注：該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中文版翻譯自FCI國(guó)際純種犬標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英文版，已發(fā)布于CKU新官網(wǎng)-犬種百科
02.03.2011 / EN
FCI-國(guó)際純種犬標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第 328 號(hào)
CAUCASIAN SHEPHERD DOG
高加索牧羊犬
本圖片并不一定代表該犬種的理想例子
ORIGIN: USSR.
起源：前蘇聯(lián)
UTILIZATION: Guard- and watchdog.
用途：看護(hù)犬、守衛(wèi)犬
FCI-CLASSIFICATION:
Group 2 Pinscher and Schnauzer type- Molossian and Swiss Mountain and Cattle Dogs.
Section 2.2 Molossian / Mountain type.
Without working trial.
FCI分組：
第2組 賓莎犬和雪納瑞類-獒犬、瑞士山地犬和瑞士牧牛犬（除瑞士牧牛犬）
第2.2類 獒犬/山地犬
無(wú)需工作犬測(cè)試。
BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARY:
The Caucasian Shepherd Dog (CSD) is considered to be the breed taking its origin from ancient Caucasian dogs. The breed’s expansion covers territories from the Caucasian Range and the steppe regions of Southern Russia. The evolution of the breed was not only a result of natural selection but also influenced by nations that inhabited the Caucasian Region. Historically Caucasian Shepherd dogs were used for guarding and safe-keeping of herds, flocks and dwellings from beasts of prey and predators. The first mention of a large molossoid dogs used by the army of Armenian Tsar Tigran the II dates from the 1 st century BC. Selection work with the breed started in the USSR in the 1920s. Obligatory qualities such as physical power, self-confidence, fearlessness, sharply developed hearing, good sight, and a dense and waterproof coat have been cultivated in the process of selection. All these qualities as well as endurance allows people to use the Caucasian Shepherd Dogs in all kinds of climatic condition including the most severe ones.
歷史沿革：
高加索牧羊犬一般被認(rèn)為源自于古代高加索犬。該犬種遍布俄羅斯南部的高加索山脈和草原地區(qū)。該犬種的進(jìn)化不僅是自然選擇的結(jié)果，也受到居住在高加索地區(qū)的民族的人為影響。歷史上的高加索牧羊犬被用作護(hù)衛(wèi)犬，保護(hù)牲畜、居民及房屋免受食肉動(dòng)物的傷害和破壞。最早關(guān)于這種大型獒犬的記載可以追溯到公元前1世紀(jì)，當(dāng)時(shí)的亞美尼亞沙皇季格蘭二世在其軍隊(duì)中使用了該犬種。該犬種的選育始于20世紀(jì)20年代的前蘇聯(lián)。該犬種的必備品質(zhì)，如體力充沛、自信、無(wú)畏、聽(tīng)覺(jué)發(fā)達(dá)、視力良好及毛質(zhì)濃密防水，都在選育過(guò)程中得到了很好的培育。所有這些品質(zhì)加上超強(qiáng)的忍耐力，都使得高加索牧羊犬能在任何氣候條件甚至最惡劣氣候環(huán)境下工作。
GENERAL APPEARANCE:
The Caucasian Shepherd Dog is a harmonious built, large, strong dog with plenty of bone and powerful muscular system; of a slight rectangular format. Sexual dimorphism is well pronounced. Males are masculine, with well developed withers and a bigger head in comparison with females. They are also more massive, bigger and often shorter in body than females. In dogs with longer coat-variety males have a distinctly pronounced mane.
整體外貌：
高加索牧羊犬身體結(jié)構(gòu)協(xié)調(diào)，體型大，強(qiáng)壯有力，骨量足，肌肉群豐富，充滿力量；體型偏長(zhǎng)方形。兩性差異特征明顯。相對(duì)于母犬，公犬更雄壯陽(yáng)剛，肩部發(fā)育良好，頭部大。同時(shí)，公犬比母犬的體型更大，但軀體較母犬短。公犬被毛較長(zhǎng)，有非常明顯的鬃毛。
IMPORTANT PROPORTIONS:
The body length exceeds the height at withers by 3-8 %. The length of the forelegs averages 50-52% of the height at the withers. The length of the skull correlates with the length of the muzzle as 3:2.
重要比例：
體長(zhǎng)比肩高長(zhǎng)3%-8%。前肢長(zhǎng)度平均為肩高的50%-52%。頭骨與口吻長(zhǎng)度的比例為3:2。
BEHAVIOUR / TEMPERAMENT:
Behaviour is steady, active, self-confident, fearless and independent. The Caucasian Shepherd Dog shows a devoted attachment to its master; it is an excellent guard dog.
行為/秉性：性情平穩(wěn)、順從。膽大，忠誠(chéng)，可信賴，從不神經(jīng)質(zhì)或無(wú)緣無(wú)故產(chǎn)生攻擊性。
HEAD: 頭部
CRANIAL REGION: 顱部區(qū)域
The head is large, massive, and broad in cheekbones; when viewed from above the head looks like a wedge with broad base.
頭部碩大，厚重，顴骨寬；自上而下觀察，呈寬底楔形。
Skull: Massive and broad; forehead is almost flat, with a marked but not deep furrow. Superciliary ridges are developed, but not protruding. Occipital bone inconspicuous.
頭骨：重，寬；前額幾乎水平，有一道明顯但不太深的褶皺。眉脊發(fā)育良好，但不突出。枕骨不明顯。
Stop :Noticeable but not clearly marked.
額段：可見(jiàn)但不突出。
FACIAL REGION: 面部區(qū)域
Nose: Black, large, with correct open nostrils, not proceeding the muzzle outline. A black nose in solid, spotted or piebald colours is desirable but not obligatory (but genetic blue or liverbrown nose is not allowed).
鼻：黑色，大，鼻孔適當(dāng)張開(kāi)，不超出口吻輪廓。黑色的鼻子，帶有斑紋色或花斑色的最佳，但不是必須有。（不接受基因上藍(lán)色或者肝/棕色鼻子）
Muzzle: Broad and deep, gradually tapering towards the nose; with strong jaws and chin; great depth and is well filled under the eyes. The bridge of the nose is broad. The upper lines of the muzzle and skull run parallel.
口吻：寬，深，至鼻部逐漸變細(xì)；上下頜和下巴強(qiáng)壯；口吻深且充盈至眼睛下方。鼻梁寬闊?？谖巧暇€和頭骨平行。
Lips: Thick, close-fitting, well pigmented.
嘴唇：厚，緊密閉合，色素充足。
Jaws/Teeth:
Teeth should be healthy, white, strong; incisors are close to each other and in one line. Complete scissor or pincer bite: (i.e.42 teeth).
Injured, broken or knocked out incisors or canines which do not affect the use of the bite is of no consequence, neither is absence of PM1s.
頜/牙齒：牙齒為白色，健康，堅(jiān)固；門(mén)齒緊湊且一條線整齊排列。完全的剪狀咬合或鉗狀咬合：（42顆牙齒）。門(mén)齒受傷、破損，門(mén)齒或犬齒突出，以及前臼齒缺失，如不影響咬合則可以接受，否則視為失格。
Cheeks: Well developed and emphasized by well pronounced chewing muscles.
臉頰：發(fā)育良好，咬肌發(fā)達(dá)。
Eyes: Moderate size, oval in shape, not too deep set, wide and obliquely placed. The colour is different shades of brown from dark to hazelnut. Eyelids are black, dry and close-fitting. Expression is serious, attentive and inquisitive.
眼睛：中等大小，橢圓形，不深陷，兩眼距離較寬，傾斜。從深到淺的不同棕色。眼瞼為黑色，干，閉合嚴(yán)密。表情嚴(yán)肅，專注而好奇。
Ears: Moderate size, thick, triangular shape naturally pendant, high and wide set. Inner part of ear is close lying to the cheeks. Ears are traditionally cropped in country of origin. Natural ears are of equal value.
耳朵：中等大小，厚，呈三角形，自然下垂，高，位置較寬。耳朵內(nèi)部貼近臉頰。在起源地通常被剪短。未剪耳是可接受的。
NECK: Of medium length, powerful, low set; rounded in the crosssection. Crest is pronounced especially in males.
頸部：中等長(zhǎng)度，有力，位置低；橫斷面圓潤(rùn)。公犬有明顯的環(huán)狀波紋。
BODY: 軀干
Body: Very well developed in all dimensions; broad, well-muscled and well balanced.
軀干：各個(gè)部位發(fā)育良好；寬，肌肉發(fā)達(dá)，平衡性佳。
Withers：Well pronounced, moderately long. The height at the withers slightly exceeds the height over the rump.
肩：明顯，長(zhǎng)度適中。肩高略高于臀尖。
Back: Straight, broad, firm.
背：直，寬，結(jié)實(shí)。
Loin: Short, broad, slightly arched.
腰: 短，寬，略微呈弓形。
Croup: Moderately long, broad, rounded, slightly sloping to root of the tail.
臀：中等長(zhǎng)度，寬，圓潤(rùn)，向尾端略微傾斜。
Chest: Long, broad, well ribbed up, deep in general as well as in its frontal part; in cross-section has broad-oval shape. Ribs well sprung, false ribs are long. The forechest is marked.
胸：長(zhǎng)，寬，自然膨起，前胸一般較深；橫截面為扁圓形。肋骨擴(kuò)張良好，假肋較長(zhǎng)，前胸明顯。
Underline and belly: Belly moderately tucked up towards rear.
下腹線/腹：腹部向后收緊。
TAIL:
Set on high, sickle curve or curled. In repose hanging down reaching the hocks; when the dog is alert, tail can be carried above the backline.
尾：位置高，鐮刀狀彎曲或卷曲狀。放松時(shí)下垂至附關(guān)節(jié)；警覺(jué)時(shí)高舉過(guò)背。
LIMBS: 四肢
FOREQUARTERS: 前軀
General appearance: Well muscled. Viewed from the front, straight, parallel forelegs that are set fairly wide apart.
整體外形：肌肉發(fā)達(dá)。自上而下看，直，前腿平行，間距較大。
Shoulder : Strongly muscled. Moderately long, broad, slanting to form an angle of approximately 100 degrees with the upper arm. The shoulder-blade lies close against the chest.
肩：肌肉發(fā)達(dá)，中等長(zhǎng)度，寬，略微傾斜與前肢上臂成100度角。肩胛緊貼胸部。
Upper arm: Strong and muscular, close fitting.
上臂：強(qiáng)壯，肌肉結(jié)實(shí)，緊湊。
Elbow: Placed strictly back in parallel axis; turning neither in not out.
肘：向后與身體中線平行，既不內(nèi)翻也不外翻。
Forearm: Straight, massive, moderately long, well muscled; rounded in cross-section.
前臂：直，中等長(zhǎng)度，肌肉發(fā)達(dá)；橫截面呈圓形。
Metacarpus (Pastern): Short, massive; almost straight viewed from the front and the side.
掌骨（前腿附關(guān)節(jié)）：短，粗，從前面和側(cè)面看幾乎直立。
Forefeet: Large, rounded in shape, well arched, well-knit.
系部：大，呈圓形，自然弓起，結(jié)實(shí)。
LIMBS: 四肢
HINDQUARTERS: 后軀
General appearance: Viewed from the rear straight, standing parallel and moderately wide. The stifles and hocks sufficiently well angulated when viewed from the side. The hindquarters should not be set too far back.
整體外形：從后面看直，平行，雙腿間距適中。從側(cè)面看后膝關(guān)節(jié)與附關(guān)節(jié)成角自然。后肢不應(yīng)太向后踏。
Thigh: Broad, well muscled, moderately long.
大腿：寬，肌肉結(jié)實(shí)，長(zhǎng)度適中。
Stifle (Knee):Sufficiently well angulated.
后膝關(guān)節(jié)：角度適當(dāng)。
Lowerthigh: Broad, well muscled, moderately long.
小腿：寬，肌肉結(jié)實(shí)，長(zhǎng)度適中。
Hock joint : Broad and lean, sufficiently well bent; firm, turning neither in nor out.
跗關(guān)節(jié)：寬，傾斜，自然彎曲；結(jié)實(shí)，既不內(nèi)翻也不外翻。
Metatarsus (Rear pastern): Not long, massive; almost straight viewed from the front and the side.
跖骨（后腿系部）：不長(zhǎng)，粗；從前面和側(cè)面看幾乎直立。
Hind feet: Small, round and tight. Toes well arched. Pads thick and hard. Turning neither in nor out.
后足：大，呈圓形，自然拱起，結(jié)實(shí)。
GAIT/MOVEMENT:
Free, elastic, unhurried movement with good driving power in the hindquarters. Good stability in all joints and with good co-ordination. The trot tends to be the typical movement. The withers are on the same level as the rump, and the backline is relatively stable during movement.
步態(tài)/動(dòng)態(tài)：
自由靈活，后驅(qū)驅(qū)動(dòng)力強(qiáng)，步伐穩(wěn)健。各部位穩(wěn)定性協(xié)調(diào)性佳。慢跑時(shí)步態(tài)最典型，肩與臀部水平，背部線條平穩(wěn)。
SKIN: Thick, sufficiently elastic, without any folds and wrinkles.
皮膚：厚，有彈性，無(wú)褶皺或皺紋。
COAT: 被毛
Hair: Straight, coarse, stand-off coat with well developed undercoat. The length of guard coat as well as the undercoat should not be less than 5 cm. The coat on the head and forelegs is shorter and thicker. The tail is completely covered with dense coat and looks thick and furry. The longer outer coat forms “brushes” on the ears, a “mane” around the neck and “trousers” on the back sides of the thighs.
毛質(zhì)：直而粗，立毛下有發(fā)達(dá)的底毛。外層被毛和底毛長(zhǎng)度不應(yīng)短于5厘米。頭部和前腿毛較短，較厚。尾巴被濃密的被毛覆蓋，看起來(lái)厚，密。外層長(zhǎng)毛在耳部形成“刷毛”，勃頸處有“鬃毛”，大腿后側(cè)形成褲狀毛裙。
Colour: Any solid colour, piebald or spotted colour. Except for solid black; diluted black or black in any combination or genetic blue or liver brown colour.
毛色: 除黑色，淡黑色，摻雜其他顏色的黑色，遺傳性藍(lán)色和肝臟色之外的其他純色和花色皆可。
SIZE AND WEIGHT: 尺寸和重量
Height at the withers:
Males: Desirable height 72-75 cms; Minimum 68 cms;
Females: Desirable height 67-70 cms; Minimum 64 cms.
Larger stature is accepted, as long as conformation is harmonic.
公犬理想高度為72-75厘米，不低于68厘米
母犬理想高度為67-70厘米，不低于64厘米
更大的體型可以接受，但體型必須勻稱。
FAULTS: 缺陷
FAULTS: Any departure from the foregoing points should be considered a fault and the seriousness with which the fault should be regarded should be in exact proportion to its degree and its effect upon the health and welfare of the dog.
缺陷：任何與上述各點(diǎn)的背離均視為缺陷，其缺陷嚴(yán)重性嚴(yán)格地與其缺陷的程度及其對(duì)犬的健康和福利的影響成比例。
SEVERE FAULTS: 失格缺陷
Too light or too coarse in built.
Lack of self-confidence.
Deviations in the sexual dimorphism.
Head small in proportions to the body; light; narrow; long; coarse; blocky or apple head.
Abrupt stop.
Muzzle: downfaced; dishfaced or snipy.
Teeth too small; widely spaced; incisors not set in one line; any deviation from the dental formula (except for absence of the PM1s).
Insufficiently marked cheekbones.
Eyes large; bulging; very light; showing haw; slack eye lids.
Ears large; thin or set too low.
Top line roach or sway back; long, sagging or arched loin; rump higher than the withers.
Body square; too cobby; too long; narrow in both front and rear; too leggy; chest very short, flat or shallow; croup short or steep.
Stumped tail.
Weak bone; muscles and ligaments in joints.
Lacking correct angulations.
Bowed forearms.
Unbalanced movement.
Lack of driving power in the hindquarters.
Coat that is very soft; curly; has very short guard coat or no undercoat.
太輕或太粗糙。
缺乏自信。
背離性別特征。
頭部相對(duì)身體比例太??；太輕；太窄；太長(zhǎng)；太粗糙；太方或太圓。
額斷突兀。
口吻：長(zhǎng)咀、短咀或尖嘴。
牙齒太小；間距過(guò)大；排列不整齊；偏離齒式（前臼齒缺失不在此內(nèi)）
顴骨不明顯
眼睛過(guò)大；凸出；色淺；瞬膜外露；眼皮松弛。
耳朵過(guò)大、薄，或位置過(guò)低
背線不直，過(guò)長(zhǎng)，凹背、弓腰、臀比肩高
體型正方、太小、太長(zhǎng)、前后軀太窄，腿太長(zhǎng)、胸腔太短、太平、太淺，臀部太短、太突兀。
尾巴僵直。
骨骼不結(jié)實(shí)，肌肉、韌帶松弛。
角度不正確。
前臂彎曲。
步態(tài)不平衡。
后驅(qū)缺乏推動(dòng)力。
被毛太軟，太卷曲，外層被毛太短或無(wú)底毛。
DISQUALIFYING FAULTS: 失格缺陷
Aggressive or overly shy dogs.
Any dog clearly showing physical or behavioural abnormalities shall be disqualified.
Any deviation from the required bite.
Incompleted dental formula (absence of any tooth except the third molars (M3) or the first premolars (PM1s).
Entropion.
Wall eyes; deep blue; green shaded or eyes of different colour.
Docked tail.
Constant pacing or impossibility to assess the gate.
Black colour in any variation; solid; diluted; piebald, spotted or as saddle (except for mask).
Genetic blue colour in any variation or nuance.
Bluish-grey pigmented nose, lips and eye rims.
Genetic brown colour in any variation or nuance.
Genetic brown nose, lips and eye rims.
Tan-marking in black, blue or brown dogs.
Height below minimum.
Severe deviations in the sexual dimorphism in males.
有攻擊性或過(guò)分羞怯。
任何身體或行為上明顯失常的犬應(yīng)視為失格。
咬合不正確。
牙齒不完整，（除第3臼齒M3或第1前臼齒PM1s之外）再缺少任何牙齒者。
眼瞼內(nèi)翻。
斜視、眼色藍(lán)、綠或兩眼的顏色不同
斷尾。
步伐猶豫或無(wú)法跨越門(mén)檻的個(gè)性。
各式黑色犬：純黑、淡黑、黑白花、黑斑點(diǎn)、黑背黃腹、（臉部黑色不在內(nèi)）。
遺傳性藍(lán)色或其任何變異色。
藍(lán)灰色鼻、嘴唇和眼皮。
遺傳性棕色或其任何變異色。
遺傳性棕色比，嘴唇和眼皮。
有深色紋的黑色，藍(lán)色或棕色的犬只
身高低于最低值。
公犬嚴(yán)重缺乏性別特征。
N.B.：
Male animals should have two apparently normal testicles fullydescended into the scrotum.
Only functionally and clinically healthy dogs, with breed typicalconformation, should be used for breeding.
注：
公犬具備兩個(gè)明顯正常且完全置于陰囊的睪丸
只有身體機(jī)能以及臨床表現(xiàn)健康的，具備典型犬種結(jié)構(gòu)的犬只，才可用于繁殖。
▲ 犬只各部位名稱（FCI標(biāo)準(zhǔn)通用）
聯(lián)系客服
