新目標(biāo)英語課本重點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)（語法專項(xiàng)）
一、 動(dòng)詞短語。
（1） 動(dòng)詞+介詞
look at, listen to, look after, look for, wait for, take after, depend on, think of, hand in,
hear from, hear of, study for 等，此類動(dòng)詞后的賓語無論是名詞還是代詞，都只能放在介詞后。
Look at the blackboard. Look after it carefully.
（2） 動(dòng)詞+副詞
turn off, turn on, turn up, turn down, pick up, set up, cheer up, clean up, work out, put up, fix up, cut up, give out, give up, give away, put away, think over, put off, use up, hand out, mix up, look up, eat up等.此類動(dòng)詞后的賓語是名詞時(shí),放在副詞前后都可,若是代詞, 必須放在中間.
He turn off the light when he left. He picked it up and give it to me.
⑶其他動(dòng)詞短語：
get along with, take pride in, pay attention to, make good use of, be proud of, keep away from, be busy with, be made of, be good at, be interested in, come up with, be satisfied with
三、非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞。
buy, lend, borrow, die, begin, stop, finish, arrive, join, go, come等。不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，要用延續(xù)動(dòng)詞替換。（詳見 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）
四、系動(dòng)詞。
be, become, get, look, seem, turn, sound, smell, taste, feel, keep
五、助動(dòng)詞。
be, have, has, do, does, did, will, shall (詳見 P54 )
Ⅰ、動(dòng)詞的五種基本形式(詳見 P55 )
Ⅱ、用法：
⑴ 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
1、 肯定句： 主語+V原+其他。I usually go to school by bus. 主語（三單）+V三單 She plays tennis on
疑問句：Do+主語+V原……？ Does+主語（三單）+ V原……？
否定句：主語+don’t + V原. 主語（三單）+ doesn’t + V原.
2、 用法：
⑴表示經(jīng)常或習(xí)慣性發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
⑵表示客觀真理、事實(shí)。 The earth goes around the sun.
⑶在時(shí)間、條件等狀語從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。( if, as soon as, until, when)
If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go to the park. When I grow up, I’ll go to Paris.
3、 時(shí)間狀語：
Always, often, sometimes, usually, on Sunday, on Monday afternoon, every day/month/year/week, in the morning, on
⑵一般過去時(shí)。
1、 ⑴表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。 I got up late this morning.
⑵表示過去的習(xí)慣或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
When I was in the countryside. I often swam in the river. I used to go fishing.
2、結(jié)構(gòu)：
肯定句：主語+ V過去+其他。 We visited the museum last week.
My friend Tom went to the beach yesterday.
疑問句：Did+主語+ V原……？ Did you go shopping with him? Did she cook dinner for her family?
否定句：主語+didn’t+ V原……。 He didn’t go to see the movie last Sunday.
3、動(dòng)詞的規(guī)則變化。
4、時(shí)間狀語：
Yesterday, last night/week/year/month, last Sunday, in 1995, the other day, just now, ago等
⑶一般將來時(shí)。
1、 用法。
① 表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成：will + V原
肯定句：They will leave for Shanghai next week.
否定句：We won’t visit him tomorrow.
疑問句：Will you go to Shanghai in two weeks?
(注：當(dāng)主語為I 或 we時(shí)，問句中可用 shall) where shall we meet tomorrow?
② be going to+ V原 表示計(jì)劃、打算做某事。
---what are you going to do next Sunday? ---I am going to listen to music.
Look at the clouds, there is going to rain.
③ 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)be +Ving 有時(shí)可以表示將來。
常用這種結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞：go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive We’re leaving for London.
（4）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
1、構(gòu)成：
肯定句：主語 + is / am / are +ving
疑問句：Is /Am /Are + 主語 +ving
否定句：主語 + isn’t / am not / aren’t + ving
2、 用法：
① 表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 I’m reading book now.
② 表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。 They are studying hard this term.
3、 時(shí)間狀語
now , these days, 當(dāng)句中有l(wèi)ook, listen , can’t you see, can you see時(shí)
Listen! He is singing.
(5) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1、already / yet 已經(jīng)
already一般用于肯定，與完成時(shí)態(tài)和進(jìn)行時(shí)連用，也可以用于疑問句，表驚訝。
I have already finished my work.
yet一般用于否定或疑問句。 Has she gone to school yet ? His parents haven’t been to Paris yet.
2、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過去開始延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，常與for, since連用.
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作才剛結(jié)束，但影響還在。
I have lost my pen .(結(jié)果是我的筆丟失了，我現(xiàn)在沒有鋼筆了)
--have you found your watch yet ? --No , I haven’t found it yet.
I have lived here for 10 years . 我已經(jīng)在這里住了10年（可能還會繼續(xù)住下去）
3、結(jié)構(gòu)：
肯定句：主語+ have / has +V過分
疑問句：Have /Has + 主語+ V過分
否定句：主語+ haven’t / hasn’t + V過分
4、時(shí)間狀語 yet, already, recently , just, on
since +過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)/過去時(shí)態(tài) for + 一段時(shí)間 in the last(past) + 一段時(shí)間
5、延續(xù)和非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞。
在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中，有些動(dòng)詞不能與一段時(shí)間搭配，所以在與for , since 引導(dǎo)的肯定句搭配時(shí)，要用其他動(dòng)詞替代：
buy---have borrow---keep die---be dead go/leave/move---be away (from)
begin/start---be on fall asleep---be asleep finish/end---be over
join---be in/ be a +名詞 come---be here open---be open close---be closed
I’ve left the school for 3 years. ( ) I’ve been away from the school for 3 years. ( )
6、辨析 have / has been to , have /has gone to , have has been in
have/ has been to … 曾經(jīng)去過某地，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來
I have been to Paris 3 times.
have/has gone to… 去了某地，現(xiàn)在還沒回來，可能還在路上。
--where is your father ? --- he has gone to Shanghai.
have/has been in… 已經(jīng)在某地（呆了多久）
My family have been in Chengdu for 20 years
(6) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
1、結(jié)構(gòu) was / were + doing
2、用法
① 表示過去某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
---what were you doing at 9:30 last night? --- I was watching TV.
3、when一般接一般過去時(shí) I was doing my homework when my father came home.
while一般接進(jìn)行時(shí) While my mother was cleaning, I went out. He was playing basketball while she was reading books.
（7）過去完成時(shí)
1、過去完成時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間以前好或過去某個(gè)動(dòng)作以前，已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。（過去的過去）
When I got to school, I realized I had left my backpack at hone. By the time she got to class, the teacher had started teaching.
2、結(jié)構(gòu)：had + V過分
3、時(shí)間狀語 ：by the time + 表示過去的時(shí)間狀語從句，主句用過去完成時(shí)。
By the time we arrived at the shop, the bus had left.
動(dòng)詞、短語辨析
1、dress , put on , wear
dress sb / on
dress up 打扮、裝扮 The girl dressed herself up ant went to the party.
Put on （動(dòng)作）穿上 It’s cold outside , put on your coat.
wear = be in 穿著、戴著 Lily wears T-shirt every day. = Lily is in T-shirt every day.
2、arrive , get , reach
arrive + at / in +地點(diǎn) When did you arrive in Chengdu ?
get to +地點(diǎn) How do you get to school ?
reach +地點(diǎn) When she reached the supermarket , her mother is shopping.
3、die , dead , death , dying
die（動(dòng)詞）死亡→（過去時(shí)）died His friend died 3 years ago.
dead（die的過去分詞，用于完成時(shí)，與for, since搭配）
His friend has been dead for 3 years.
death（名詞）死亡 His death is the loss（損失） of China.
dying 垂死的 The poor man is dying.
4、 lose, forget, leave
lose 丟失、失去
forget 忘記 forget to do sth / forget doing sth
leave + 地點(diǎn) “把某物落在某地）
5、 以must開頭的疑問句，肯定回答用 must， 否定回答用 needn’t
---Must I finish the work today ? ---No, you needn’t.
---May I come in? ---No, you musn’t.
非謂語動(dòng)詞
一、 動(dòng)詞不定式
1、 結(jié)構(gòu) to + V原 / not to +V原
2、 用法
① 作主語 + V三單 To speak English is not easy for us.
② 作表語 My job is to clean the room.
③ 作賓語 He likes to play soccer.
④ 作賓語補(bǔ)足語 She asked me not to speak loudly.
⑤ 作定語 Have you got anything to eat ?
⑥ 作狀語 I went to the library to study English.（表目的）
注： 作賓語的不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞，且與所修飾的詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，要在不定式后加介詞。
I don’t have enough time to study for the test , so I have something to worry about.
I need a room to live in
不定式作賓語：want, refuse, wish, need, choose, hope, agree, would like, offer, expect, decide, ask + to do sth
I hope to find a good job after graduating from school.
不定式作賓補(bǔ)：tell, ask, want, allow, get, would like, encourage + sb (not) to do sth
My mother asks me not to play computer games before finishing homework.
不帶to 的不定式: why not + do …? Had better (not) do sth.
Would better (not) do… Could/Would/Will you (not) do…..?
另外，有些感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞也不帶t
Hear, see, watch, notice, feel, let, make, have + sb (not) do ….但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)時(shí)，要加 to
The boss made them work the whole day.
They were made to work the whole day. （被動(dòng)）
感嘆句
（一）what引導(dǎo)
1、what + a/an + adj +可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)+主語+謂語 What a beautiful girl she is !
2、what + adj +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞+主語+謂語 What sweet water it is !
（二）how引導(dǎo)
How +adj / adv +主語+謂語 How interesting the film is !
（三）如何判斷用what還是how
凡是有a / an開頭，多用what； 凡是adj直接加名詞的，多用what；其他一般用how.
狀語從句
一、 時(shí)間狀語從句
when, while , as, before, after, since, until, as soon as.
(1) 當(dāng)主語是一般將來時(shí)或祈使句或有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，“主將從現(xiàn)”
I’ll ring you as soon as I get to school. 我一到學(xué)校就打電話給你。
(2) 肯定句：until = till 直到 I’ll wait for you until you come back.
否定句：until = before not …. until 直到….才…… I didn’t go to bed until I finished my homework.。
二、條件狀語從句
if , as long as（只要） , unless（除非）
主將從現(xiàn) I’ll visit you if it doesn’t rain tomorrow. Use your head, and you’ll find a way.
Unless you work hard, you’ll get a good job. If the traffic lights are green, you can cross the street.
賓語從句
一、賓語從句的語態(tài)。
賓語從句要用陳述語態(tài)
--- Do you know ______ for Shanghai last night? A. what time he leaves B. what time did he leave C. what time he left.
二、主句與從句時(shí)態(tài)一致。
1、如果主句用現(xiàn)在的某個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)，賓語從句視實(shí)際情況而定。
I wonder if you can help me. 我想知道你是否能幫我。
2、主過--- 從過
He told me that he would take part in English club. 他告訴我他將參加英語俱樂部。
He asked me if I used his bike. 他問我是否我用過他的自行車。
3、 如果是客觀事實(shí)，賓語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 Jim told me that the earth is round. Jim告訴我地球是圓的。
三、連接詞
1、that可省略，that作主語時(shí)不能省。
2、what , which , who, whose, whom He asked me whose the book is.
3、when, how, where, why Could you tell me where the restaurant is.
Do you know how to get to the bank?
4、 if / whether 是否
以下情況只能用 whether :
與or not 連用 Can you tell me whether we go or not.
作介詞后的賓語從句 I’m worried about whether we should study each other,
跟不定式to do Have you decided whether to go with us.
定語從句的用法
定語從句中只能使用that的情況
1.當(dāng)先行詞為anything，everything，nothing等不定代詞時(shí)，只能使用“that”。
例：Is there anything that I can do for you?(我能給你做點(diǎn)什么嗎？)
2.當(dāng)先行詞為all，any，much，many詞時(shí)，只能使用“that”。
例：Tom told her mother all that had happened.(湯姆把事情的全部情況告訴了他的媽媽。)
3.當(dāng)先行詞是形容詞最高級或被形容詞最高級修飾時(shí)，只能使用“that”。
例：This is the most wonderful time that I have ever had. (這是我度過的最美好的時(shí)光。)
4.當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)，只能使用“that”。例：
He was the first person that passed the exam.他是第一個(gè)通過考試的人。
5.先行詞被the on
6.先行詞里同時(shí)含有人或物時(shí)，只能使用“that”。
例：They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.(他們談?wù)撍麄冇浀玫挠嘘P(guān)學(xué)校的事和人。)
7.當(dāng)主句是以who，which開頭的特殊疑問句或先行詞是who時(shí)，只能使用“that”。
例：Which is the book that he bought from the library yesterday?(哪本是你們昨天從圖書館借的書？)
注意：●指物時(shí)，在介詞后只能用which，而不能用that.
●定詞從句修飾代表地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間的先行詞時(shí),要看代表先行詞的關(guān)系詞在定語從句中是否作謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語.如作動(dòng)詞的賓語,就要用關(guān)系代詞that 或which引導(dǎo)定語從句.反之,要用關(guān)系副詞 where（表地點(diǎn)）或 when（表時(shí)間）,在定語從句中作狀語.
如:Mary would never forget the evening when she lost the book. I’ve been to the city that you visited last week.
被動(dòng)語態(tài)注意事項(xiàng)
●構(gòu)成
被動(dòng)語態(tài)表明一個(gè)被動(dòng)性動(dòng)作，它由“助動(dòng)詞be＋及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) am/is/are + pp.
一般過去時(shí) was /were + pp.
一般將來時(shí) will be + pp. am/is/are going to be+ pp.
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 may/ can/ must/ should be + pp.
被動(dòng)語態(tài)否定式為be not + pp.，
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)否定式為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋not be + pp..
●主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，通常將主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語；主動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語變?yōu)橛山樵~by引導(dǎo)的賓語；謂語動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)“be +過去分詞”形式，例如：
Everyone likes the interesting film. (主動(dòng)語態(tài)) → The interesting film is liked by everyone. (被動(dòng)語態(tài))
They used knives to cut things. (主動(dòng)語態(tài)) → Knives are used to cut things. (被動(dòng)語態(tài))
●某些動(dòng)詞可以跟雙賓語如give、pass、bring、write；buy、make等，在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)如果直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)中的主語，則間接賓語通常由介詞to、for引出。例如：
My sister gave me a nice watch for my birthday. →A nice watch was given to me by my sister for my birthday.我過生日時(shí)收到了姐姐的一塊手表。
They have bought us many books. → Many books have been bought for us by them. 很多書都是由他們給我們買的。
●某些動(dòng)詞make、hear、see、watch等在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中，其賓語補(bǔ)足語要求用不帶to的不定式。但在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)通常省略的不定式符號to必須恢復(fù)。如：He made us clean the classroom after school. →We were made to clean the classroom after school. 我們被迫在放學(xué)后打掃教室。
I saw him come into the room. → He was seen to come into the room. 人們看見他進(jìn)了屋子。
●在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中如果謂語動(dòng)詞是含有介詞或副詞的短語動(dòng)詞，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)不能丟掉該介詞或副詞。如：
They must take good care of the children. → The children must be taken good care of. 孩子們必須小心照看。
●英語中某些動(dòng)詞如sell、lock、draw、smell、touch、feel、sounds、write、be worth doing、sth. needs doing等可以用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)意義。如：This kind of books sells well. 這種書暢銷。 The door won’t lock. 門鎖不上。
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