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34、24節(jié)氣
24節(jié)氣(24 solar terms)是統(tǒng)稱，包括 12節(jié)氣（12 major solar terms)和 12中氣 (12 minor solar terms),它們彼此之間相互關(guān)聯(lián)。24節(jié)氣反映了天氣變化，指導(dǎo)農(nóng) 業(yè)耕作，也影響著人們的生活。春秋戰(zhàn)國時期，人們開始使用節(jié)氣作為補充歷法 (calendar)。公元前104年，24節(jié)氣最終確立。眾所周知，中國是個有著悠久農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展史的國家。農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)受自然規(guī)律影響極大。在古代，農(nóng)民根據(jù)太陽的運動安排 農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)活動。24節(jié)氣考慮到了太陽的位置，這就是我們重視它的原因。
參考譯文：
The 24 solar terms are the whole name of the system that consists of 12 major solar terms and 12 minor solar terms linked with each other. It reflects climate change, guides agriculture arrangements, and also affects people's life. In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, people began to use solar terms as the supplementary calendar. It was in 104 B, C. that the 24 solar terms were finally set down. As we all know, China is a country with a long history of agriculture. Agricultural production is largely influenced by the laws of nature. In ancient times, farmers arranged their agricultural activities according to the move of : the sun. It is the fact that the 24 solar terms take into account the position of the sun that makes us attach importance to it.
35、廟會
廟會(temple fair)是中國的一種傳統(tǒng)民俗活動。有傳說認為，廟會源于古人祭祀土地神(village god),后來漸漸演變成商品交易市場和文化表演場所。廟會通常在廟里或寺廟附近的露天場地舉行，時間常在節(jié)日或特定的日子。有些廟會只在春節(jié)舉行。盡管不同地區(qū)的廟會時間不同，但是內(nèi)容相似。農(nóng)民和商人出售自己的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品、玉器、花鳥魚蟲等；工匠擺攤展示并出售手工藝品;民間藝術(shù)家搭建舞臺表演歌舞;普通民眾來廟會購買商品、觀看表演以及品嘗特色小吃。
參考譯文：
The temple fair is a traditional folk activity in China. Legend has it that it originated in ancient times when people offered sacrifices to the village god, which later gradually evolved into a marketplace for people to exchange products and a place for a cultural performance. The temple fairs, usually on the open ground or near a temple, are held on festivals or specified days. Some are held only during the spring festival. Although different places hold their temple fairs on various dates, the contents are similar. Farmers and merchants sell their farm produce, jade articles, flowers, birds and fish, etc.; craftsmen set up their stalls to show and sell their handicrafts; folk artists establish a stage for singing and dancing; ordinary people come to the temple fair to buy goods, watch the performances and eat special snacks.
36、小年
小年(the Little New Year)比農(nóng)歷新年早一個星期，也稱祭灶節(jié)(the Kitchen God Festival )。灶神監(jiān)察家家戶戶的道德品質(zhì)。春節(jié)最特別的傳統(tǒng)，就是小年時 燒一張灶神(Kitchen God)像，送灶神的靈魂上天匯報這個家庭過去一年中的作為。之后，人們在火爐旁張貼新的灶神像，迎接灶神歸來。接下來一年，灶神會監(jiān)督并保護這家人。由于灶神和農(nóng)歷新年有密切聯(lián)系，使得灶神節(jié)被稱為小年?，F(xiàn)在盡管在小年這天祭祀灶神的家庭少了,但是很多傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日活動仍然很流行。
參考譯文：
The Little New Year, which falls about a week before the Lunar New Year, is also known as the Kitchen God Festival. the kitchen God oversees the moral trait of each household. As one of the most distinctive traditions of the Spring Festival, a paper image of the Kitchen God is burned on Little New Year, dispatching the god's spirit to Heaven to report on the family's conduct over the past year. The Kitchen God is then welcomed back by pasting a new paper image of him beside the stove. Then the Kitchen God will oversee and protect the household in the following year. The close association of the Kitchen God with the Lunar New Year has resulted in the Kitchen God Festival being called the Little New Year. Although very few families still make sacrifices to the Kitchen God on this day, many traditional festival activities are still very popular.
37、潑水節(jié)
潑水節(jié)(the Water-Splashing Festival)是傣族(the Dai minority)最隆重的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日。潑水節(jié)一般于公歷四月中旬開始，持續(xù)3-7天。在傣族的歷法中，潑水節(jié)就是新年。在云南省眾多的少數(shù)民族節(jié)日中，潑水節(jié)影響力最大、參與人數(shù)最多。潑水節(jié)這一天，傣族人盛裝打扮，帶著清水到佛寺。他們首先為大佛(Buddha)沐浴，接著開始互相潑水，以此帶來好運、快樂和健康。你被潑的水越多，你得到的幸運將越多，你的生活將越幸福。傣族人也邀請其他少數(shù)民族和游客共同慶祝潑水節(jié)。
參考譯文：
The Water-Splashing Festival is the most ceremonious traditional festival of the Dai minority. It usually begins in mid-April of the solar calendar, lasting three to seven days. The Water-Splashing Festival is the New Year on the Dai calendar, and also a festival with the largest influence and maximum participating population among lots of minority festivals in Yunnan Province. During this festival, Dai People will get dressed up and carry clean water to the Buddhist temple. They will first take a shower for the Buddha and then begin to splash water with each other for bringing good luck, joy, and health. The more water you are splashed, the more luck you will have, and the happier you will be. Dai People will also invite people from other ethnic minorities and tourists to celebrate the festival together.
38、中國結(jié)
中國結(jié)(Chinese knotting)是中國典型的本土藝術(shù)。它的特點是每一個結(jié)都是由—根繩索編成的，并由其特定的外形和意義來命名。中國結(jié)的傳統(tǒng)源遠流長。在古代，由于沒有現(xiàn)在的配件，如紐扣或拉鏈，人們不得不把服裝帶打結(jié)，來綁住他們的衣服。多年來，中國結(jié)從原來擁有實際用途演變成一種優(yōu)雅的、豐富多彩的工藝品。今天，人們喜歡中國結(jié)，是因為其形式特別、色彩多變并且意義深厚。
參考譯文：
Chinese knotting is a typical local art of China. Its characteristic is that every knot is made with a single rope and named by its specific form and meaning. The tradition of Chinese knotting enjoys a long history. Without present-day accessories such as buttons or zips, ancient people had to knot the clothing belt so as to tie their dresses. Over the years, Chinese knot has now evolved to a kind of elegant and colorful artware from owning practical use. Today, people are fond of Chinese knot for its characteristic form, colorfulness and profound meaning.
39、漢字
漢字(Chinese characters)是世界上最古老的文字之一，也是使用者最多的文字。漢字多達6萬個，但常用的基本漢字只有6000個左右。據(jù)權(quán)威專家估計，漢字有5000多年的歷史，最初源于記錄事情的圖片。從古至今，從甲骨文(Jiaguwen) 到我們今天書寫用的楷體（Kaiti)，漢字的形式和結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生了很大改變。歷史上， 漢字被朝鮮、日本、越南等國借鑒，因此也促進了國際交流。在現(xiàn)代，中國人民用各種方法將漢字輸人電腦，進行信息處理。事實證明，漢字充滿了生機與活力。
參考譯文：
The Chinese characters are one of the oldest characters in the world and are used by most users. Chinese characters are up to 60,000, but only about 6,000 basic ones are often used. Authorities estimate, Chinese characters have a history of over 5,000 years, and they originate from pictures for keeping records. From ancient to modern times, the forms and structures of Chinese characters have changed much, evolving from Jiaguwen (oracle bone script), to Kaiti(regular script) we use now. In history, Chinese characters were borrowed by Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, thereby improving international communication. In modern times, Chinese people have by many means solved the problem of inputting Chinese characters into computers to serve information processing. It has been borne out that Chinese characters are full of vigor and vitality.
40、元宵節(jié)
元宵節(jié)(the Lantern Festival)，又稱上元節(jié)，于每年農(nóng)歷(lunar calendar)正月十五慶祝。元宵節(jié)之夜也是農(nóng)歷年第一個滿月之夜，象征著春的回歸，它被視為家庭團聚佳期。根據(jù)中國習(xí)俗，元宵節(jié)之夜，人們點亮精致的燈籠，外出賞月、放煙花、猜燈謎、吃元宵，慶賀佳節(jié)。有些地區(qū)甚至舉行民俗表演，如耍龍燈、舞獅、踩高蹺(stilt walking)等。元宵節(jié)是中國重要的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，已有2000多年的歷史，今天，在國內(nèi)外，這個節(jié)日仍十分受歡迎。這一天，有中國人的地方都將舉行一些繁忙的慶?；顒?。
參考譯文：
The Lantern Festival, also known as Shangyuan Festival, is celebrated on January 15th on the Chinese lunar calendar. It is the first full moon night in Chinese lunar year, symbolizing the coming back of the spring. The Lantern Festival is deemed as a good day for family get-together. According to the custom of China, people on that night will carry nice lanterns and go out to appreciate the moon, light fireworks, guess lantern riddles, and eat sweet dumplings to celebrate the festival. Some places even have folk performances such as playing dragon lanterns, lion dance and stilt walking. The Lantern Festival, an important traditional Chinese festival which has been in existence for over 2,000 years, is still very popular in China, even overseas. And any place in which Chinese people live will experience busy activities on that day.
41、宮保雞丁
宮保雞?。↘ung Pao Chicken)由雞丁、花生和紅辣椒做成，是著名的傳統(tǒng)川菜。這道菜以晚清時期的官員丁寶楨的名字命名。據(jù)說，丁寶楨很喜歡吃，尤其是 “爆炒雞丁”。丁寶楨在四川做巡撫(governor)時，他常常以爆炒雞丁宴請賓客。為了迎合四川賓客的口味，丁寶楨改良了他最愛的“爆炒雞丁”，加入了紅辣椒。結(jié)果， 辣的雞丁比以前更美味。丁寶楨后來被授予“太子少保(Palace Guardian)”的官銜， 也就是“宮?！薄榱思o念丁寶楨，人們把他最愛的這道菜命名為“宮保雞丁”。
參考譯文：
Kung Pao Chicken, made with diced chicken, peanuts and chili pepper, is a famous traditional Sichuan dish. It was named after Ding Baozhen, a court official in the late Qing Dynasty. It is said that Mr.Ding was fond of food, especially “stir-fried diced chicken”. While he was governor in Sichuan Province, he often entertained his guests with this dish. In order to cater to his Sichuan guests' taste, Ding improved his favorite “stir-fried diced chicken” by putting chili pepper into the ingredients. As a result, the dish with its spicy flavor was more delicious than ever. Since Ding was later granted the title “Palace Guardian”，also called Kung Pao, people named his favorite dish “Kung Pao Chicken” in order to commemorate him.
42、年糕
過年吃年糕(New Year cake)是中國人的風(fēng)俗之一，年糕是過年必備的食品。年糕在我國已有2000多年的歷史了，至今仍受人們的喜愛。它是用米粉 (rice flour)蒸制而成的食品。年糕分南式、北式兩種。南式以廣東、蘇州年糕為最好，其香味純正，口感細膩，不軟不硬。煮時不融，煎時不化。深受人們喜愛。炒年糕是年糕的特色吃法。它有很多種做法，不同的做法用到不同的原料，每一種都美味可口，營養(yǎng)豐富。
參考譯文：
It is one of Chinese customs to eat New Year's cake during the Spring Festival. New Year cake is an essential food prepared for the Chinese New Year. It has a history of over 2,000 years in China and is still popular nowadays. It is steamed food made of rice flour. There are two kinds of New Year cake: the southern style and the northern style. Those made in Guangdong and Suzhou provinces are the best among southern style New Year cakes，because they are pure in fragrance, delicate in taste, and neither hard nor soft. They do not melt when cooked and fried, so they are warmly welcomed by people. Fried New Year cake is a unique method of eating new Year cakes. It can be cooked in many ways，and different methods require different ingredients, each of which is delicious and nutritious.
43、刺繡
刺繡(embroidery)是中國藝術(shù)中一顆璀燦的明珠。從華麗的龍袍到今日的時裝，刺繡為我們的文化和生活增添了許多樂趣。中國記載的最古老的刺繡可追溯至商朝。在當(dāng)時，刺繡象征著社會地位。隨著國民經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，刺繡走進普通人的生活。對于足不出戶的女子來說，刺繡是一種優(yōu)雅的工作。想象一下，一位美麗的年輕女子在家刺繡:一針一線，她為愛人繡一對鴛鴦(mandarin duck)。寒冷的冬日，屋子里充滿香氣。多么美麗動人的畫面?。?/p>
參考譯文：
Embroidery is a brilliant pearl in Chinese art. From the magnificent dragon robes worn by emperors to today's fashions, embroidery adds a great deal of pleasure to our culture and life. The oldest embroidery on record in China dates from the Shang Dynasty. Embroidery in this period symbolized social status. As the national economy developed, embroidery entered the life of the common people. Embroidery was an elegant task for ladies who were forbidden to go out of their homes. Imagine a beautiful young lady embroidering at home: stitch by stitch, she embroiders a pair of mandarin ducks for her lover. It is a cold winter day and the room is filled with a sweet smell. What a touching and beautiful picture!
44、中國紅
當(dāng)我們提到“過年”的時候，你腦子里首先想到的是什么？有紅燈籠、紅對聯(lián)(couplets)、紅爆竹和紅色的中國結(jié)。的確，紅色對于中國人是不可或缺的一種顏色。中國紅意味著平安、喜慶、和諧、團圓，意味著事事順利、祛病除災(zāi)。有人這么形容中國紅:中國紅吸納了朝陽最富生命力的元素，采擷了晚霞最絢麗迷人的光芒，凝聚著血液最濃稠活躍的成分，融人了相思豆(jequirity)最細膩的情感，浸染了楓葉最成熟的晚秋意象。
參考譯文：
When we talk about “Chinese New Year' what occurs to your mind first? They are red lanterns, red couplets, red firecrackers and red Chinese knots. Indeed, red is an indispensable color for Chinese people. Chinese red means peace, joy, harmony，and reunion; it also means everything goes well and it can drive away illness and disaster. Someone describes Chinese red in this way: Chinese red absorbs the most dynamic element of the rising sun; it picks the most beautiful and charming light of sunset glow; it embodies the thickest and most active ingredient of blood; it contains the most delicate emotions of jequirity; and it shapes the most: mature imagery of maple leaves in late autumn.
45、面條
面條并不是中國飲食的專利。在面條發(fā)明者的問題上，中國人和意大利人相爭了多年。其實面條是世界性的大眾食品，許多民族都有獨特的制作方法，僅是中國面條的做法就有成百上千種。面條在中國歷史悠久，分布甚廣。面條制作簡單，并可根據(jù)個人的口味和地方習(xí)慣，加入不同佐料(condiments)制成咸面、甜面、辣面以及牛奶、雞蛋、番茄等多種面條，并可采用煮、蒸、炒、拌等多種烹調(diào)方法，因此很受消費者歡迎。
參考譯文：
Noodles are not exclusive to Chinese diet. For years, there has been a heated debate on the inventor of noodles between Chinese and Italian people. In fact, noodles are popular food around the world. There are unique methods of making noodles in many countries. Just China, there are hundreds of methods. Noodles have a long history in China and are distributed widely. They are easy to make and by adding different condiments, they can be made into salty noodles, sweet noodles, spicy noodles and noodles with milk, eggs, tomatoes, and so on, according to individual flavor and local customs. Besides, noodles can be cooked by boiling, steaming, frying，stirring and mixing, so they are warmly welcomed by customers.
46、四大發(fā)明
中國古代四大發(fā)明(the Four Great Inventions)—造紙術(shù)、火藥、印刷術(shù)、指南針對全世界產(chǎn)生了巨大而深遠的影響。紙張的發(fā)明大大促進了文明的傳播與發(fā)展?；鹚幍陌l(fā)明非常偶然，煉丹師(alchemist)在制作長生不老藥(elixir)的時候偶然制成了火藥。唐代末期，火藥被用于戰(zhàn)爭，13世紀時傳到了全世界。在唐代印刷術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上，北宋畢昇發(fā)明了活字印刷術(shù)(movable-type printing),開啟了印刷史上的偉大革命。中國古人利用天然磁石制成了第一臺可以辨別方向的指南針，大大增強了船只的遠航能力。
參考譯文：
Papermaking, gunpowder, printing and compass are the Four Great Inventions of ancient China that have exerted a great and far-reaching impact on the entire world. The invention of paper greatly contributed to the spread and development of civilization. The birth of gunpowder was quite accidental. It was invented inadvertently by alchemists while attempting to make an elixir. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, gunpowder was used in military affairs and was spread to all over the world in the 13thcentury. On the basis of printing in the Tang Dynasty, BiSheng in the Northern Song Dynasty invented the movable-type printing, which launched a great revolution in the history of printing. Natural magnets were made into the first direction-finding compass by ancient Chinese people, which greatly improved a ship's ability to navigate over long distances.
47、絲綢
一想到中國，人們腦海中閃現(xiàn)的第一件事便是絲綢。中國是絲綢的發(fā)源地，今天仍在生產(chǎn)一些世界上最好的絲綢。在中國，探索絲綢奧妙最好的地方是蘇州。正是在那里，誕生了第一批絲繡(silk embroidery)，如今蘇州仍在生產(chǎn)中國最好的絲綢。絲綢可以用合成纖維(synthetic fibre)和人造纖維等制成，但最優(yōu)質(zhì)的絲綢是由桑蠶絲(mulberry silk)制成的。桑蠶(silkworm)純粹以桑葉喂食。蘇州絲綢可以制成很多產(chǎn)品，最常見的是衣服和圍巾，但也能做成鞋、餐巾、玩具，甚至風(fēng)箏。
參考譯文：
When people think of China, silk is the first thing that pops into their minds. China is the birthplace of silk, and still produces some of the finest silk in the world. In China, the best place to discover the wonder of silk is the city of Suzhou. It was there that some of the first silk embroideries were born, and Suzhou is still producing the best silks in China. Silk can be produced from synthetic fiber and artificial fiber, etc. but the finest quality silk is made from mulberry silk. The silkworms are fed purely on mulberry leaves. Suzhou Silk can be made into a great many products, the most common being clothing and scarves, and it can be made into shoes, napkins, toys, and even kites as well.
48、兵馬俑
兵馬俑(terra-cotta warriors and horses)即制成兵馬形狀的殉葬品(sacrificial objects)。兵馬俑坑是秦始皇陵的陪葬坑(pit)，其面積有50多個籃球場那么大。一個有趣的發(fā)現(xiàn)是:幾乎我們每個中國人的容貌都能在古老的兵馬俑中找到“模子”。有人曾這樣描述兵馬俑，“世界上有七大奇跡，兵馬俑的發(fā)現(xiàn)可以說是第八大奇跡。不看兵馬俑，不能算來過中國?！鼻厥蓟时R俑博物館是中國最大的古代軍事博物館。秦始皇兵馬俑是世界考古史上最偉大的發(fā)現(xiàn)之一。
參考譯文：
The terra-cotta warriors and horses are sacrificial objects in the shape of soldiers and horses. The pit of terra-cotta warriors and horses is the one buried with the First Emperor of Qin,the size of which is equal to 50 basketball courts. It is interesting that almost every Chinese person can find for his/her face a corresponding “mould” in the terra-cotta warriors and horses. Someone once described the terra-cotta warriors and horses in this way, “There have already been seven wonders in the world, and the terra-cotta warriors and horses can be as the eighth. You can never say you have been to China without visiting the cotta warriors and horses. The Museum of Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses of Emperor Qin ShiHuang is the largest ancient military museum in China.The terra-cotta warriors and horses count as one of the greatest discoveries in the world archaeological history.
49、秦朝
秦朝是中國歷史上第一個統(tǒng)一的、多民族的、中央集權(quán)的、封建王朝(feudal dynasty)。盡管秦朝只持續(xù)了15年，但是它在中國歷史上扮演著重要角色，對后續(xù)朝代產(chǎn)生了重大影響。為了鞏固國家統(tǒng)一，維持秦朝永傳萬代，秦始皇在政治、經(jīng)濟、軍事和文化上進行了很多改革。政治上，他宣布自己就是這個國家的皇帝，手握重權(quán)。經(jīng)濟上，他統(tǒng)一了度量衡(weights and measures)和貨幣。另外，他還統(tǒng)一了文字以及車輪之間的距離。世界奇跡—萬里長城也是他命令建造的。
參考譯文：
The Qin Dynasty was the first unitary, multi-national and power-centralized, feudal dynasty in Chinese history. Although lasting only for 15 years, it played an important role in Chinese history and exerted a great influence on the following dynasties. To strengthen the unity of the nation and to perpetuate the Qin Dynasty, Empery or Qin Shi Huang carried out many reforms in politics, economy, military affairs and culture. In politics, he declared himself the emperor of the stale in possession of all major powers. In the economy, he standardized weights and measures as well as money. In Addition, he standardized the written characters and the distance between two wheels. The miracle of the world, the Great Wall of China was also built under his order.
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