省略
1.簡單句中的省略
(1)省略主語：祈使句中主語通常省略。其它省略主語多限于少數(shù)現(xiàn)成的說法。
(I) Thank you for your help.（括號內(nèi)為省略的詞語，下同）
(I) see you tomorrow. (It) Doesn’t matter.
(2)省略主謂語或主謂語的一部分。
(There is) No smoking. (Is there) Anything wrong? Why (do you) not say hello to him?
(3)省略作賓語的不定式短語，只保留to。
---- Are you going there? ---- I’d like to (go there).
He did not give me the chance, though he had promised to (give me the chance).
注意：如果該賓語是be動詞或完成時態(tài)，則須在to之后加上be或have。
---- Are you an engineer? ---- No, but I want to be.
---- He hasn’t finished the task yet. ---- Well, he ought to have.
(4)省略表語。
---- Are you thirsty? ---- Yes, I am (thirsty).
(5)同時省略幾個成分。
Let’s meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday.
---- Have you finished your work? ---- (I have) Not (finished my work) yet.
2.并列句中的省略
兩個并列分句中，后一個分句常省略與前一分句中相同的部分。
My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.
I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school.
3.主從復合句中的省略
(1)主句中有一些成分被省略。
(I’m) Sorry to hear that you are ill.
(It is a) Pity that he missed such a good chance.
(2)省略了一個從句或從句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。
---- Is he coming back tonight? ---- I think so.
---- Is he feeling better today? ---- I’m afraid not.
這種用法常見的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so 及I suppose not. I believed not. I hope not等。（但I don’t think so比I think not更常用）。
倒裝：根據(jù)謂語動詞是否全部提前到主語之前，將倒裝分為完全和非完全倒裝兩類。
1.完全倒裝
謂語動詞部分完全置于主語之前的句子，便是完全倒裝句。這類句型主要有
兩種：
(1)表示方式或方位的副詞或介詞短語，如：here ,there ,out , in ,up，down ,
away，now, then, off, in front of, on the wall, in the room等，置于句首。
eg. Away went the boy . 那個男孩子走了。
Out rushed the boy .那個男孩子沖了出去。
In front of the school lies a lake .學校前面有個湖。
Now comes your turn.現(xiàn)在輪到你了。
In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a professor.
在英格蘭一所大學的講堂里坐著一位教授。
注意 :上述情況中，當主語是人稱代詞時則不用倒裝。
Here you are . 給你。
In she walked .她走了進來。
Away they went . 他們都走了。
(2)表語位于句首時，其倒裝結構為“表語+連系動詞+主語”。
Gone are the days when they were poor.
他們受窮的日子一去不復返了。
Present at the meeting were the scientists from all over the world.
來自全世界的科學家出席了這次會議。
2.部分倒裝
(1) 當only后接副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句放在句首時，引起句子部分倒裝，
即把助動詞或情態(tài)助動詞置于所在句或主句主語前。
Only in this way can you make progress in your studies.
只有以這種方法，你才能取得學習上的進步。
Only then did I realize that I made a serious mistake indeed.
只有到那時我才意識到我真正犯了一個嚴重錯誤。
Only when his mother got well was he able to go back to school .
只有當她的母親病好了他才能夠回去上學。
注意 :only修飾主語時，句子不能倒裝。
Only little Gauss can solve the difficult problem.
只有小高斯能解決這個難題。
(2) 當hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, not only…but also…等引導兩個
分句時，前一個分句用部分倒裝，后一個分句不變。但當neither…nor…引導兩個分句時，兩個分句都要部分倒裝。
e.g. Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus started .
我一到汽車站汽車就開了。
Neither have I been to Europe, nor has he.
我未去過歐洲，他也未去過歐洲。
(3) so , neither , nor 置于句首時，意為“也（不）”，表示前面所說的情況也適用于另外的人或物時，引起所在句部分倒裝，其肯定句型是：So +be/助動詞或情態(tài)動詞+主語; 其否定句型是：Nor/Neither +be/助動詞或情態(tài)動詞+主語。
eg My sister is a doctor .So is his brother.
He hasn’t finished his homework . Neither has his classmate .
注意 (a)當so引出的句子用以對上文內(nèi)容加以證實或肯定時，不可用倒裝結構。意思為“的確如此”。
--- It is too hot.天太熱了。 --- So it is.是啊，的確很熱。
--- It is raining hard.雨下大了。---So it is.的確下大了。
(b)如果表示前面兩件或兩件以上的事也適合另一人或物時，則需要用So it is/was with…或It is/was the same with…結構。
She doesn’t play the piano, but she likes singing. So it is with my sister.
她不彈鋼琴，但她喜歡唱歌。我姐姐也一樣。
Tom. was born in New Zealand and lived in Australia. So it was with John.
/It was the same with John.湯姆在新西蘭出生，在澳大利居住。約翰也是。
(4) 以as ,no matter how , however 等連詞引導讓步狀語從句，從句中的表語或修飾謂語動詞的副詞或謂語動詞應提到句首，其余部分不變。如果從句的表語是個名詞時，要把名詞前的冠詞去掉。
though引導的讓步狀語從句也可以用這種形式，但也可以用正常結構。
以上結構一般為“adj./adv./v./v.-ed/v-ing/n.+as/though/however/nomatter+主語+謂語 ”。
e.g. Young as he is ,he is quite experienced in the work .
Child as he was , he had to make his living .
Try as they might, they could not succeed.
Much as I like it , I’ll not buy it .
However hard a solid may be，we can change its shape.
（二）[基礎過關]
1. Not until he left his home ______ to know how important the family was for him.
A did he begin B had he begun C he began D he had begun
答案：A
解析：not until放在句首要用部分倒裝, 翻譯為直到, 所以begin發(fā)生在left之后或同時發(fā)生。
2. Only in this way_________ to make improvement in the operating system.
A. you can hope B. you did hope C. can you hope D. did you hope
答案：C
解析：在含有only+狀語的句子中，謂語動詞要進行倒裝。這句話的意思是：只有用這種方法，才能改善操作系統(tǒng)。
3. Not only ________interested in football but ________ beginning to show an interest in it.
A. the teacher himself is…all his students are
B. the teacher himself is…are all his students
C. is the teacher himself…are all his students
D. is the teacher himself…all his students are
答案：D
解析：Not only… but…引導的句子前一部分要用倒裝。這句話的意思是：不僅老師對足球感興趣，學生們也開始對足球感興趣了。
4. – Who should be responsible for the accident?
– The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order _____.
A. as told B. as are told C. as telling D. as they told
答案：A
解析：考查省略、被動的用法。補全句子應該是They just carried out the order as they were told。
5. It is rather difficult to make friends with her, but her friendship, _______, is truer than any other’s.
A．while gaining B．a(chǎn)fter gaining C.when to gain D．once gained
答案：D
解析：由句意可以得知，her friendship與gain是被動關系，省略了it is。
6. I don’t know if you noticed their absence or not, but we .
A．did B．have C．had D．were
答案：A
解析：but we did 是but we noticed their absence or not的替代式省略。
（三）[能力提高]
1. At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River______, one of the ten largest cities in China.
A. lies Chongqing B. Chongqing lies C. does lie Chongqing D. does Chongqing lie
答案：A
解析：表示方位的地點狀語提前，句子完全倒裝，所以選A項。
2. —Is everyone here? —Not yet……Look , there_______ the rest of our guests!
A. come B. comes C. is coming D. are coming
答案：A
解析：謂語動詞根據(jù)后面的主語。
3. —You forgot your purse when you went out.
—Good heavens, _______.
A. so did I B. so I did C.I did so D.I so did
答案：B
解析： “so+正裝句”的意思是“是的”，表示同意別人所說的話。所提供的情境Good heaven說明自己確實在出門時忘了帶錢包，所以回答說：“so I did.”。so I did的意思是“我確實忘了帶錢包?！弊⒁鈪^(qū)別so I did, so did I, I did so。例：①“He sang this song just now.”—“So did I.”(我也是)②The doctor told me to breathe deeply.“I did so”.(我照著醫(yī)生的吩咐做了深呼吸)③“You forget to post the letter for me.”—“So I did.”(我的確忘了郵信了)。
4. So difficult ________it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn English well.
A. I have felt B. have I felt C. I did feel D. did I feel
答案：D
解析：以“so+形容詞”開頭的句子要倒裝。此句變?yōu)椴坏寡b句為：I felt it so difficult to live in an English country that I determined to learn English well.這句話的意思是：在一個說英語的國家里生活那么困難，我決定學習英語。
5. _________, the weather in America is different from place to place.
A．As China B．Like in China C．Like China D．As in China
答案：D
解析：根據(jù)句意可以得知，“像是在中國一樣”As it is in China，省略掉了it is。
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