人稱代詞< xmlnamespace prefix ="o" ns ="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />
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單數
復數
單數
復數
主格
賓格
主格
賓格
形容詞性物主代詞
名詞性物主代詞
第一人稱
I(我)
me
we我們
us
my(我的)
our(我們的)
第二人稱
you(你)
you
you你們
you
your(你的)
your(你們的)
第三人稱
he(他)
him
they他們
them
his(他的)
their(他們的)
第三人稱
she(她)
her
they她們
them
her(她的)
their(她們的)
第三人稱
it (它)
it
they它們
them
its(它的)
their(它們的)
1、 人稱代詞并列用法的排列順序
1)單數人稱代詞并列作主語時,其順序為: 第二人稱->第三人稱->第一人稱 即:youandI;he/she/itandI;you,he/she/itandI
2)復數人稱代詞作主語時,其順序為: 第一人稱->第二人稱->第三人稱 即:weandyou;youandthey;we,youandthey
2、 人稱代詞用法: 謂語之前主格填,動/介之后賓格跟,形容詞性物主代詞后跟名詞,名詞性物主代詞可單獨使用。人稱代詞并列現,注意順序禮貌見, 二一、三一、二三一,第一人稱最謙虛,
3、 be 的用法口訣:我用am,你用are,is連著他,她,它; 單數名詞用is,復數名詞全用are。
變疑問,往前提,句末問號莫丟棄。 變否定,更容易,be后not莫忘記。 疑問否定任你變,句首大寫莫遲疑。
4、第三人稱單數用does,其它人稱用do。第一人稱單數和第三人稱單數用 was, 其余人稱用 were ;
she ,he ,it "有"用has,其它人稱"有"用have;I用shall,其它人稱用 will。
名詞復數
1、規(guī)則變化:
1) 直接加 –s: 清輔音后讀/s/ 濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/
2) 以s, x, ch,sh,結尾加 –es, 讀 /iz/
3) 不是以a、e、i、o、u+y結尾的,變y 為i再加es, 讀 /z/
4) 以元音字母a、e、i、o、u+y 結尾的,或以y結尾的專有名詞,直接加s。
5) 以o結尾的名詞,變復數時:a. 加s,如: photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos;
b. 加es,如:potato—potatoe tomato--tomatoes c. 上述a和b兩種方法均可,如zero---zeros / zeroes。
6) 以f或fe 結尾的名詞變復數時: a. 加s: belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs;
b. 去f,fe 加ves:half—halves knife--knives leaf—leaves wolf—wolves
wife—wives life—lives thief--thieves;
c. 上述a和b兩種方法均可,如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。
2、不規(guī)則變化
1) child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意:由一個詞加 man 或 woman構成的合成詞,其復數形式也是 -men 和-women,
2) 單復同形:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese ,li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin但除人民幣的元、角、分外,美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復數形式。
3)集體名詞,以單數形式出現,但實為復數。如:people police cattle 等本身就是復數,不能說 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以說a person,a policeman,a head of cattle.
4) 以s結尾,仍為單數的名詞,如:a. maths,politics,physics等學科名詞,一般是不可數名詞,為單數。b. news 為不可數名詞。c. the United States,the United Nations 應視為單數。
d. 以復數形式出現的書名,劇名,報紙,雜志名,也可視為單數。
5) 表示由兩部分構成的東西,如:glasses (眼鏡) trousers, clothes等,若表達具體數目,要借助數量詞 pair(對,雙); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。
6)復數形式有時可表示特別意思,如:goods貨物,waters水域,fishes(各種)魚。
變一般疑問句、否定句的方法
變一般疑問句方法:
1、如句子中有am, is, are, was, were、can, would,則提前在句子最前面,注意把am變?yōu)閍re,把was變?yōu)閣ere把I變?yōu)閅ou;把my變?yōu)?your 把our 變?yōu)閥our
2、如沒有am, is, are, was, were、can, would,判斷①動詞是過去式,動詞改為原形,句前加Did,其余照抄;
②動詞是第三人稱單數,動詞改為原形句前加Does,其余照抄;
③動詞是原形,則句前加Do,其余照抄。
變否定句方法:
1、句中有am, is, are, was, were,can, would,再其后加not,并縮寫,其余照抄
2、如沒有am, is, are, was, were或can, would,判斷①動詞是過去式,動詞前加didn’t動詞改為原形,其余照抄;
②動詞是第三人稱單數,動詞前加doesn’t,動詞改為原形,其余照抄;
③動詞是原形,動詞前加加don’t,其余照抄。
一般疑問句和否定句的變化口訣: 一般問句并不難,謂語調到主語前。大寫小寫有變化,句末要把問號加。
第一人稱常變二。否定句就更簡單,中間加上一not,謂語動詞提到前。
一、改為一般疑問句:
1、 先找句子中如有am, is, are, was, were、can, would,則提前在句子最前面,注意:(1)把am變?yōu)閍re,把I變?yōu)閅ou;(2)如主語是I時,把was變?yōu)閣ere提前,把I變?yōu)閅ou。
2、 如沒有am, is, are, was, were、can, would,則判斷是否為過去式,是則動詞改為原形,句前加Did,其余照抄;不是則判斷是否為第三人稱單數,是則動詞改為原形,句前加Does,其余照抄;還不是,則句前加Do,其余照抄。
二、改為否定句:
1、先找am, is, are, was, were或can, would,再其后加not,其余照抄
2、如沒有am, is, are, was, were或can, would,則判斷是否為過去式,是則動詞改為原形,主語后加didn’t,其余照抄;不是則判斷是否為第三人稱單數,是則動詞改為原形,主語后加doesn’t,其余照抄;還不是,則主語后加don’t,其余照抄。
何為是第三人稱單數
一、人稱代詞he, she, it是第三人稱單數。
二、單個人名、地名或稱呼作主語時是第三人稱單數。
三、單數可數名詞或"this / that / the+單數可數名詞"作主語時,是第三人稱單數。
四、不定代詞someone, somebody, nobody, everything, something等及指示代詞this, that作主語時,是第三人稱單數。
五、不可數名詞作主語時為第三人稱單數。
六、當數字或字母作主語時,看作第三人稱單數。
動詞第三人稱單數形式(三單式)構成
1、規(guī)則變化:
1) 直接加 –s: 清輔音后讀/s/ 濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/
2) 以s, x, ch,sh,結尾加 –es, 讀 /iz/
3) 不是以a、e、i、o、u+y結尾的,變y 為i再加es, 讀 /z/
4) 以元音字母a、e、i、o、u+y 結尾的直接加s。
2、不規(guī)則變化:do-does have-has go-goes
動詞的過去式構成
1、規(guī)則動詞:
1)直接在詞尾加-ed。
2)以不發(fā)音的e結尾的在詞尾加-d。
3)以一個元音字母加一個輔音字母結尾的重讀閉音節(jié)動詞,雙寫加-ed。
4)以輔音字母加y結尾的動詞,先把y變成i,再加-ed。
5)以元音字母加y結尾的動詞,直接在詞尾加-ed。
2、不規(guī)則動詞記憶法:
1)以t結尾的詞,過去式與原形相同。如:put—put, let—let, cut—cut, beat—beat
2)以d結尾的詞,把d變成t。如:build—built, lend—lent, send—sent, spend—spent
3)以n結尾的詞,在詞后加t。如:mean—meant, burn—burnt, learn—learnt
4)以ow / aw結尾的詞,把ow / aw變成ew。如:blow—blew, draw—drew, know—knew, grow—grew
5)含有雙寫字母的詞,將雙寫改為單寫,在詞尾加t。如:keep—kept, sleep—slept, feel—felt, smell—smelt
6)含有元音字母o / i的詞,將o / i變成a。如:sing—sang, give—gave, sit—sat, drink—drank
3、規(guī)則動詞詞尾加-ed有三種讀音:
1)在清輔音后讀作[t]。如:asked, helped, watched, stopped
2)在濁輔音和元音后讀作[d]。如:enjoyed, studied, moved, called
3)在t / d后讀作[id]。如:wanted, needed
動詞的現在分詞的構成
1、 直接在動詞原形后面加 -ing.
2、以不發(fā)音的-e 結尾的動詞,去-e ,再加-ing。
3、以重讀閉音節(jié)結尾末尾只有一個輔音字母時,雙寫加 -ing. (put sit swim run get shop)
八種語法時態(tài)
一、一般現在時:
1、概念:經常、反復發(fā)生的動作或行為及現在的某種狀況。
2、判斷依據:(1)be動詞是am/is/are;(2)動詞是原形;(3)有時間狀語:always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, etc.
3、結構:①主語+be動詞(am/is/are);(am用作I,she ,he ,it用is,其它人稱用are)。②主語(非第三人稱單數)+動詞原形;③主語(第三人稱單數)+動詞第三人稱單數形式.
4、否定形式:①am/is/are+not;②謂語動詞若為行為動詞,則在主語后加don't;主語為第三人稱單數,則用doesn't,同時行為動詞還原。
5、一般疑問句:①把be(am/is/are)動詞放于句首;②主語不是第三人稱單數時,句首加Do;如主語為第三人稱單數,句首加Does,行為動詞還原。
二、一般過去時:
1、概念:過去某個時間里發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài);過去習慣性、經常性的動作、行為。
2、判斷依據:(1)be動詞是was、were;(2)動詞是過去時;(3)有表示過去的時間狀語,ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, , one day, long ago, three days ago,two weeks ago,five years ago…once upon a time, etc.
3、結構:①主語+ was/were(第一人稱單數和第三人稱單數用 was, 其余人稱用 were)。②主語+動詞的過去式
4、否定形式:①was/were+not(用縮寫);②在行為動詞前主語后加didn't,同時動詞還原。
5、一般疑問句:①was或were放于句首;②把助動詞Did 放在句首,同時還原行為動詞。
三、現在進行時:
1、 概念:表示現階段或說話時正在進行的動作及行為。
2、判斷依據:(1)句中一定得有be動詞am/is/are;(2)動詞是現在分詞;(3)有時間狀語look、listen 、now, at this time, these days, etc.
3、結構:主語+am/is/are+動詞的ing形式(動詞的現在分詞)
4、否定形式:am/is/are+not+動詞的ing形式
5、一般疑問句:把be動詞am/is/are放于句首。
四、一般將來時:
1、概念:表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計劃或準備做某事。
2、判斷依據:一個句子中既有be動詞,又有going、to和動詞,且動詞用的是原形,有tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
3、基本結構:①主語+am/is/are/going to +動詞原形;②主語+will/shall +動詞原形. (I用shall,其它人稱用 will)。
4、否定形式:①am/is/are + not; ②will/shall+ not,同時還原行為動詞。
5、一般疑問句:①am/is/are放于句首;②will/shall提到句首。
五、現在完成時:
1、概念:過去發(fā)生或已經完成的動作對現在造成的影響或結果,或從過去已經開始,持續(xù)到現在的動作或狀態(tài)。
2、時間狀語:recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.
3、基本結構:have/has + done (動詞的過去分詞)。(she ,he ,it "有"用has,其它人稱"有"用have)
4、否定形式:have/has + not +done(動詞的過去分詞)
5、一般疑問句:have或has放于句首。
六、過去完成時:
1、概念:以過去某個時間為標準,在此以前發(fā)生的動作或行為,或在過去某動作之前完成的行為,即“過去的過去”。
2、時間狀語:before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.
3、基本結構:had + done(動詞的過去分詞)。(had 沒有人稱和數的變化)
4、否定形式:had + not + done(動詞的過去分詞)。
5、一般疑問句:had放于句首。
七、過去進行時:
1、概念:表示過去某段時間或某一時刻正在發(fā)生或進行的行為或動作。
2、時間狀語:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引導的謂語動詞是一般過去時的時間狀語等。
3、基本結構:was/were+doing(動詞的現在分詞)
4、否定形式:was/were + not + doing(動詞的現在分詞)
5、一般疑問句:把was或were放于句首。
八、過去將來時:
1、概念:立足于過去某一時刻,從過去看將來,常用于賓語從句中。
2、時間狀語:the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
3、基本結構:①was/were/going to + do(動詞動詞原形);②would/should + do(動詞動詞原形)
4、否定形式:①was/were/not + going to + do(動詞動詞原形);②would/should + not + do(動詞動詞原形).
5、一般疑問句:①was或were放于句首;②would/should放于句首。
如何做"對劃線部分提問"
(一)、做題方法
1、找:找出能替換劃線部分的特殊疑問詞。
2、變:把原句(去掉劃線部分之后)變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧湫问健?div style="height:15px;">
3、連接:將特殊疑問詞與一般疑問句形式連接起來。
舉例:
A. They are at school now.
(1)找:where (2)變:are they now? (3)連接:Where are they now?
B. He will buy a bike tomorrow.
(1) 找:what (2) 變:will he buy tomorrow ? (3) 連接:What will he buy tomorrow ?
C. She likes watching TV in the evening.
(1) 找:when (2) 變:does she like watching TV? (3) 連接:When does she like watching TV?
(二)、基本類型
1、對“物” 提問用What.
如:1)This is an orange →What is this?
2.)We can see a cat under the desk. →What can you see under the desk?
2、對“學校、年級、班、排、組、號”的數詞提問用What,這些名詞要緊跟What 之后
如1.They are in Class One. →What class are they in?
2.Jim's bus is Number Twenty-nine.→What number is Jim's bus?
3、對“顏色” 提問用What colour,如顏色作定語,What colour后要跟被修飾的名詞。
如:1)Her sweater is red. →What colour is her sweater?
2)Her blouse is white. → What colour is her blouse?
4、對“地點”提問用Where。如果“地點”作定語時,用Which后跟被修飾的那個名詞。
如:1)They are studying Chinese in China.→ Where are they studying Chinese?
2)The shop near the school sells things like that. →Which shop sells things like that?
5、對“時間”提問用when。
如:1).She came to Japan in 1990.→ When did she come to Japan?
2)Christas is Deceber twenty-fifth. →When is Christas?
6、對“時刻、點鐘”提問用what time。
如:1).He often goes to bed at ten.→ What time does he often go to bed?
2)It’s 7 now. → What time is it?
7、對“誰”提問用who。對人,名字提問并不都用Who,如句中含有name這個詞時用What。
如:1).The girl is standing at the station.→ Who is standing at the station?
2).They often go home with Tom. → Who do they often go home with?
3)Jim Greem is not here.--Who is not here?
4).The girl's name is Ann.--What's the girl's name?
8、對“誰的”提問用whose。(對名詞所有格,名詞性物主代詞提問用Whose ,如作定語Whose 后要跟被修飾的名詞。)
如:1).I will meet my father. → Whose father will you meet?
2). This skirt is Li Li's. →Whose is this skirt?
9、對“年齡”提問用how old。
如:1).The man over there is sixty. → How old is the man over there?
10、對“加、減、乘、除”的得數劃線用What.
如:1).Six and four is ten. →What is six and four?
11、對“哪一個”提問用which。
如:1).She likes the new skirt. → Which skirt does she like?
12、對“職業(yè)”提問用what。
如:1).His mother is a teacher. → What is his mother?
13、對“次數”提問用how many times。
如:1).He has been to England twice. → How many times has he been to England?
14、對“數量”提問用how many +復數名詞 (表示可數) 或how much +名詞(表示不可數)。對“重量、價錢” 提問用How much。
如:1)There are fifty students in Class 1.→ How many students are there in Class 1?
2).She spent ten yuan on the book. → How much did she spend on the book?
3)The bag of rice is 90 kilos.--How much is the bag of rice?
15、對“方式、方法”或“感覺如何”提問用how。
如:1).We come to school on foot. → How do you come to school?
2).She is feeling much better now. → How is she feeling now?
3)He did it in that way.→How did he do it?
16、對“原因”提問用why。
如:1).He didnt come here because he was ill yesterday.→ Why didnt he come here?
2)He likes drawing because he thinks it’s fun. → Why does he like drawing?
17、對“做什么”提問用what…do /doing/done。 如:
如:1)The students are reading now.。 → What are the students doing now
2).They are going to visit the factory next week.→ What are they going to do next week?
3).You are looking at the blackboard. → What are you doing?
4).They have seen the film. → What have they done?
18、對“一段時間” “多久”提問用how long或how soon。(how long指動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生了多久;how soon指動作或狀態(tài)還有多久將會發(fā)生,即“將來的一段時間”)
如:1)He has stayed here for ten days.→How long has he stayed here?
2)He will be back in two hours.→How soon will he be back?
3).We have stayed here for six years. → How long have you stayed here?
4).He has worked in Beijing since 1980. → How long has he worked in Beijing?
19、對“程度”劃線用How 。
如:1)Han Meimei likes bananas very much. →How does Han Meimei like bananas?
20、對“頻度”提問用how often。
如:2).She is late for school once a week. → How often is she late for school?
3).We sometimes get up at 10:00. → How often do you get up at 10:00?
21、對“高度”提問用how tall(表示人)或how high(表示物)。
如:1).The man is two metres tall. → How tall is the man?
2).The hill is 300 metres high. → How high is the hill?
22、對“長度”、“寬度”提問,用how long, how wide。
如:1).The desk is four metres long. → How long is the desk?
2).The river is one hundred metres wide. → How wide is the river?
23、對“星期幾”提問用what day。
如:1).Today is Friday. → What day is today?
24、對“日期”提問用what…the date。
如:1). Yesterday was July 1, 1995. → What was the date yesterday?
25、對“距離”提問用how far。
如:1).Its 300 metres from my home to school.→ How far is it from your home to school?
26、對“號碼”提問用what size。
如:1).I want size 42 shoes. → What size shoes do you want?
2).She bought a size 68 blouse last week. → What size blouse did she buy last week?
27、對“天氣狀況”提問用“What……the weather (like)?”。
如:1).Today is rainy. →What is the weather (like) today?
28、對“身體狀況” 提問用How.
如:1).He is fine.→How is he?
29、對“人或物出的毛病” 提問用What 's wrong with…..?
如:1).My bike is broken. →What 's wrong with your bike?
30、對“there are”句型中的主語提問用What's+介詞短語。
如:1).There are two books on the desk. →What's on the desk?
2)There is a present on the table. →What's on the table?
(三)、注意事項:
1.劃線部分作定語時,應連同后面的名詞一起提到句首。如:
(34).That’s our school. → Whose school is that?
(35).She is wearing a white skirt. → What colour skirt is she wearing?
2.劃線部分作主語時,應直接使用特殊疑問詞替換。如:
(36).Tom often comes to < xmlnamespace prefix ="st1" ns ="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />China. → Who often comes to China?
(37).The book is on the shelf. → What is on the shelf?
3.劃線部分是謂語動詞及賓語時,應使用what…do/doing/done替換劃線部分。如:
(38).They often read English in the morning. → What do they often do in the morning?
(39).He is writing a letter now. → What is he doing now?
(40).They have seen the film. → What have they done?
不規(guī)則動詞巧記法
一、AAA型
cost cut let put read
二、ABB型
bring brought brought
build built built
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
dig dug dug
feel felt felt
find found found
get got got
have had had
hear heard heard
hold held held
keep kept kept
※learn learnt learnt
leave left left
lend lent lent
make made made
meet met met
pay paid paid
say said said
sell sold sold
send sent sent
shine shone shone
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
※smell smelt smelt
spend spent spent
stand stood stood
teach taught taught
tell told told
think thought thought
understand understood understood
三、ABC型
be動詞 am, is----was been
are----were been
begin began begun
blow blew blown
break broke broken
do did done
draw drew drawn
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
know knew known
lie lay lain
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
see saw seen
show showed shown
sing sang sung
speak spoke spoken
swim swam swum
take took taken
throw threw thrown
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
write wrote written
四、ABA型
become became become
come came come
五、AAB型
beat beat beaten
(注:帶※號的詞也可視為規(guī)則動詞。)