese Academy of Engineering and the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, was awarded with Medal of the Republic, China's highest honor, for his groundbreaking research.
2004-2020年，我國(guó)的糧食產(chǎn)量實(shí)現(xiàn)“十七連豐”。
In 2020, hybrid rice developed by Yuan's team achieved 1,500 kilograms per mu (about 22.5 tonnes per hectare) in two growing seasons, a new world record.
袁爺爺曾說自己有兩個(gè)夢(mèng)想：一個(gè)是禾下乘涼夢(mèng)，第二個(gè)夢(mèng)是雜交稻覆蓋全球夢(mèng)。
Yuan once said he had two dreams – to "enjoy the cool under the rice crops taller than men" and that hybrid rice could be grown all over the world to help solve the global food scarcity.
早在1994年，美國(guó)學(xué)者布朗寫了一篇名為《誰來養(yǎng)活中國(guó)》("Who Will Feed China?")的文章，認(rèn)為中國(guó)將面臨巨大的糧食缺口，不僅中國(guó)養(yǎng)不活自己，世界也養(yǎng)不活中國(guó)。這一文章引發(fā)了巨大的輿論轟動(dòng)。
25年來，中國(guó)則用實(shí)際行動(dòng)和數(shù)據(jù)回答了這一西方之問：中國(guó)僅依靠全球淡水資源的6%、耕地資源的7%，就養(yǎng)活了世界20%的人口，保持了95%的糧食自給率。
誰來養(yǎng)活中國(guó)？
唯有中國(guó)人民。
Grandpa Yuan, have a good journey!
參考文獻(xiàn)：
[1]袁隆平口述. 袁隆平自傳.“中國(guó)工程院院士傳記”叢書[M]. 湖南教育出版社, 2015..11.
[2]袁隆平.雜交水稻的育種戰(zhàn)略設(shè)想[J].雜交水稻,1987(01):1-3.
[3]劉合光. 回答“誰來養(yǎng)活中國(guó)”之問[J].環(huán)球, 2018(14).
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