點(diǎn)藍(lán)色字關(guān)注“國(guó)際城市發(fā)展智庫”
“沈陽故宮興建于公元1625-1783年間，由114座建筑構(gòu)成，是中國(guó)最后一個(gè)王朝的權(quán)力中心擴(kuò)大并遷都前的基礎(chǔ)之所在以及其歷史的重要資料館。清遷都北京后，經(jīng)過增修，又成為了皇帝巡幸東北時(shí)的行宮。這座杰出的建筑為清代歷史以及滿族和其他北方部落的文化傳統(tǒng)的傳承提供了重要的歷史見證”。這是2004年聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織將沈陽故宮列入世界文化遺產(chǎn)時(shí)對(duì)其作出的評(píng)價(jià)。
沈陽故宮位于遼寧省沈陽市明清舊城中心，占地約6萬平方米，是后金入關(guān)前的盛京皇宮和清朝遷都北京后的盛京行宮 。故宮始建于1625年，至乾隆年間又有較大規(guī)模的改建與增修。1926年以后，其建筑群陸續(xù)辟作博物館（現(xiàn)稱沈陽故宮博物院） 。沈陽故宮是中國(guó)現(xiàn)存除北京故宮以外最完整的皇宮建筑，在建筑藝術(shù)上承襲了中國(guó)古代建筑的傳統(tǒng)，以漢族傳統(tǒng)建筑風(fēng)格和布局為主。
與北京故宮相比，沈陽故宮兼?zhèn)淞嗣伞M、藏等民族風(fēng)格和特點(diǎn)，具有很高的歷史和藝術(shù)價(jià)值。其中東路建筑建于努爾哈赤時(shí)期，大政殿與十王亭的建筑布局是仿照八旗軍帳殿的布局。中路建筑于清太宗時(shí)期陸續(xù)完成，特點(diǎn)為“宮高殿低”；宮殿區(qū)包括大清門與崇政殿，處于整個(gè)故宮的中心位置，居住區(qū)以鳳凰樓為入口，北臺(tái)五宮以清寧宮為中心、東西四宮兩側(cè)對(duì)稱分布，均建于高臺(tái)之上，可以俯瞰理政的正殿區(qū)，這是依照滿族人喜居于高崗之上的生活習(xí)俗而來。西路建筑為乾隆時(shí)期增建，其中戲臺(tái)、嘉蔭堂、文溯閣、仰熙齋形成了傳統(tǒng)院落式組合形式，是完全漢式風(fēng)格的布局。
1926年以后，沈陽故宮建筑群陸續(xù)辟作沈陽故宮博物院。
“The Imperial Palace of the Qing Dynasty in Shenyang consists of 114 buildings constructed between 1625 A.D. and 1783 A.D.. It contains an important library and testifies to the foundation of the last dynasty that ruled China, before it expanded its power to the centre of the country and moved the capital to Beijing. After the capital of the Qing Dynasty moved to Beijing, this palace was expanded and then became auxiliary to the Imperial Palace in Beijing when the emperor inspected the northeast. This remarkable architectural edifice offers important historical testimony to the history of the Qing Dynasty and to the cultural traditions of the Manchu and other tribes in the north of China.” This is the justification made by the UNESCO when Shenyang Imperial Palace was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2004.
Located in the historic centre of Shenyang, Liaoning Province, Shenyang Imperial Palace, covering an area of about 60,000 square meters, was the initial imperial palace of Shengjing (now Shenyang) before Later Jin dynasty entered Shanhaiguan Pass and as well as auxiliary palace of Qing emperors after the capital was moved to Beijing. Firstly built in 1625, Shenyang Imperial Palace was renovated and expanded on a large scale during the reign of Emperor Qianlong. After 1926, this building complex was converted into a museum step by step (now the Shenyang Palace Museum). As the best-preserved existing palace building complex besides the Imperial Palace in Beijing, Shenyang Imperial Palace inherits the artistic features of tradition Chinese architectures, dominated by traditional Han architectural style and layout.
Compared with the Imperial Palace in Beijing, Shenyang Imperial Palace is of significant historical and artistic values as it incorporates ethnic styles and characteristics of Mongolian, Manchu, Tibetan, etc. Built during the reign of Nurhaci, the founder of Qing dynasty, the eastern section of Shenyang Imperial Palace includes Dazheng Palace and Shiwang Pavilion, both of which follow the architectural layout of the military tent of Eight Banners (Manchu’s army). Built successively during the reign of Emperor Taizong, the central section is featured with “high residence and low court” : situated at the center of Shenyang Imperial Palace, the court area includes Daqing Gate and Chongzheng Palace; with the Phoenix Tower as the entrance, the residence area includes the Five Palaces—Qingning Palace is at the center, with the other four palaces on east and west sides arranged in symmetry—built on high platform overlooking the court area for state affairs, following the tradition of Manchus who prefer living on high hills. Built as an addition during the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the western section includes the Stage, Jiayin Hall, Wensu Pavilion, Yangxi Room, all of which form the traditional courtyard pattern in a complete Han style layout.
After 1926, the building complex of Shenyang Imperial Palace was converted into the Shenyang Palace Museum gradually.
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